%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Current Methods for Life-Cycle Analyses of Low-Carbon Transportation Fuels in the United States %@ 978-0-309-27393-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26402/current-methods-for-life-cycle-analyses-of-low-carbon-transportation-fuels-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26402/current-methods-for-life-cycle-analyses-of-low-carbon-transportation-fuels-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 236 %X Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, with petroleum accounting for 90 percent of transportation fuels. Policymakers encounter a range of questions as they consider low-carbon fuel standards to reduce emissions, including total emissions released from production to use of a fuel or the potential consequences of a policy. Life-cycle assessment is an essential tool for addressing these questions. This report provides researchers and practitioners with a toolkit for applying life-cycle assessment to estimate greenhouse gas emissions, including identification of the best approach to use for a stated policy goal, how to reduce uncertainty and variability through verification and certification, and the core assumptions that can be applied to various fuel types. Policymakers should still use a tailored approach for each fuel type, given that petroleum-based ground, air, and marine transportation fuels necessitate different considerations than alternative fuels including biofuels, hydrogen, and electricity. Ultimately, life-cycle assessments should clearly document what assumptions and methods are used to ensure transparency. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %E Anderson, Karen %E Domnitz, Sarah %T Developing Affordable and Accessible Community-Based Housing for Vulnerable Adults: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-45980-8 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24787/developing-affordable-and-accessible-community-based-housing-for-vulnerable-adults %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24787/developing-affordable-and-accessible-community-based-housing-for-vulnerable-adults %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 108 %X Accessible and affordable housing can enable community living, maximize independence, and promote health for vulnerable populations. However, the United States faces a shortage of affordable and accessible housing for low-income older adults and individuals living with disabilities. This shortage is expected to grow over the coming years given the population shifts leading to greater numbers of older adults and of individuals living with disabilities. Housing is a social determinant of health and has direct effects on health outcomes, but this relationship has not been thoroughly investigated. In December 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a public workshop to better understand the importance of affordable and accessible housing for older adults and people with disabilities, the barriers to providing this housing, the design principles for making housing accessible for these individuals, and the features of programs and policies that successfully provide affordable and accessible housing that supports community living for older adults and people with disabilities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Developing Policing Practices that Build Legitimacy %@ 978-0-309-69246-5 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26678/developing-policing-practices-that-build-legitimacy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26678/developing-policing-practices-that-build-legitimacy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 66 %X Scholars, policymakers, and the public view police legitimacy and community trust in the police alike as essential components of an effective police organization. An extensive network of international and regional organizations, bilateral donors, international financial institutions, and civil society organizations aims to work with governments to improve policing practices and enhance police legitimacy. As a part of that network, the U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance to and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries. Like many donors, it strives to direct its resources to the most effective approaches to achieve its mission. At the request of INL, the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an ad hoc committee to review, assess, and reach consensus on existing evidence on policing institutions, police practices and capacities, and police legitimacy in the international context. The committee produced five reports, addressing questions of interest to INL and the State Department. Developing Policing Practices that Build Legitimacy, the fourth in this series, responds to the question: What policing practices build community trust and legitimacy in countries with low-to-moderate criminal justice sector capacity? This report focuses on the concept of legitimacy and ways of building legitimacy to foster this kind of trust and expectations. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Policies and Practices to Minimize Police Use of Force Internationally %@ 978-0-309-68910-6 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26582/policies-and-practices-to-minimize-police-use-of-force-internationally %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26582/policies-and-practices-to-minimize-police-use-of-force-internationally %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 78 %X Injury and death from use of excessive force by police officers remain a common concern in countries across the globe. Despite local, national, and international attempts to legislate and provide guidance for police use of force, there continue to be global accounts of excessive force by law enforcement. Reports of officer-involved killings, injuries to citizens, and attempts to control protests and demonstrations with chemical irritants, rubber bullets, and sometimes shooting into crowds with live ammunition frequently appear in the press worldwide. However, reliable data on and accounting for these incidents are both lacking. A large network of international and regional organizations, bilateral donors, international financial institutions, and civil society organizations aim to work with governments to improve policing practices and reduce police use of excessive force. As a part of that network, the U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance to and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries. Like many donors, it strives to direct its resources to the most effective approaches to achieve its mission. Policies and Practices to Minimize Police Use of Force Internationally, the third in a series of five reports produced for INL, addresses what policies and practices for police use of force are effective in promoting the rule of law and protecting the population (including the officers themselves). This report looks at what is known about effective practices and their implementation and identifies promising actions to be taken by international donors in their efforts to strengthen the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Research on Health Effects of Low-Level Ionizing Radiation Exposure: Opportunities for the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute %@ 978-0-309-30209-8 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18732/research-on-health-effects-of-low-level-ionizing-radiation-exposure %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18732/research-on-health-effects-of-low-level-ionizing-radiation-exposure %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 178 %X It is probably only a matter of time before we witness the next event in which large numbers of people are exposed to ionizing radiation. In the past, planning a response to such an occurrence would have likely focused on the management of casualties from high-dose exposure. However, more recently, a different threat has come to the fore: accidental (through a containment breach in a nuclear power plant, for example) or intentional (via a "dirty bomb") releases of radioactivity resulting in low-dose exposure to a population. The magnitude of the health risks arising from low-dose radiation exposure is uncertain, and this uncertainty has significant economic implications for public health decision making. Research on Health Effects of Low-Level Ionizing Radiation Exposure examines recent scientific knowledge about the human effects of exposure to low-dose radiation from medical, occupational, and environmental ionizing-radiation sources. This report is intended to provide advice to the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) about its role in low-dose radiation health effects research. The report identifies current research directions in radiobiological science and assesses how AFRRI programs are advancing research along these directions. The recommendations of Research on Health Effects of Low-Level Ionizing Radiation Exposure will provide guidance for AFRRI to build on its strengths and advance its mission while contributing to the body of scientific knowledge on the health effects of exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Patel, Deepali M. %E Taylor, Rachel M. %T Social and Economic Costs of Violence: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-22024-8 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13254/social-and-economic-costs-of-violence-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13254/social-and-economic-costs-of-violence-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 192 %X Measuring the social and economic costs of violence can be difficult, and most estimates only consider direct economic effects, such as productivity loss or the use of health care services. Communities and societies feel the effects of violence through loss of social cohesion, financial divestment, and the increased burden on the healthcare and justice systems. Initial estimates show that early violence prevention intervention has economic benefits. The IOM Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop to examine the successes and challenges of calculating direct and indirect costs of violence, as well as the potential cost-effectiveness of intervention. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 %@ 978-0-309-06997-7 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9825/nutrient-requirements-of-dairy-cattle-seventh-revised-edition-2001 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9825/nutrient-requirements-of-dairy-cattle-seventh-revised-edition-2001 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %K Food and Nutrition %P 405 %X This widely used reference has been updated and revamped to reflect the changing face of the dairy industry. New features allow users to pinpoint nutrient requirements more accurately for individual animals. The committee also provides guidance on how nutrient analysis of feed ingredients, insights into nutrient utilization by the animal, and formulation of diets to reduce environmental impacts can be applied to productive management decisions. The book includes a user-friendly computer program on a compact disk, accompanied by extensive context-sensitive "Help" options, to simulate the dynamic state of animals. The committee addresses important issues unique to dairy science-the dry or transition cow, udder edema, milk fever, low-fat milk, calf dehydration, and more. The also volume covers dry matter intake, including how to predict feed intake. It addresses the management of lactating dairy cows, utilization of fat in calf and lactation diets, and calf and heifer replacement nutrition. In addition, the many useful tables include updated nutrient composition for commonly used feedstuffs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat %@ 978-0-309-08340-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10323/effects-of-trawling-and-dredging-on-seafloor-habitat %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10323/effects-of-trawling-and-dredging-on-seafloor-habitat %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Agriculture %P 136 %X Concerns over the potential ecological effects of fishing have increased with the expansion of fisheries throughout the marine waters of the United States. Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat describes how assessment of fishing impacts depends on gear type, number and location of bottom tows, and the physical and biological characteristics of seafloor habitats. Many experimental studies have documented acute, gear--specific effects of trawling and dredging on various types of habitat. These studies indicate that low mobility, long--lived species are more vulnerable to towed fishing gear than short--lived species in areas where the seabed is often disturbed by natural phenomena. Trawling and dredging may also change the composition and productivity of fish communities dependent on seafloor habitats for food and refuge. The scale of these impacts depends on the level of fishing effort. This volume presents color maps of fishing effort for all regions with significant bottom trawl or dredge fisheries -- the first time that such data has been assembled and analyzed for the entire nation. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Hobbs, Christopher M %E Gurovich, Yuriy A %E Boeker, Eric %E Hasting, Aaron %E Rapoza, Amanda %E Page, Juliet %E Volpe, John A %T Improving AEDT Noise Modeling of Mixed Ground Surfaces %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24822/improving-aedt-noise-modeling-of-mixed-ground-surfaces %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24822/improving-aedt-noise-modeling-of-mixed-ground-surfaces %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 0 %X TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Web-Only Document 32: Improving AEDT Noise Modeling of Mixed Ground Surfaces develops a method to model the effects of single- and mixed-impedance surfaces on the propagation of aircraft noise in a manner suitable for model implementation to improve the noise prediction accuracy of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT). AEDT is an integrated noise model, which currently includes a lateral attenuation adjustment to account for the effects of lateral aircraft directivity and for acoustic propagation over soft ground. This research includes an investigation of additional methods to supplement the lateral attenuation adjustment to allow for modeling noise propagation over hard and mixed ground types in AEDT. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Drazen, Jeffrey M. %E Rainey, Jennifer %E Begg, Heather %E Butler, Adrienne Stith %T Adverse Drug Event Reporting: The Roles of Consumers and Health-Care Professionals: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-10276-6 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11897/adverse-drug-event-reporting-the-roles-of-consumers-and-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11897/adverse-drug-event-reporting-the-roles-of-consumers-and-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 82 %X Recent concerns about the unexpected adverse effects of marketed drugs, such as COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibitors or specific statins, raise concerns not only about reporting these events during premarket studies, but also about the responsibility for ongoing surveillance of drugs once they are on the market. Sometimes serious adverse drug reactions are fully appreciated only after a drug has been on the market for years. Therefore, when a drug is approved and released to the market, large numbers of patients will be exposed before all the potential adverse effects have been identified and thoroughly studied. Currently, there is no clearly defined process for addressing safety questions about drugs after premarketing research has occurred. In November 2005, the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation convened a workshop to explore issues associated with the reporting of ADEs. The workshop addressed the following questions: How can ADEs be effectively identified, particularly when the adverse effects are rare? How can the direct, causal effects of drugs be distinguished from simple associations? How can health-care professionals and their patients' aid in the identification of drug-related adverse events? How can knowledge of ADEs be more effectively used in clinical practice? Adverse Drug Event Reporting reviews current sources of information on adverse drug events, including the FDA's MedWatch program and the AERS, institutional review boards, and the CMS. This report considers the ways that consumers and advocacy groups can be involved in reporting adverse events, and discusses drug interactions, problems with current databases for capturing and evaluating interactions, and difficulties in communicating information about adverse drug interactions. This report also describes new requirements for information contained on drug labels and how labels can be used to communicate information about risks and drug interactions to consumers and practitioners. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Severe Space Weather Events–Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report: Extended Summary %@ 978-0-309-13811-6 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12643/severe-space-weather-events-understanding-societal-and-economic-impacts-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12643/severe-space-weather-events-understanding-societal-and-economic-impacts-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 32 %X The adverse effects of extreme space weather on modern technology--power grid outages, high-frequency communication blackouts, spacecraft anomalies--are well known and well documented, and the physical processes underlying space weather are also generally well understood. Less well documented and understood, however, are the potential economic and societal impacts of the disruption of critical technological systems by severe space weather. This volume, an extended four-color summary of the book, Severe Space Weather Events--Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts, addresses the questions of space weather risk assessment and management. The workshop on which the books are based brought together representatives of industry, the government, and academia to consider both direct and collateral effects of severe space weather events, the current state of the space weather services infrastructure in the United States, the needs of users of space weather data and services, and the ramifications of future technological developments for contemporary society's vulnerability to space weather. The workshop concluded with a discussion of un- or underexplored topics that would yield the greatest benefits in space weather risk management. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Berger, Adam C. %E Olson, Steve %T The Economics of Genomic Medicine: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-26968-1 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18276/the-economics-of-genomic-medicine-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18276/the-economics-of-genomic-medicine-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 128 %X The sequencing of the human genome and the identification of links between specific genetic variants and diseases have led to tremendous excitement over the potential of genomics to direct patient treatment toward more effective or less harmful interventions. Still, the use of whole genome sequencing challenges the traditional model of medical care where a test is ordered only when there is a clear indication for its use and a path for downstream clinical action is known. This has created a tension between experts who contend that using this information is premature and those who believe that having such information will empower health care providers and patients to make proactive decisions regarding lifestyle and treatment options. In addition, some stakeholders are concerned that genomic technologies will add costs to the health care system without providing commensurate benefits, and others think that health care costs could be reduced by identifying unnecessary or ineffective treatments. Economic models are frequently used to anticipate the costs and benefits of new health care technologies, policies, and regulations. Economic studies also have been used to examine much more specific issues, such as comparing the outcomes and cost effectiveness of two different drug treatments for the same condition. These kinds of analyses offer more than just predictions of future health care costs. They provide information that is valuable when implementing and using new technologies. Unfortunately, however, these economic assessments are often limited by a lack of data on which to base the examination. This particularly affects health economics, which includes many factors for which current methods are inadequate for assessing, such as personal utility, social utility, and patient preference. To understand better the health economic issues that may arise in the course of integrating genomic data into health care, the Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health hosted a workshop in Washington, DC, on July 17-18, 2012, that brought together economists, regulators, payers, biomedical researchers, patients, providers, and other stakeholders to discuss the many factors that may influence this implementation. The workshop was one of a series that the roundtable has held on this topic, but it was the first focused specifically on economic issues. The Economics of Genomic Medicine summarizes this workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Appelbaum, Paul S. %E Spicer, Carol Mason %E Valliere, Frank R. %T Informing Social Security's Process for Financial Capability Determination %@ 978-0-309-39257-0 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21922/informing-social-securitys-process-for-financial-capability-determination %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21922/informing-social-securitys-process-for-financial-capability-determination %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 244 %X The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) provides benefits to disabled adults and children, offering vital financial support to more than 19 million disabled Americans. Of that group, approximately 5.5 million have been deemed – by virtue of youth or mental or physical impairment - incapable of managing or directing the management of their benefits. Hence, a representative payee has been appointed to receive and disburse SSA payments for these beneficiaries to ensure that their basic needs for shelter, food, and clothing are met. Periodically, however, concerns have been expressed about the accuracy of the process by which SSA determines whether beneficiaries are capable of managing their benefits, with some evidence suggesting that underdetection of incapable recipients may be a particular problem. The importance of creating as accurate a process as possible for incapability determinations is underscored by the consequences of incorrectly identifying recipients either as incapable when they can manage their benefits or as capable when they cannot. Failure to identify beneficiaries who are incapable of managing their funds means abandoning a vulnerable population to potential homelessness, hunger, and disease. Informing Social Security's Process for Financial Capability Determination considers capability determination processes used by other similar benefit programs, abilities required to manage, and direct the management of, benefits, and effective methods and measures for assessing capability. This report evaluates SSA's capability determination process for adult beneficiaries and provides recommendations for improving the accuracy and efficiency of the agency's policy and procedures for making these determinations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Severe Space Weather Events: Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-12769-1 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12507/severe-space-weather-events-understanding-societal-and-economic-impacts-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12507/severe-space-weather-events-understanding-societal-and-economic-impacts-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 144 %X The adverse effects of extreme space weather on modern technology--power grid outages, high-frequency communication blackouts, spacecraft anomalies--are well known and well documented, and the physical processes underlying space weather are also generally well understood. Less well documented and understood, however, are the potential economic and societal impacts of the disruption of critical technological systems by severe space weather. As a first step toward determining the socioeconomic impacts of extreme space weather events and addressing the questions of space weather risk assessment and management, a public workshop was held in May 2008. The workshop brought together representatives of industry, the government, and academia to consider both direct and collateral effects of severe space weather events, the current state of the space weather services infrastructure in the United States, the needs of users of space weather data and services, and the ramifications of future technological developments for contemporary society's vulnerability to space weather. The workshop concluded with a discussion of un- or underexplored topics that would yield the greatest benefits in space weather risk management. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites %@ 978-0-309-07186-4 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9949/long-term-institutional-management-of-us-department-of-energy-legacy-waste-sites %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9949/long-term-institutional-management-of-us-department-of-energy-legacy-waste-sites %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 178 %X It is now becoming clear that relatively few U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) waste sites will be cleaned up to the point where they can be released for unrestricted use. "Long-term stewardship" (activities to protect human health and the environment from hazards that may remain at its sites after cessation of remediation) will be required for over 100 of the 144 waste sites under DOE control (U.S. Department of Energy, 1999). After stabilizing wastes that remain on site and containing them as well as is feasible, DOE intends to rely on stewardship for as long as hazards persist—in many cases, indefinitely. Physical containment barriers, the management systems upon which their long-term reliability depends, and institutional controls intended to prevent exposure of people and the environment to the remaining site hazards, will have to be maintained at some DOE sites for an indefinite period of time. The Committee on Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes finds that much regarding DOE's intended reliance on long-term stewardship is at this point problematic. The details of long-term stewardship planning are yet to be specified, the adequacy of funding is not assured, and there is no convincing evidence that institutional controls and other stewardship measures are reliable over the long term. Scientific understanding of the factors that govern the long-term behavior of residual contaminants in the environment is not adequate. Yet, the likelihood that institutional management measures will fail at some point is relatively high, underscoring the need to assure that decisions made in the near term are based on the best available science. Improving institutional capabilities can be expected to be every bit as difficult as improving scientific and technical ones, but without improved understanding of why and how institutions succeed and fail, the follow-through necessary to assure that long-term stewardship remains effective cannot reliably be counted on to occur. Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites examines the capabilities and limitations of the scientific, technical, and human and institutional systems that compose the measures that DOE expects to put into place at potentially hazardous, residually contaminated sites. %0 Book %T Breeding Biology of Birds: Proceedings of a Symposium on Breeding Behavior and Reproductive Physiology in Birds %D 1973 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20406/breeding-biology-of-birds-proceedings-of-a-symposium-on-breeding %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20406/breeding-biology-of-birds-proceedings-of-a-symposium-on-breeding %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 528 %0 Book %T Comparative Effects of Radiation %D 1960 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21291/comparative-effects-of-radiation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21291/comparative-effects-of-radiation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 451 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Current Issues in Atmospheric Change: Summary and Conclusions of a Workshop, October 30-31, 1986 %D 1987 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18908/current-issues-in-atmospheric-change-summary-and-conclusions-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18908/current-issues-in-atmospheric-change-summary-and-conclusions-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 49 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Coppock, Rob %E Johnson, Stephanie %T Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-09226-5 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11037/direct-and-indirect-human-contributions-to-terrestrial-carbon-fluxes-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11037/direct-and-indirect-human-contributions-to-terrestrial-carbon-fluxes-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 92 %X Human-induced climate change is an important environmental issue worldwide, as scientific studies increasingly demonstrate that human activities are changing the Earth’s climate. Even if dramatic reductions in emissions were made today, some human-induced changes are likely to persist beyond the 21st century. The Kyoto Protocol calls for emissions reporting that separates out management-induced changes in greenhouse gases from those changes caused by indirect human effects (e.g., carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen deposition, or precipitation changes), natural effects, and past practices on forested agricultural lands. This book summarizes a September 2003 workshop where leaders from academia, government and industry came together to discuss the current state of scientific understanding on quantifying direct human-induced change in terrestrial carbon stocks and related changes in greenhouse gas emissions and distinguishing these changes from those caused by indirect and natural effects. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Contraception and Reproduction: Health Consequences for Women and Children in the Developing World %@ 978-0-309-04094-5 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1421/contraception-and-reproduction-health-consequences-for-women-and-children-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1421/contraception-and-reproduction-health-consequences-for-women-and-children-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 120 %X This book examines how changes in reproductive patterns (such as the number and timing of births and spacing between births) have affected the health of women and children in the developing world. It reviews the relationships between contraceptive use, reproductive patterns, and health; the effects of differences and changes in reproductive patterns; as well as the role of family planning in women's fertility and health.