%0 Book %A National Research Council %E Casterline, John B. %T Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition: Selected Perspectives %@ 978-0-309-07610-4 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10228/diffusion-processes-and-fertility-transition-selected-perspectives %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10228/diffusion-processes-and-fertility-transition-selected-perspectives %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 285 %X This volume is part of an effort to review what is known about the determinants of fertility transition in developing countries and to identify lessons that might lead to policies aimed at lowering fertility. It addresses the roles of diffusion processes, ideational change, social networks, and mass communications in changing behavior and values, especially as related to childbearing. A new body of empirical research is currently emerging from studies of social networks in Asia (Thailand, Taiwan, Korea), Latin America (Costa Rica), and Sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Ghana). Given the potential significance of social interactions to the design of effective family planning programs in high-fertility settings, efforts to synthesize this emerging body of literature are clearly important. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Role of Diffusion Processes in Fertility Change in Developing Countries %@ 978-0-309-06478-1 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6475/the-role-of-diffusion-processes-in-fertility-change-in-developing-countries %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6475/the-role-of-diffusion-processes-in-fertility-change-in-developing-countries %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 42 %X This report summarizes presentations and discussions at the Workshop on the Social Processes Underlying Fertility Change in Developing Countries, organized by the Committee on Population of the National Research Council (NRC) in Washington, D.C., January 29-30, 1998. Fourteen papers were presented at the workshop; they represented both theoretical and empirical perspectives and shed new light on the role that diffusion processes may play in fertility transition. These papers served as the basis for the discussion that is summarized in this report. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Opportunities and Challenges for Digital Twins in Atmospheric and Climate Sciences: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26921/opportunities-and-challenges-for-digital-twins-in-atmospheric-and-climate-sciences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26921/opportunities-and-challenges-for-digital-twins-in-atmospheric-and-climate-sciences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Computers and Information Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Engineering and Technology %P 13 %X The digital twin is an emerging technology that builds on the convergence of computer science, mathematics, engineering, and the life sciences. Digital twins have the potential to revolutionize atmospheric and climate sciences in particular, as they could be used, for example, to create global-scale interactive models of Earth to predict future weather and climate conditions over longer timescales. On February 1-2, 2023, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a public, virtual workshop to discuss characterizations of digital twins within the context of atmospheric, climate, and sustainability sciences and to identify methods for their development and use. Workshop panelists presented varied definitions and taxonomies of digital twins and highlighted key challenges as well as opportunities to translate promising practices to other fields. The second in a three-part series, this evidence-gathering workshop will inform a National Academies consensus study on research gaps and future directions to advance the mathematical, statistical, and computational foundations of digital twins in applications across science, medicine, engineering, and society. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Manual on Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstructure Elements %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13934/manual-on-service-life-of-corrosion-damaged-reinforced-concrete-bridge-superstructure-elements %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13934/manual-on-service-life-of-corrosion-damaged-reinforced-concrete-bridge-superstructure-elements %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 59 %X TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 558: Manual on Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstructure Elements examines step-by-step procedures for assessing the condition of corrosion-damaged bridge elements. It also explores procedures that can be used to estimate the expected remaining life of reinforced concrete bridge superstructure elements and to determine the effects of maintenance and repair options on their service life. NCHRP Web-Only Document 88 contains the data used in the development and validation of the service life model described in NCHRP Report 558. Also, the computational software (Excel spreadsheet) for the service life estimation process is available. %0 Book %T Resource Allocation for Family Planning in Developing Countries: Report of a Meeting %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9050/resource-allocation-for-family-planning-in-developing-countries-report-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9050/resource-allocation-for-family-planning-in-developing-countries-report-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 33 %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Research Council %T Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles %@ 978-0-309-37217-6 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21725/overcoming-barriers-to-deployment-of-plug-in-electric-vehicles %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21725/overcoming-barriers-to-deployment-of-plug-in-electric-vehicles %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 152 %X In the past few years, interest in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has grown. Advances in battery and other technologies, new federal standards for carbon-dioxide emissions and fuel economy, state zero-emission-vehicle requirements, and the current administration's goal of putting millions of alternative-fuel vehicles on the road have all highlighted PEVs as a transportation alternative. Consumers are also beginning to recognize the advantages of PEVs over conventional vehicles, such as lower operating costs, smoother operation, and better acceleration; the ability to fuel up at home; and zero tailpipe emissions when the vehicle operates solely on its battery. There are, however, barriers to PEV deployment, including the vehicle cost, the short all-electric driving range, the long battery charging time, uncertainties about battery life, the few choices of vehicle models, and the need for a charging infrastructure to support PEVs. What should industry do to improve the performance of PEVs and make them more attractive to consumers? At the request of Congress, Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles identifies barriers to the introduction of electric vehicles and recommends ways to mitigate these barriers. This report examines the characteristics and capabilities of electric vehicle technologies, such as cost, performance, range, safety, and durability, and assesses how these factors might create barriers to widespread deployment. Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles provides an overview of the current status of PEVs and makes recommendations to spur the industry and increase the attractiveness of this promising technology for consumers. Through consideration of consumer behaviors, tax incentives, business models, incentive programs, and infrastructure needs, this book studies the state of the industry and makes recommendations to further its development and acceptance. %0 Book %T Internet Counts: Measuring the Impacts of the Internet %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9845/internet-counts-measuring-the-impacts-of-the-internet %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9845/internet-counts-measuring-the-impacts-of-the-internet %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Earth Sciences %P 104 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Promoting Innovation: 2002 Assessment of the Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing %@ 978-0-309-08889-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10688/promoting-innovation-2002-assessment-of-the-partnership-for-advancing-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10688/promoting-innovation-2002-assessment-of-the-partnership-for-advancing-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 75 %X The application of technology to housing design, construction, and operation offers opportunities for improving affordability, energy efficiency, comfort, safety, and convenience for consumers. New technologies and production processes could help resolve serious problems facing housing producers, including labor shortages, interruptions due to inclement weather, quality control, and theft and vandalism losses. However, it is generally believed that realizing these benefits on a broad scale is considerably hindered by characteristics of the housing industry that inhibit the development and diffusion of innovations. The Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) supports activities to address issues that are perceived by the industry to be the primary causes of the problems, i.e., barriers to innovation, lack of accessible information, and insufficient research and development (R&D) (NAHBRC, 1998). PATH was initiated in 1998 when Congress appropriated funds for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to begin implementing the concept, which was created by the National Science and Technology Council Construction and Building Subcommittee (NSTC C&B). At the request of HUD, the National Research Council (NRC) assembled a panel of experts as the Committee for Review and Assessment of the Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing under the NRC Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment. The committee was asked to assess how well PATH is achieving its many program objectives to expand the development and utilization of new technologies in the U.S. housing industry. The committee has approached evaluation of the program as an exercise that also provides direction for PATH's future improvement. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Pew, Richard W. %E Mavor, Anne S. %T Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations %@ 978-0-309-06096-7 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6173/modeling-human-and-organizational-behavior-application-to-military-simulations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6173/modeling-human-and-organizational-behavior-application-to-military-simulations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 432 %X Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior. %0 Book %T Accelerated Aging of Materials and Structures: The Effects of Long-Term Elevated-Temperature Exposure %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9251/accelerated-aging-of-materials-and-structures-the-effects-of-long %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9251/accelerated-aging-of-materials-and-structures-the-effects-of-long %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 65 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Montgomery, Mark R. %E Cohen, Barney %T From Death to Birth: Mortality Decline and Reproductive Change %@ 978-0-309-05896-4 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5842/from-death-to-birth-mortality-decline-and-reproductive-change %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5842/from-death-to-birth-mortality-decline-and-reproductive-change %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 440 %X The last 35 years or so have witnessed a dramatic shift in the demography of many developing countries. Before 1960, there were substantial improvements in life expectancy, but fertility declines were very rare. Few people used modern contraceptives, and couples had large families. Since 1960, however, fertility rates have fallen in virtually every major geographic region of the world, for almost all political, social, and economic groups. What factors are responsible for the sharp decline in fertility? What role do child survival programs or family programs play in fertility declines? Casual observation suggests that a decline in infant and child mortality is the most important cause, but there is surprisingly little hard evidence for this conclusion. The papers in this volume explore the theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions of the fertility-mortality relationship. It includes several detailed case studies based on contemporary data from developing countries and on historical data from Europe and the United States. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Dibner, David R. %E Lemer, Andrew C. %T The Role of Public Agencies in Fostering New Technology and Innovation in Building %@ 978-0-309-04783-8 %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2070/the-role-of-public-agencies-in-fostering-new-technology-and-innovation-in-building %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2070/the-role-of-public-agencies-in-fostering-new-technology-and-innovation-in-building %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 142 %X This book explores innovation in the U.S. construction-related industries (i.e., design services, construction, building materials and products manufacture, and facilities operation and maintenance) and recommends a strategy for fostering new technology. These industries account for about ten percent of the U.S. economy; federal agencies themselves spend some $15 billion annually on construction. A government strategy based on federal agencies that encourage applications of new technology for their own projects, activities to enhance the pursuit and effective transfer of new technology to the U.S. private sector, and increased support for targeted efforts to develop new technologies in specific areas will yield many benefits. These include better cost, quality, and performance in government facilities, generally improved quality of life, and enhanced U.S. industrial competitiveness in international markets. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T IT Roadmap to a Geospatial Future %@ 978-0-309-08738-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10661/it-roadmap-to-a-geospatial-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10661/it-roadmap-to-a-geospatial-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Earth Sciences %P 136 %X A grand challenge for science is to understand the human implications of global environmental change and to help society cope with those changes. Virtually all the scientific questions associated with this challenge depend on geospatial information (geoinformation) and on the ability of scientists, working individually and in groups, to interact with that information in flexible and increasingly complex ways. Another grand challenge is how to respond to calamities-terrorist activities, other human-induced crises, and natural disasters. Much of the information that underpins emergency preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation is geospatial in nature. In terrorist situations, for example, origins and destinations of phone calls and e-mail messages, travel patterns of individuals, dispersal patterns of airborne chemicals, assessment of places at risk, and the allocation of resources all involve geospatial information. Much of the work addressing environment- and emergency-related concerns will depend on how productively humans are able to integrate, distill, and correlate a wide range of seemingly unrelated information. In addition to critical advances in location-aware computing, databases, and data mining methods, advances in the human-computer interface will couple new computational capabilities with human cognitive capabilities.This report outlines an interdisciplinary research roadmap at the intersection of computer science and geospatial information science. The report was developed by a committee convened by the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National Research Council. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Energizing Data-Driven Operations at the Tactical Edge: Challenges and Concerns %@ 978-0-309-67023-4 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26183/energizing-data-driven-operations-at-the-tactical-edge-challenges-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26183/energizing-data-driven-operations-at-the-tactical-edge-challenges-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 122 %X Significant efforts are ongoing within the U.S. Air Force (USAF) to improve national security and competitiveness by harnessing the growing power of information technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. Product and process technologies are being researched, experimented with, and integrated into future warfighting concepts and plans. A significant part of this effort is focused on integrating operations, from the strategic to the tactical and across all lines of effort. A question that must be asked in considering these future warfighting concepts is: how will the devices that enable the knowledge-based future be powered? The abundant energy supplies that characterize peacetime operating environments may not be readily available at the far reaches of the force projections - the tactical edge - during conflict. Understanding the energy challenges associated with continued data collection, processing, storage, analysis, and communications at the tactical edge is an important part of developing the plans for meeting the future competition on the battlefield. This report identifies challenges and issues associated with energy needs at the tactical edge as well as any potential for solutions to be considered in the future to help address these challenges. The recommendations of Energizing Data-Driven Operations at the Tactical Edge address understanding these requirement needs and the cascading effects of not meeting those needs, integrating energy needs for data processing into mission and unit readiness assessments, and research into product and process technologies to address energy-efficient computation, resilience, interoperability, and alternative solutions to energy management at the tactical edge. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Fostering Transformative Research in the Geographical Sciences %@ 978-0-309-38934-1 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21881/fostering-transformative-research-in-the-geographical-sciences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21881/fostering-transformative-research-in-the-geographical-sciences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 92 %X The central purpose of all research is to create new knowledge. In the geographical sciences this is driven by a desire to create new knowledge about the relations between space, place, and the anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic features and processes of the Earth. But some research goes beyond these modest aims and creates new opportunities for further research, or affects the process of knowledge acquisition more broadly, or changes the way other researchers in a domain think about the world and go about their business. Due to its positive impacts, transformative research can be regarded as inherently having greater value than more conventional research, and funding agencies clearly regard transformative research as something to be encouraged and funded through special programs. Assessments of transformative research funding initiatives are few and provide a mixed picture of their effectiveness. The challenge is whether transformative research can be identified at the time it is proposed rather than after it has been conducted, communicated, and its influence on the discipline has become clear. Fostering Transformative Research in the Geographical Sciences reviews how transformative research has emerged in the past, what its early markers were, and makes recommendations for how it can be nurtured in the future. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Disrupting Improvised Explosive Device Terror Campaigns: Basic Research Opportunities: A Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-12420-1 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12437/disrupting-improvised-explosive-device-terror-campaigns-basic-research-opportunities-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12437/disrupting-improvised-explosive-device-terror-campaigns-basic-research-opportunities-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 81 %X Countering the threat of improvised explosive devices (IED)s is a challenging, multilayered problem. The IED itself is just the most publicly visible part of an underlying campaign of violence, the IED threat chain. Improving the technical ability to detect the device is a primary objective, but understanding of the goals of the adversary; its sources of materiel, personnel, and money; the sociopolitical environment in which it operates; and other factors, such as the cultural mores that it must observe or override for support, may also be critical for impeding or halting the effective use of IEDs. Disrupting Improvised Explosive Device Terror Campaigns focuses on the human dimension of terror campaigns and also on improving the ability to predict these activities using collected and interpreted data from a variety of sources. A follow-up to the 2007 book, Countering the Threat of Improvised Explosive Devices: Basic Research Opportunities, this book summarizes two workshops held in 2008. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2010 %@ 978-0-309-16164-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13010/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-materials-science-and-engineering-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13010/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-materials-science-and-engineering-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 62 %X The Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory (MSEL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) works with industry, standards bodies, universities, and other government laboratories to improve the nation's measurements and standards infrastructure for materials. A panel of experts appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) assessed the four divisions of MSEL, by visiting these divisions and reviewing their activities. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Arunachalam, Saravanan %E Valencia, Alejandro %E Woody, Matthew C. %E Snyder, Michelle G. %E Huang, Jiaoyan %E Weil, Jeffrey %E Soucacos, Philip %E Webb, Sandy %T Dispersion Modeling Guidance for Airports Addressing Local Air Quality Health Concerns %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24881/dispersion-modeling-guidance-for-airports-addressing-local-air-quality-health-concerns %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24881/dispersion-modeling-guidance-for-airports-addressing-local-air-quality-health-concerns %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 44 %X TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report 179: Dispersion Modeling Guidance for Airports Addressing Local Air Quality Health Concerns provides guidance for selecting and applying dispersion models to study local air quality health impacts resulting from airport-related emissions. The report explores challenges associated with modeling emissions in an airport setting for the purpose of understanding their potential impacts on human health. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T A Review of the Swedish KBS-3 Plan for Final Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel %D 1984 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19380/a-review-of-the-swedish-kbs-3-plan-for-final-storage-of-spent-nuclear-fuel %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19380/a-review-of-the-swedish-kbs-3-plan-for-final-storage-of-spent-nuclear-fuel %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Earth Sciences %P 90 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Everett, Lauren %T The Future of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observing, Understanding, and Modeling: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47723-9 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25138/the-future-of-atmospheric-boundary-layer-observing-understanding-and-modeling %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25138/the-future-of-atmospheric-boundary-layer-observing-understanding-and-modeling %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 58 %X Improved observations of the atmospheric boundary layer (BL) and its interactions with the ocean, land, and ice surfaces have great potential to advance science on a number of fronts, from improving forecasts of severe storms and air quality to constraining estimates of trace gas emissions and transport. Understanding the BL is a crucial component of model advancements, and increased societal demands for extended weather impact forecasts (from hours to months and beyond) highlight the need to advance Earth system modeling and prediction. New observing technologies and approaches (including in situ and ground-based, airborne, and satellite remote sensing) have the potential to radically increase the density of observations and allow new types of variables to be measured within the BL, which will have broad scientific and societal benefits. In October 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore the future of BL observations and their role in improving modeling and forecasting capabilities. Workshop participants discussed the science and applications drivers for BL observation, emerging technology to improve observation capabilities, and strategies for the future. This publication summarizes presentations and discussions from the workshop.