%0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Framework for Dietary Risk Assessment in the WIC Program: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-07263-2 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9991/framework-for-dietary-risk-assessment-in-the-wic-program-interim %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9991/framework-for-dietary-risk-assessment-in-the-wic-program-interim %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 111 %X The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), part of the National Academies, was asked to evaluate the use of various dietary assessment tools and to make recommendations for the assessment of inadequate or inappropriate dietary patterns. These assessments should accurately identify dietary risk of individuals and thus eligibility for participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The Committee on Dietary Risk Assessment in the WIC Program was appointed for the 2-year study and directed to develop an interim report which was to include (1) a framework for assessing inadequate diet or inappropriate dietary patterns, (2) a summary of a workshop on methods to assess dietary risk, and (3) the results of literature searches conducted to date. This interim report includes these three components. Building on the approach used in the 1996 IOM report, WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria, the framework proposed by the committee identifies characteristics of dietary assessment tools that can identify dietary patterns or behaviors for which there is scientific evidence of increased nutrition or health risk in either the short or long-term. The proposed framework consists of eight characteristics that a food intake and/or behavior-based tool should have when used to determine eligibility to participate in WIC programs. This interim report also includes authored summaries of the presentations at the workshop, along with the results of literature searches conducted in the initial phase of the study. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessing Changing Food Consumption Patterns %@ 978-0-309-03135-6 %D 1981 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/380/assessing-changing-food-consumption-patterns %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/380/assessing-changing-food-consumption-patterns %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 294 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Risk Assessment in the WIC Program %@ 978-0-309-08284-6 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10342/dietary-risk-assessment-in-the-wic-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10342/dietary-risk-assessment-in-the-wic-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 181 %X Dietary Risk Assessment in the WIC Program reviews methods used to determine dietary risk based on failure to meet Dietary Guidelines for applicants to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Applicants to the WIC program must be at nutritional risk to be eligible for program benefits. Although “dietary risk” is only one of five nutrition risk categories, it is the category most commonly reported among WIC applicants. This book documents that nearly all low-income women in the childbearing years and children 2 years and over are at risk because their diets fail to meet the recommended numbers of servings of the food guide pyramid. The committee recommends that all women and children (ages 2-4 years) who meet the eligibility requirements based on income, categorical and residency status also be presumed to meet the requirement of nutrition risk. By presuming that all who meet the categorical and income eligibility requirements are at dietary risk, WIC retains its potential for preventing and correcting nutrition-related problems while avoiding serious misclassification errors that could lead to denial of services for eligible individuals. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages %@ 978-0-309-09298-2 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11078/proposed-criteria-for-selecting-the-wic-food-packages-a-preliminary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11078/proposed-criteria-for-selecting-the-wic-food-packages-a-preliminary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 132 %X Started in 1974, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was designed to meet the special nutritional needs of low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum women; infants; and children up to 5 years of age who have at least one nutritional risk factor. The WIC Program provides three main benefits: supplemental foods, nutrition education, and referrals to health and social services. Since the inception of the WIC program, substantial changes in size and demographics of the population, food supply and dietary patterns, and health concerns have made it necessary to review the WIC food packages. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages proposes priority nutrients and general nutrition recommendations for the WIC program, and recommends specific changes to the WIC packages. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Stallings, Virginia A. %E Yaktine, Ann L. %T Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth %@ 978-0-309-10383-1 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11899/nutrition-standards-for-foods-in-schools-leading-the-way-toward %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11899/nutrition-standards-for-foods-in-schools-leading-the-way-toward %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 296 %X Food choices and eating habits are learned from many sources. The school environment plays a significant role in teaching and modeling health behaviors. For some children, foods consumed at school can provide a major portion of their daily nutrient intake. Foods and beverages consumed at school can come from two major sources: (1) Federally funded programs that include the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), the School Breakfast Program (SBP), and after-school snacks and (2) competitive sources that include vending machines, &#34a la carte&#34 sales in the school cafeteria, or school stores and snack bars. Foods and beverages sold at school outside of the federally reimbursable school nutrition programs are referred to as “competitive foods” because they compete with the traditional school lunch as a nutrition source. There are important concerns about the contribution of nutrients and total calories from competitive foods to the daily diets of school-age children and adolescents. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools offers both reviews and recommendations about appropriate nutrition standards and guidance for the sale, content, and consumption of foods and beverages at school, with attention given to foods and beverages offered in competition with federally reimbursable meals and snacks. It is sure to be an invaluable resource to parents, federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, health care professionals, food manufacturers, industry trade groups, media, and those involved in consumer advocacy. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition and Plan for Review of Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds %@ 978-0-309-06187-2 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6252/dietary-reference-intakes-proposed-definition-and-plan-for-review-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6252/dietary-reference-intakes-proposed-definition-and-plan-for-review-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 24 %X There has been intense interest recently among the public and the media in the possibility that increased intakes of "dietary antioxidants" may protect against chronic disease. Many research programs are underway in this area. Epidemiological evidence suggests that the consumption of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of both cancer and cardiovascular disease, and it has been hypothesized that this is due in part to the presence of antioxidant compounds in fruits and vegetables. As a result, these compounds have been considered together by many people and loosely termed dietary antioxidants. Closer examination, however, reveals that compounds typically grouped together as dietary antioxidants can differ quite considerably from one another, both in terms of their chemical behavior and in terms of their biological properties. This report from the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board provides a proposed definition of dietary antioxidants so as to characterize the biological properties of these compounds. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academy of Sciences %T Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care: Second Edition %@ 978-0-309-04694-7 %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2022/nutrition-services-in-perinatal-care-second-edition %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2022/nutrition-services-in-perinatal-care-second-edition %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 128 %X This book focuses on nutrition services beginning in the preconceptional period and extending well beyond birth. It provides the rationale for the recommended nutritional services; briefly describes the necessary elements of these services; and indicates the personnel, knowledge, skills, and specialized education or training that may be needed to deliver them. It will be useful to policymakers, hospital administrators, directors of health centers, physicians in private or group practices, and others responsible for setting such standards and for overseeing health care services for expectant and new mothers and their infants. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining Health in the Nation's Elderly: Evaluating Coverage of Nutrition Services for the Medicare Population %@ 978-0-309-06846-8 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9741/the-role-of-nutrition-in-maintaining-health-in-the-nations-elderly %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9741/the-role-of-nutrition-in-maintaining-health-in-the-nations-elderly %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 382 %X Malnutrition and obesity are both common among Americans over age 65. There are also a host of other medical conditions from which older people and other Medicare beneficiaries suffer that could be improved with appropriate nutritional intervention. Despite that, access to a nutrition professional is very limited. Do nutrition services benefit older people in terms of morbidity, mortality, or quality of life? Which health professionals are best qualified to provide such services? What would be the cost to Medicare of such services? Would the cost be offset by reduced illness in this population? This book addresses these questions, provides recommendations for nutrition services for the elderly, and considers how the coverage policy should be approached and practiced. The book discusses the role of nutrition therapy in the management of a number of diseases. It also examines what the elderly receive in the way of nutrition services along the continuum of care settings and addresses the areas of expertise needed by health professionals to provide appropriate nutrition services and therapy. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria: A Scientific Assessment %@ 978-0-309-05385-3 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5071/wic-nutrition-risk-criteria-a-scientific-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5071/wic-nutrition-risk-criteria-a-scientific-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 392 %X This book reviews the scientific basis for nutrition risk criteria used to establish eligibility for participation in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The volume also examines the specific segments of the WIC population at risk for each criterion, identifies gaps in the scientific knowledge base, formulates recommendations regarding appropriate criteria, and where applicable, recommends values for determining who is at risk for each criterion. Recommendations for program action and research are made to strengthen the validity of nutrition risk criteria used in the WIC program. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements %@ 978-0-309-07676-0 %D 1990 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1451/nutrition-during-pregnancy-part-i-weight-gain-part-ii-nutrient %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1451/nutrition-during-pregnancy-part-i-weight-gain-part-ii-nutrient %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 480 %X In Part I of Nutrition During Pregnancy, the authors call for revisions in recommended weight gains for pregnant women. They explore relationships between weight gain during pregnancy and a variety of factors (e.g., the mother's weight for height before pregnancy) and places this in the context of the health of the infant and the mother. They present specific target ranges for weight gain during pregnancy and guidelines for proper measurement. Part II addresses vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy, examining the adequacy of diet in meeting nutrient needs during pregnancy and recommending specific amounts of supplements for special circumstances. It also covers the effects of caffeine, alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and cocaine use and presents specific research recommendations. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E McGinnis, J. Michael %E Gootman, Jennifer Appleton %E Kraak, Vivica I. %T Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? %@ 978-0-309-09713-0 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11514/food-marketing-to-children-and-youth-threat-or-opportunity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11514/food-marketing-to-children-and-youth-threat-or-opportunity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 536 %X Creating an environment in which children in the United States grow up healthy should be a high priority for the nation. Yet the prevailing pattern of food and beverage marketing to children in America represents, at best, a missed opportunity, and at worst, a direct threat to the health prospects of the next generation. Children’s dietary and related health patterns are shaped by the interplay of many factors—their biologic affinities, their culture and values, their economic status, their physical and social environments, and their commercial media environments—all of which, apart from their genetic predispositions, have undergone significant transformations during the past three decades. Among these environments, none have more rapidly assumed central socializing roles among children and youth than the media. With the growth in the variety and the penetration of the media have come a parallel growth with their use for marketing, including the marketing of food and beverage products. What impact has food and beverage marketing had on the dietary patterns and health status of American children? The answer to this question has the potential to shape a generation and is the focus of Food Marketing to Children and Youth. This book will be of interest to parents, federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, health care professionals, industry companies, industry trade groups, media, and those involved in community and consumer advocacy. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Nutrient Adequacy: Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys %D 1986 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/618/nutrient-adequacy-assessment-using-food-consumption-surveys %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/618/nutrient-adequacy-assessment-using-food-consumption-surveys %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 160 %X Just how accurately can adequate nutrient intake be measured? Do food consumption surveys really reflect the national diet? This book includes a brief history of dietary surveys, and an analysis of the basis of dietary evaluation and its relationship to recommended dietary allowances. A discussion of how usual dietary intake may be estimated from survey data, a recommended approach to dietary analysis, and an application of the analysis method is presented. Further, an examination of the impact of technical errors, the results of confidence interval calculations, and a summary of the subcommittee's recommendations conclude the volume. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Weight Management: State of the Science and Opportunities for Military Programs %@ 978-0-309-08996-8 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10783/weight-management-state-of-the-science-and-opportunities-for-military %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10783/weight-management-state-of-the-science-and-opportunities-for-military %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 276 %X The primary purpose of fitness and body composition standards in the U.S. Armed Forces has always been to select individuals best suited to the physical demands of military service, based on the assumption that proper body weight and composition supports good health, physical fitness, and appropriate military appearance. The current epidemic of overweight and obesity in the United States affects the military services. The pool of available recruits is reduced because of failure to meet body composition standards for entry into the services and a high percentage of individuals exceeding military weight-for-height standards at the time of entry into the service leave the military before completing their term of enlistment. To aid in developing strategies for prevention and remediation of overweight in military personnel, the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command requested the Committee on Military Nutrition Research to review the scientific evidence for: factors that influence body weight, optimal components of a weight loss and weight maintenance program, and the role of gender, age, and ethnicity in weight management. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Nutrition Education in U.S. Medical Schools %@ 978-0-309-03587-3 %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/597/nutrition-education-in-us-medical-schools %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/597/nutrition-education-in-us-medical-schools %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 141 %X As the general public has become more aware of advances in nutrition, consumer demands for advice on matters of diet and disease have grown. This book offers recommendations to upgrade what were found to be largely inadequate nutrition programs in U.S. medical schools in order that health professionals be better qualified to advise and treat their patients. A comprehensive study of one-third of American 4-year undergraduate medical schools provided information on the current status of nutrition programs at each school. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations made from analysis of this gathered information. Questions examined in this volume include: Has medical education kept pace with advances in nutrition science? Are medical students equipped to convey sound nutritional advice to their patients? What strategies are needed to initiate and sustain adequate teaching of nutrition in medical schools? %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Proposed Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements -- For Comment %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10456/proposed-framework-for-evaluating-the-safety-of-dietary-supplements-for-comment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10456/proposed-framework-for-evaluating-the-safety-of-dietary-supplements-for-comment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 156 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change %@ 978-0-309-09650-8 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11280/wic-food-packages-time-for-a-change %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11280/wic-food-packages-time-for-a-change %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 432 %X The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (the WIC program) has promoted the health of low-income families for more than 30 years by providing nutrition education, supplemental food, and other valuable services. The program reaches millions of families every year, is one of the largest nutrition programs in the United States, and is an important investment in the nation’s health. The U.S. Department of Agriculture charged the Institute of Medicine with creating a committee to evaluate the WIC food packages (the list of specific foods WIC participants obtain each month). The goal of the study was to improve the quality of the diet of WIC participants while also promoting a healthy body weight that will reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The committee concluded that it is time for a change in the WIC food packages and the book provides details on the proposed new food packages, summarizes how the proposed packages differ from current packages, and discusses the rationale for the proposed packages. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition %@ 978-0-309-04633-6 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1349/recommended-dietary-allowances-10th-edition %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1349/recommended-dietary-allowances-10th-edition %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 302 %X Since its introduction in 1943 Recommended Dietary Allowances has become the accepted source of nutrient allowances for healthy people. These Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are used throughout the food and health fields. Additionally, RDAs serve as the basis for the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances, the Food and Drug Administration's standards for nutrition labeling of foods. The 10th Edition includes research results and expert interpretations from years of progress in nutrition research since the previous edition and provides not only RDAs but also "Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes"—provisional values for nutrients where data were insufficient to set an RDA. Organized by nutrient for ready reference, the volume reviews the function of each nutrient in the human body, sources of supply, effects of deficiencies and excessive intakes, relevant study results, and more. The volume concludes with the invaluable "Summary Table of Recommended Dietary Allowances," a convenient and practical summary of the recommendations. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Marriott, Bernadette M. %T Not Eating Enough: Overcoming Underconsumption of Military Operational Rations %@ 978-0-309-05341-9 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5002/not-eating-enough-overcoming-underconsumption-of-military-operational-rations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5002/not-eating-enough-overcoming-underconsumption-of-military-operational-rations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Food and Nutrition %P 500 %X Eating enough food to meet nutritional needs and maintain good health and good performance in all aspects of life—both at home and on the job—is important for all of us throughout our lives. For military personnel, however, this presents a special challenge. Although soldiers typically have a number of options for eating when stationed on a base, in the field during missions their meals come in the form of operational rations. Unfortunately, military personnel in training and field operations often do not eat their rations in the amounts needed to ensure that they meet their energy and nutrient requirements and consequently lose weight and potentially risk loss of effectiveness both in physical and cognitive performance. This book contains 20 chapters by military and nonmilitary scientists from such fields as food science, food marketing and engineering, nutrition, physiology, psychology, and various medical specialties. Although described within a context of military tasks, the committee's conclusions and recommendations have wide-reaching implications for people who find that job-related stress changes their eating habits. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Beef for Tomorrow: Conference Proceedings %D 1960 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18571/beef-for-tomorrow-conference-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18571/beef-for-tomorrow-conference-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Agriculture %P 145 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment %@ 978-0-309-07183-3 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9956/dietary-reference-intakes-applications-in-dietary-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9956/dietary-reference-intakes-applications-in-dietary-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 305 %X Since 1994 the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board has been involved in developing an expanded approach to developing dietary reference standards. This approach, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), provides a set of four nutrient-based reference values designed to replace the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) in Canada. These reference values include Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). To date, several volumes in this series have been published. This new book, Applications in Dietary Assessment, provides guidance to nutrition and health research professionals on the application of the new DRIs. It represents both a "how to" manual and a "why" manual. Specific examples of both appropriate and inappropriate uses of the DRIs in assessing nutrient adequacy of groups and of individuals are provided, along with detailed statistical approaches for the methods described. In addition, a clear distinction is made between assessing individuals and assessing groups as the approaches used are quite different. Applications in Dietary Assessment will be an essential companion to any-or all-of the DRI volumes.