%0 Book %A National Research Council %E Nagin, Daniel S. %E Pepper, John V. %T Deterrence and the Death Penalty %@ 978-0-309-25416-8 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13363/deterrence-and-the-death-penalty %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13363/deterrence-and-the-death-penalty %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 144 %X Many studies during the past few decades have sought to determine whether the death penalty has any deterrent effect on homicide rates. Researchers have reached widely varying, even contradictory, conclusions. Some studies have concluded that the threat of capital punishment deters murders, saving large numbers of lives; other studies have concluded that executions actually increase homicides; still others, that executions have no effect on murder rates. Commentary among researchers, advocates, and policymakers on the scientific validity of the findings has sometimes been acrimonious. Against this backdrop, the National Research Council report Deterrence and the Death Penalty assesses whether the available evidence provides a scientific basis for answering questions of if and how the death penalty affects homicide rates. This new report from the Committee on Law and Justice concludes that research to date on the effect of capital punishment on homicide rates is not useful in determining whether the death penalty increases, decreases, or has no effect on these rates. The key question is whether capital punishment is less or more effective as a deterrent than alternative punishments, such as a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Yet none of the research that has been done accounted for the possible effect of noncapital punishments on homicide rates. The report recommends new avenues of research that may provide broader insight into any deterrent effects from both capital and noncapital punishments. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Analytic Capabilities: An Assessment of Tools, Methods, and Approaches for the 21st Century Security Environment %@ 978-0-309-29871-1 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18622/us-air-force-strategic-deterrence-analytic-capabilities-an-assessment-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18622/us-air-force-strategic-deterrence-analytic-capabilities-an-assessment-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 178 %X Since the early 1960s, the U.S. strategic nuclear posture has been composed of a triad of nuclear-certified long-range bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Since the early 1970s, U.S. nuclear forces have been subject to strategic arms control agreements. The large numbers and diversified nature of the U.S. nonstrategic (tactical) nuclear forces, which cannot be ignored as part of the overall nuclear deterrent, have decreased substantially since the Cold War. While there is domestic consensus today on the need to maintain an effective deterrent, there is no consensus on precisely what that requires, especially in a changing geopolitical environment and with continued reductions in nuclear arms. This places a premium on having the best possible analytic tools, methods, and approaches for understanding how nuclear deterrence and assurance work, how they might fail, and how failure can be averted by U.S. nuclear forces. U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Analytic Capabilities identifies the broad analytic issues and factors that must be considered in seeking nuclear deterrence of adversaries and assurance of allies in the 21st century. This report describes and assesses tools, methods - including behavioral science-based methods - and approaches for improving the understanding of how nuclear deterrence and assurance work or may fail in the 21st century and the extent to which such failures might be averted or mitigated by the proper choice of nuclear systems, technological capabilities, postures, and concepts of operation of American nuclear forces. The report recommends criteria and a framework for validating the tools, methods, and approaches and for identifying those most promising for Air Force usage. %0 Book %T Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates %D 1978 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18561/deterrence-and-incapacitation-estimating-the-effects-of-criminal-sanctions-on %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18561/deterrence-and-incapacitation-estimating-the-effects-of-criminal-sanctions-on %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 446 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Kruttschnitt, Candace %E McLaughlin, Brenda L. %E Petrie, Carol V. %T Advancing the Federal Research Agenda on Violence Against Women %@ 978-0-309-09109-1 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10849/advancing-the-federal-research-agenda-on-violence-against-women %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10849/advancing-the-federal-research-agenda-on-violence-against-women %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 144 %X This report expands on the work of an earlier National Research Council panel whose report, Understanding Violence Against Women, was published in 1996. The report is based on the presentations and deliberations of a workshop convened in January 2002, at the request of Congress, to develop a detailed research agenda on violence against women. While some of the research recommendations in the earlier report have been funded and carried out, the workshop demonstrated that important gaps remain. For example, prevalence and incidence data are still inadequate to measure trends or to reveal whether interventions being designed under federal programs are, in fact, working. Among its primary recommendations, the committee underscored the importance of strengthening the data and research infrastructure in this area, especially the need for better prevalence data and longitudinal data to determine the causes of violent victimization of women and the impact of interventions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Counterfeit Deterrent Features for the Next-Generation Currency Design %@ 978-0-309-05028-9 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2267/counterfeit-deterrent-features-for-the-next-generation-currency-design %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2267/counterfeit-deterrent-features-for-the-next-generation-currency-design %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 144 %X Traditionally, counterfeit deterrent features restricted counterfeiting to only the dedicated craftsman. With the advent of highly sophisticated reprographic systems, this is no longer true. Redesign of U.S. banknotes is necessary in order to incorporate additional features aimed at discouraging counterfeiting using advanced copiers-scanners-printers. This volume evaluates a large number of such features while recommending a comprehensive national strategy for anticipating and responding to counterfeiting threats. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Manski, Charles F. %E Pepper, John V. %E Petrie, Carol V. %T Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us %@ 978-0-309-07273-1 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10021/informing-americas-policy-on-illegal-drugs-what-we-dont-know %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10021/informing-americas-policy-on-illegal-drugs-what-we-dont-know %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 423 %X How should the war on drugs be fought? Everyone seems to agree that the United States ought to use a combination of several different approaches to combat the destructive effects of illegal drug use. Yet there is a remarkable paucity of data and research information that policy makers require if they are to create a useful, realistic policy package-details about drug use, drug market economics, and perhaps most importantly the impact of drug enforcement activities. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs recommends ways to close these gaps in our understanding-by obtaining the necessary data on drug prices and consumption (quantity in addition to frequency); upgrading federal management of drug statistics; and improving our evaluation of prevention, interdiction, enforcement, and treatment efforts. The committee reviews what we do and do not know about illegal drugs and how data are assembled and used by federal agencies. The book explores the data and research information needed to support strong drug policy analysis, describes the best methods to use, explains how to avoid misleading conclusions, and outlines strategies for increasing access to data. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs also discusses how researchers can incorporate randomization into studies of drug treatment and how state and local agencies can compare alternative approaches to drug enforcement. Charting a course toward a better-informed illegal drugs policy, this book will be important to federal and state policy makers, regulators, researchers, program administrators, enforcement officials, journalists, and advocates concerned about illegal drug use. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Behavioral and Social Science: 50 Years of Discovery %@ 978-0-309-03588-0 %D 1986 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/611/behavioral-and-social-science-50-years-of-discovery %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/611/behavioral-and-social-science-50-years-of-discovery %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 312 %X In 1933, President Herbert Hoover commissioned the "Ogburn Report," a comprehensive study of social trends in the United States. Fifty years later, a symposium of noted social and behavioral scientists marked the report's anniversary with a book of their own from the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. The 10 chapters presented here relate the developments detailed in the "Ogburn Report" to modern social trends. This book discusses recent major strides in the social and behavioral sciences, including sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, and linguistics. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Travis, Jeremy %E Western, Bruce %E Redburn, Steve %T The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences %@ 978-0-309-29801-8 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18613/the-growth-of-incarceration-in-the-united-states-exploring-causes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18613/the-growth-of-incarceration-in-the-united-states-exploring-causes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 464 %X After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States more than quadrupled during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines research and analysis of the dramatic rise of incarceration rates and its affects. This study makes the case that the United States has gone far past the point where the numbers of people in prison can be justified by social benefits and has reached a level where these high rates of incarceration themselves constitute a source of injustice and social harm. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States recommends changes in sentencing policy, prison policy, and social policy to reduce the nation's reliance on incarceration. The report also identifies important research questions that must be answered to provide a firmer basis for policy. The study assesses the evidence and its implications for public policy to inform an extensive and thoughtful public debate about and reconsideration of policies. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %T Deterrence, Protection, and Preparation: The New Transportation Security Imperative -- Special Report 270 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11369/deterrence-protection-and-preparation-the-new-transportation-security-imperative-special %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11369/deterrence-protection-and-preparation-the-new-transportation-security-imperative-special %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Health and Medicine %P 96 %X TRB Special Report 270: Deterrence, Protection, and Preparation: The New Transportation Security Imperative examines the role of science and technology in countering terrorism. It presents advice on a strategic approach to transportation security that recognizes the need to move people and goods efficiently and the need to improve security against terrorism. The report emphasizes a systematic approach to security, building security into operations, and layering security measures to deter--and to protect against--terrorist attack.Special Report 270 Summary %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Lipsey, Mark W. %T Improving Evaluation of Anticrime Programs %@ 978-0-309-09706-2 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11337/improving-evaluation-of-anticrime-programs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11337/improving-evaluation-of-anticrime-programs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 90 %X Although billions of dollars have been spent on crime prevention and control programs during the past decade, scientifically strong impact evaluations of these programs are uncommon in the context of the overall number of programs that have received funding. Improving Evaluation of Anticrime Programs is designed as a working guide for agencies and organizations responsible for program evaluation, for researchers who must design scientifically credible evaluations of government and privately sponsored programs, and for policy officials who are investing more and more in the concept of evidence-based policy to guide their decisions in crucial areas of crime prevention and control. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Reiss, Albert J., Jr. %E Roth, Jeffrey A. %T Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control %@ 978-0-309-05079-1 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4422/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-4-consequences-and-control %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4422/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-4-consequences-and-control %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 408 %X This book analyzes the consequences of violence and strategies for controlling them. Included are reviews of public perceptions and reactions to violence; estimates of the costs; the commonalities and complementarities of criminal justice and public health responses; efforts to reduce violence through the prediction and classification of violent offenders; and the relationships between trends in violence and prison population during a period of greatly increased use of incarceration. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Peer Review and Design Competition in the NNSA National Security Laboratories %@ 978-0-309-37843-7 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21806/peer-review-and-design-competition-in-the-nnsa-national-security-laboratories %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21806/peer-review-and-design-competition-in-the-nnsa-national-security-laboratories %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 84 %X The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) is responsible for providing and maintaining the capabilities necessary to sustain a safe, secure, and reliable nuclear weapons stockpile for the nation and its allies. Major responsibility for meeting the NNSA missions falls to the three NNSA laboratories: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). The NNSA National Security Laboratories contribute to that goal by maintaining the skills and capabilities necessary for stewardship of a reliable nuclear stockpile and also by maintaining a high level of technical credibility, which is a component of the nuclear deterrent. Since 1992 it has been U.S. policy not to conduct explosion tests of nuclear weapons. The resulting technical challenges have been substantial. Whereas a nuclear test was in some sense the ultimate "peer review" of the performance of a particular NEP design, the cessation of nuclear testing necessitated a much greater reliance on both intralab and interlab expert peer review to identify potential problems with weapon designs and define the solution space. This report assesses the quality and effectiveness of peer review of designs, development plans, engineering and scientific activities, and priorities related to both nuclear and non-nuclear aspects of nuclear weapons, as well as incentives for effective peer review. It also explores how the evolving mission of the NNSA laboratories might impact peer review processes at the laboratories that relate to nuclear weapons. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Skogan, Wesley %E Frydl, Kathleen %T Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence %@ 978-0-309-28965-8 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 430 %X Because police are the most visible face of government power for most citizens, they are expected to deal effectively with crime and disorder and to be impartial. Producing justice through the fair, and restrained use of their authority. The standards by which the public judges police success have become more exacting and challenging. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing explores police work in the new century. It replaces myths with research findings and provides recommendations for updated policy and practices to guide it. The book provides answers to the most basic questions: What do police do? It reviews how police work is organized, explores the expanding responsibilities of police, examines the increasing diversity among police employees, and discusses the complex interactions between officers and citizens. It also addresses such topics as community policing, use of force, racial profiling, and evaluates the success of common police techniques, such as focusing on crime “hot spots.” It goes on to look at the issue of legitimacy—how the public gets information about police work, and how police are viewed by different groups, and how police can gain community trust. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing will be important to anyone concerned about police work: policy makers, administrators, educators, police supervisors and officers, journalists, and interested citizens. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Pathways of Addiction: Opportunities in Drug Abuse Research %@ 978-0-309-05533-8 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5297/pathways-of-addiction-opportunities-in-drug-abuse-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5297/pathways-of-addiction-opportunities-in-drug-abuse-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 328 %X Drug abuse persists as one of the most costly and contentious problems on the nation's agenda. Pathways of Addiction meets the need for a clear and thoughtful national research agenda that will yield the greatest benefit from today's limited resources. The committee makes its recommendations within the public health framework and incorporates diverse fields of inquiry and a range of policy positions. It examines both the demand and supply aspects of drug abuse. Pathways of Addiction offers a fact-filled, highly readable examination of drug abuse issues in the United States, describing findings and outlining research needs in the areas of behavioral and neurobiological foundations of drug abuse. The book covers the epidemiology and etiology of drug abuse and discusses several of its most troubling health and social consequences, including HIV, violence, and harm to children. Pathways of Addiction looks at the efficacy of different prevention interventions and the many advances that have been made in treatment research in the past 20 years. The book also examines drug treatment in the criminal justice setting and the effectiveness of drug treatment under managed care. The committee advocates systematic study of the laws by which the nation attempts to control drug use and identifies the research questions most germane to public policy. Pathways of Addiction provides a strategic outline for wise investment of the nation's research resources in drug abuse. This comprehensive and accessible volume will have widespread relevance—to policymakers, researchers, research administrators, foundation decisionmakers, healthcare professionals, faculty and students, and concerned individuals. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform, Volume I %@ 978-0-309-03347-3 %D 1983 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/100/research-on-sentencing-the-search-for-reform-volume-i %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/100/research-on-sentencing-the-search-for-reform-volume-i %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 315 %0 Book %E Chalk, Rosemary %E King, Patricia A. %T Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs %@ 978-0-309-05496-6 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5285/violence-in-families-assessing-prevention-and-treatment-programs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5285/violence-in-families-assessing-prevention-and-treatment-programs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 416 %X Reports of mistreated children, domestic violence, and abuse of elderly persons continue to strain the capacity of police, courts, social services agencies, and medical centers. At the same time, myriad treatment and prevention programs are providing services to victims and offenders. Although limited research knowledge exists regarding the effectiveness of these programs, such information is often scattered, inaccessible, and difficult to obtain. Violence in Families takes the first hard look at the successes and failures of family violence interventions. It offers recommendations to guide services, programs, policy, and research on victim support and assistance, treatments and penalties for offenders, and law enforcement. Included is an analysis of more than 100 evaluation studies on the outcomes of different kinds of programs and services. Violence in Families provides the most comprehensive review on the topic to date. It explores the scope and complexity of family violence, including identification of the multiple types of victims and offenders, who require different approaches to intervention. The book outlines new strategies that offer promising approaches for service providers and researchers and for improving the evaluation of prevention and treatment services. Violence in Families discusses issues that underlie all types of family violence, such as the tension between family support and the protection of children, risk factors that contribute to violent behavior in families, and the balance between family privacy and community interventions. The core of the book is a research-based review of interventions used in three institutional sectors—social services, health, and law enforcement settings—and how to measure their effectiveness in combating maltreatment of children, domestic violence, and abuse of the elderly. Among the questions explored by the committee: Does the child protective services system work? Does the threat of arrest deter batterers? The volume discusses the strength of the evidence and highlights emerging links among interventions in different institutional settings. Thorough, readable, and well organized, Violence in Families synthesizes what is known and outlines what needs to be discovered. This volume will be of great interest to policymakers, social services providers, health care professionals, police and court officials, victim advocates, researchers, and concerned individuals. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Discovery of Antivirals Against Smallpox: Executive Summary %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11050/discovery-of-antivirals-against-smallpox-executive-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11050/discovery-of-antivirals-against-smallpox-executive-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 11 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Marking, Rendering Inert, and Licensing of Explosive Materials: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-05784-4 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5755/marking-rendering-inert-and-licensing-of-explosive-materials-interim-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5755/marking-rendering-inert-and-licensing-of-explosive-materials-interim-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 48 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Reiss, Albert J., Jr. %E Roth, Jeffrey A. %T Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences %@ 978-0-309-05080-7 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4421/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-3-social-influences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4421/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-3-social-influences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 592 %X This volume examines social influences on violent events and violent behavior, particularly concentrating on how the risks of violent criminal offending and victimization are influenced by communities, social situations, and individuals; the role of spouses and intimates; the differences in violence levels between males and females; and the roles of psychoactive substances in violent events. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Responding to Threats: A Field Personnel Manual %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13831/responding-to-threats-a-field-personnel-manual %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13831/responding-to-threats-a-field-personnel-manual %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 17 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525: Surface Transportation Security, Volume 1: Responding to Threats: A Field Personnel Manual includes a draft template that contains basic security awareness training in a workbook format that can be redesigned as a pamphlet, glove-box brochure, or other user-specific document. This NCHRP manual emphasizes noticing and reporting behavior that may be part of the planning stages of an event, and explains how an increased level of attention on the part of all employees can deter criminal and terrorist plans prior to implementation.NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security is a series in which relevant information is assembled into single, concise volumes—each pertaining to a specific security problem and closely related issues. The volumes focus on the concerns that transportation agencies are addressing when developing programs in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks that followed. Future volumes of the report will be issued as they are completed.