@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Lisa Bain and Chanel Matney and Sheena M. Posey Norris and Clare Stroud", title = "Exploring Psychedelics and Entactogens as Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-69137-6", abstract = "Psychiatric illnesses - such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, substance use disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - are widely prevalent and represent a substantial health burden worldwide. Yet, conventional medications for mental illnesses often fail to provide relief to patients' disruptive and disabling symptoms. Existing and emerging evidence that psychedelics (e.g., LSD and psilocybin) and entactogens (e.g., MDMA) may be useful as tools to alleviate mental illness has sparked a renaissance of interest by investigators, clinicians, drug developers, and patient advocates in recent years. While promising data on therapeutic efficacy has energized research and development, resolving the mechanisms of action will be important for optimizing the efficacy and safety of these medicines. Further, evaluating the effect of psychedelics and entactogens on mood and behavior comes with unique challenges still in need of resolution. These include unresolved questions relating to blinding, placebo and nocebo effects, and the impact of psychosocial contexts.\nIn response to this renewed interest, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened a workshop on March 29-30, 2022. The workshop brought together a diverse group of stakeholders to explore the use of psychedelics and entactogens as treatments for psychiatric disorders. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26648/exploring-psychedelics-and-entactogens-as-treatments-for-psychiatric-disorders-proceedings", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Lisa Bain and Clare Stroud", title = "Enabling Discovery, Development, and Translation of Treatments for Cognitive Dysfunction in Depression: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-37393-7", abstract = "Major depressive disorder (MDD) is recognized worldwide as a major cause of disability, morbidity, and mortality. According to the World Health Organization, unipolar depressive disorders affect more than 150 million people around the world and represent the leading cause of years lost due to disability among both men and women. In the United States alone, nearly 8 percent of persons over the age of 12 report current depression. MDD has long been defined primarily as a mood disorder. However,more recently people have begun to recognize effects on cognition as a major contributor to the disablement that accompanies depression and to consider this an underrecognized treatment target for depression.\nTo explore how best to enable the discovery, development, and translation of treatments for cognitive dysfunction in depression, including a focus on the regulatory path forward, the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous Disorders convened key stakeholders at a workshop in February 2015. This report summarizes the presentations from expert speakers and discussions among workshop participants.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21745/enabling-discovery-development-and-translation-of-treatments-for-cognitive-dysfunction-in-depression", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Patricia J. Mrazek and Robert J. Haggerty", title = "Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research", isbn = "978-0-309-07485-8", abstract = "The understanding of how to reduce risk factors for mental disorders has expanded remarkably as a result of recent scientific advances. This study, mandated by Congress, reviews those advances in the context of current research and provides a targeted definition of prevention and a conceptual framework that emphasizes risk reduction.\nHighlighting opportunities for and barriers to interventions, the book draws on successful models for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, injuries, and smoking. In addition, it reviews the risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse and dependence, depressive disorders, and conduct disorders and evaluates current illustrative prevention programs.\nThe models and examination provide a framework for the design, application, and evaluation of interventions intended to prevent mental disorders and the transfer of knowledge about prevention from research to clinical practice. The book presents a focused research agenda, with recommendations on how to develop effective intervention programs, create a cadre of prevention researchers, and improve coordination among federal agencies.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2139/reducing-risks-for-mental-disorders-frontiers-for-preventive-intervention-research", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "William Frank Page", title = "The Health of Former Prisoners of War: Results from the Medical Examination Survey of Former POWs of World War II and the Korean Conflict", isbn = "978-0-309-04791-3", abstract = "Using the results from comprehensive medical examinations, this volume explores the prevalence of disease among former prisoners of war of World War II and the Korean conflict and the relationship between that prevalence and their decades-earlier treatment while in captivity.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2036/the-health-of-former-prisoners-of-war-results-from-the", year = 1992, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Lisa Bain and Chanel Matney and Clare Stroud", title = "Novel Molecular Targets for Mood Disorders and Psychosis: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-68590-0", abstract = "Mood disorders - including depression and bipolar disorder - are common, disabling, and potentially lethal disorders, characterized by a shortened lifespan from comorbid medical illness and rising suicide rates. Medications for these conditions have been shown to be insufficiently effective in the majority of people who take them, and there remains a tremendous unmet medical need. Recent advances towards understanding the mechanisms of action for psychiatric medicines have led to the identification of potential novel molecular targets and agents for treating mood disorders. While these promising avenues for further investigation have re-energized scientific research in this area, many open questions remain. In response to this interest, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened a workshop in March 2021, Novel Molecular Targets for Mood Disorders and Psychosis.\nThe goal of this workshop was to explore the landscape of novel pharmacologic treatments for psychiatric disorders, review the challenges and opportunities that have been highlighted by the development of recently approved drugs, and reflect on how to apply those lessons learned towards current and future efforts to identify and validate additional novel molecular targets. With a grounding in the personal experiences of patients living with depression and schizophrenia, workshop participants discussed the scientific, clinical, technological, regulatory, and ethical considerations of this topic. Examples of drug classes discussed in the workshop include antagonists for NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors, as well as modulators for muscarinic and serotonergic receptors. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26218/novel-molecular-targets-for-mood-disorders-and-psychosis-proceedings-of", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Bernard M. Rosof and Lyla M. Hernandez", title = "Gulf War Veterans: Treating Symptoms and Syndromes", isbn = "978-0-309-07587-9", abstract = "Ten years after the end of the Gulf War, questions continue to be raised about the health of U.S. service personnel who fought in that war. A primary concern is whether Gulf War veterans are receiving effective treatments for their health problems. Section 105 of the Veterans Program Enhancement Act of 1998 mandates that the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) ask the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a committee that would identify a method for assessing treatment effectiveness and describe already-validated treatments for Gulf War veterans' health problems, including the problem of medically unexplained symptoms. The specific charge to the committee is to (1) identify and describe approaches for assessing treatment effectiveness; (2) identify illnesses and conditions among veterans of the Gulf War, using data obtained from the VA and the Department of Defense (DoD) Gulf War Registries, as well as information in published articles; and (3) for these identified conditions and illnesses, identify validated models of treatment (to the extent that such treatments exist), or identify new approaches, theories, or research on the management of patients with these conditions if validated treatment models are not available.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10185/gulf-war-veterans-treating-symptoms-and-syndromes", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Assessment", isbn = "978-0-309-10207-0", abstract = "In response to growing national concern about the number of veterans who might be at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of their military service, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to conduct a study on the diagnosis and assessment of, and treatment and compensation for PTSD. An existing IOM committee, the Committee on Gulf War and Health: Physiologic, Psychologic and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress, was asked to conduct the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment aspects of the study because its expertise was well-suited to the task. The committee was specifically tasked to review the scientific and medical literature related to the diagnosis and assessment of PTSD, and to review PTSD treatments (including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy) and their efficacy. In addition, the committee was given a series of specific questions from VA regarding diagnosis, assessment, treatment, and compensation. \n\nPosttraumatic Stress Disorder is a brief elaboration of the committee's responses to VA's questions, not a detailed discussion of the procedures and tools that might be used in the diagnosis and assessment of PTSD. The committee decided to approach its task by separating diagnosis and assessment from treatment and preparing two reports. This first report focuses on diagnosis and assessment of PTSD. Given VA's request for the report to be completed within 6 months, the committee elected to rely primarily on reviews and other well-documented sources. A second report of this committee will focus on treatment for PTSD; it will be issued in December 2006. A separate committee, the Committee on Veterans' Compensation for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, has been established to conduct the compensation study; its report is expected to be issued in December 2006.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11674/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-diagnosis-and-assessment", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Identifying Opportunities for Prevention and Intervention in the Youth Depression Cascade: Workshop in Brief", abstract = "On November 19, 2015, the Forum on Promoting Children's Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Health of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine cohosted a webinar with the American Academy of Pediatrics on prevention and intervention methods to address the development of clinical depression in children and adolescents. The webinar featured three presentations focused on various opportunities to identify and intervene in developing cases of clinical depression within current health care settings, viewing the detection and care of depression as a series of steps that a practice could take.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23397/identifying-opportunities-for-prevention-and-intervention-in-the-youth-depression-cascade", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Noam I. Keren and Clare Stroud", title = "International Perspectives on Integrating Ethical, Legal, and Social Considerations into the Development of Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Devices: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "On September 15\u201316, 2016, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) \u2014 in collaboration with Arizona State University and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine \u2014 organized a workshop in Washington, DC, on Neurotechnology and Society: Strengthening Responsible Innovation in Brain Science. The workshop brought together individuals \u2014 representing public and private sectors, research organizations and universities, public and private funders, and civil institutions from around the world \u2014 to explore approaches to better integrating societal values, scientific advancement, and economic considerations during the development and use of novel neurotechnologies.\nAs part of this overall workshop, the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders of the National Academies organized a session that used non-invasive neuromodulation as a case study to prompt further, concrete discussion about practical concerns and opportunities related to integrating ELSI and RRI throughout research, development, regulation, and use of new neurotechnologies. This Proceedings of a Workshop\u2014in Brief summarizes the presentations and discussions from that session.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24643/international-perspectives-on-integrating-ethical-legal-and-social-considerations-into-the-development-of-non-invasive-neuromodulation-devices", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Sarah Hanson and Miriam Davis and Bruce Altevogt", title = "CNS Clinical Trials: Suicidality and Data Collection: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-14883-2", abstract = "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that all clinical trials for drugs that affect the central nervous system\u2014including psychiatric drugs\u2014are assessed for whether that drug might cause suicidal ideation or behavior. The Institute of Medicine's (IOM) Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders hosted a meeting on June 26, 2009, to discuss the FDA's new policy and how to analyze best whether suicidal thoughts predict actual suicidal behavior in the near future.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12829/cns-clinical-trials-suicidality-and-data-collection-workshop-summary", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council and Institute of Medicine", title = "Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children: Opportunities to Improve Identification, Treatment, and Prevention", isbn = "978-0-309-12178-1", abstract = "Depression is a widespread condition affecting approximately 7.5 million parents in the U.S. each year and may be putting at least 15 million children at risk for adverse health outcomes. Based on evidentiary studies, major depression in either parent can interfere with parenting quality and increase the risk of children developing mental, behavioral and social problems. Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children highlights disparities in the prevalence, identification, treatment, and prevention of parental depression among different sociodemographic populations. It also outlines strategies for effective intervention and identifies the need for a more interdisciplinary approach that takes biological, psychological, behavioral, interpersonal, and social contexts into consideration. \nA major challenge to the effective management of parental depression is developing a treatment and prevention strategy that can be introduced within a two-generation framework, conducive for parents and their children. Thus far, both the federal and state response to the problem has been fragmented, poorly funded, and lacking proper oversight. This study examines options for widespread implementation of best practices as well as strategies that can be effective in diverse service settings for diverse populations of children and their families.\nThe delivery of adequate screening and successful detection and treatment of a depressive illness and prevention of its effects on parenting and the health of children is a formidable challenge to modern health care systems. This study offers seven solid recommendations designed to increase awareness about and remove barriers to care for both the depressed adult and prevention of effects in the child. The report will be of particular interest to federal health officers, mental and behavioral health providers in diverse parts of health care delivery systems, health policy staff, state legislators, and the general public.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12565/depression-in-parents-parenting-and-children-opportunities-to-improve-identification", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences", editor = "Sandra Ackerman", title = "Discovering the Brain", isbn = "978-0-309-46799-5", abstract = "The brain ...\nThere is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate?\nThe answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public.\nThe 1990s were declared the \"Decade of the Brain\" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research.\nDiscovering the Brain is a \"field guide\" to the brain\u2014an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines:\n\n How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain.\n The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attention\u2014and how a \"gut feeling\" actually originates in the brain.\n Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity.\n Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain.\n\nAckerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments.\nFinally, she explores the potential for major advances during the \"Decade of the Brain,\" with a look at medical imaging techniques\u2014what various technologies can and cannot tell us\u2014and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience.\nThis highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakers\u2014and many scientists as well\u2014with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the \"Decade of the Brain.\"", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1785/discovering-the-brain", year = 1992, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Opportunities to Promote Children's Behavioral Health: Health Care Reform and Beyond: Workshop in Brief", abstract = "The adoption of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) 2010 was a turning point in the history of behavioral health for children and adolescents in the United States. The ACA requires most health insurance plans to conduct behavioral health assessments for children, as well as depression screening for adults. Looking ahead, however, questions have been raised about how to promote children's behavioral health, how to make use of innovations, and how to sustain funding over time. To respond to these questions, the Forum on Promoting Children's Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Health of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in Washington, D.C., on April 1-2, 2015. The workshop focused on how recent reforms in health care provide new opportunities to promote children's cognitive, affective, and behavioral health. It also assessed behavioral health needs of all children, including those with special physical or behavioral health conditions, and programs that support families.This report summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23545/opportunities-to-promote-childrens-behavioral-health-health-care-reform-and", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Lisa Bain and Noam I. Keren and Sheena M. Posey Norris", title = "Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-46365-2", abstract = "Neuroinflammation is a burgeoning area of interest in academia and biopharma, with a broadly acknowledged role in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. However, there is little agreement on the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the manifestations of neuroinflammation in the CNS compartment and how neuroinflammation operates as a driver and also as a consequence of disease in the brain. Moreover, another unclear area is how to translate increased understanding of the mechanisms that underlie neuroinflammation and its manifestations in the CNS to therapeutics. \n\nTo address these gaps in understanding mechanisms and how to translate that understanding into therapeutics, the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on March 20-21, 2017, bringing together key leaders in the field from industry, academia, and governmental agencies to explore the role and mechanisms of neuroinflammation in a variety of CNS diseases. The workshop also considered strategies to advance the identification and validation of biomarkers of neuroinflammation that could accelerate development of therapies, bringing much-needed treatments to patients with disorders ranging from neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24854/biomarkers-of-neuroinflammation-proceedings-of-a-workshop", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Sara K. Goldsmith", title = "Suicide Prevention and Intervention: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-07624-1", abstract = "For many, thoughts of suicide are abundant and frequent. There exists a fear of death but an even greater fear of life due to the latter's hardships. Participants of the committee on the Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adult and Adolescent Suicide of the Institute of Medicine's workshop on suicide prevention; however, believe that there is potential for better suicide prevention. Two workshops were convened by the committee: Risk Factors for Suicide, March 14, 2001 and Suicide Prevention and Intervention, May 14, 2001. The two workshops were designed to allow invited presenters to share with the committee and other workshop participants their particular expertise in suicide, and to discuss and examine the existing knowledge base.\nParticipants of the second workshop were selected to represent many areas including: design and analysis of prevention programs, suicide contagion, and firearm availability and suicide. The committee wanted to assess the science base of suicide etiology, evaluate the current status of suicide prevention, and examine current strategies for the study of suicide. Suicide Prevention and Intervention: Summary of a Workshop summarizes the major themes that arose during the workshop. It also includes the workshop agenda and a list of speakers that were present.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10226/suicide-prevention-and-intervention-summary-of-a-workshop", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Ontologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge: Digest Version", abstract = "Ontologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge describes how ontologies support science and its application to real-world problems. That report details how ontologies function, how they can be engineered to better support the behavioral sciences, and the resources needed to sustain their development and use to help ensure the maximum benefit from investment in behavioral science research. The full report published in May, 2022. This digest version summarizes the primary ideas presented in that report.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26755/ontologies-in-the-behavioral-sciences-accelerating-research-and-the-spread-of-knowledge", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Provision of Mental Health Counseling Services Under TRICARE", isbn = "978-0-309-14766-8", abstract = "In this book, the IOM makes recommendations for permitting independent practice for mental health counselors treating patients within TRICARE--the DOD's health care benefits program. This would change current policy, which requires all counselors to practice under a physician's supervision without regard to their education, training, licensure or experience.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12813/provision-of-mental-health-counseling-services-under-tricare", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Jeanne C. Rivard and Krisztina Marton", title = "Measuring Specific Mental Illness Diagnoses with Functional Impairment: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-39239-6", abstract = "The workshop summarized in this report was organized as part of a study sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, with the goal of assisting SAMHSA in its responsibilities of expanding the collection of behavioral health data in several areas. The workshop brought together experts in mental health, psychiatric epidemiology and survey methods to facilitate discussion of the most suitable measures and mechanisms for producing estimates of specific mental illness diagnoses with functional impairment. The report discusses existing measures and data on mental disorders and functional impairment, challenges associated with collecting these data in large-scale population-based studies, as well as study design and estimation options.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21920/measuring-specific-mental-illness-diagnoses-with-functional-impairment-workshop-summary", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "David A. Savitz and Anne N. Styka", title = "Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis", isbn = "978-0-309-67210-8", abstract = "Among the many who serve in the United States Armed Forces and who are deployed to distant locations around the world, myriad health threats are encountered. In addition to those associated with the disruption of their home life and potential for combat, they may face distinctive disease threats that are specific to the locations to which they are deployed. U.S. forces have been deployed many times over the years to areas in which malaria is endemic, including in parts of Afghanistan and Iraq. Department of Defense (DoD) policy requires that antimalarial drugs be issued and regimens adhered to for deployments to malaria-endemic areas. Policies directing which should be used as first and as second-line agents have evolved over time based on new data regarding adverse events or precautions for specific underlying health conditions, areas of deployment, and other operational factors\nAt the request of the Veterans Administration, Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis assesses the scientific evidence regarding the potential for long-term health effects resulting from the use of antimalarial drugs that were approved by FDA or used by U.S. service members for malaria prophylaxis, with a focus on mefloquine, tafenoquine, and other antimalarial drugs that have been used by DoD in the past 25 years. This report offers conclusions based on available evidence regarding associations of persistent or latent adverse events. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25688/assessment-of-long-term-health-effects-of-antimalarial-drugs-when-used-for-prophylaxis", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Robert M. Kaplan and Alexandra S. Beatty", title = "Ontologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge", isbn = "978-0-309-27731-0", abstract = "New research in psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and other fields is published every day, but the gap between what is known and the capacity to act on that knowledge has never been larger. Scholars and nonscholars alike face the problem of how to organize knowledge and to integrate new observations with what is already known. Ontologies - formal, explicit specifications of the meaning of the concepts and entities that scientists study - provide a way to address these and other challenges, and thus to accelerate progress in behavioral research and its application.\nOntologies help researchers precisely define behavioral phenomena and how they relate to each other and reliably classify them. They help researchers identify the inconsistent use of definitions, labels, and measures and provide the basis for sharing knowledge across diverse approaches and methodologies. Although ontologies are an ancient idea, modern researchers rely on them to codify research terms and findings in computer-readable formats and work with large datasets and computer-based analytic techniques.\nOntologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge describes how ontologies support science and its application to real-world problems. This report details how ontologies function, how they can be engineered to better support the behavioral sciences, and the resources needed to sustain their development and use to help ensure the maximum benefit from investment in behavioral science research. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26464/ontologies-in-the-behavioral-sciences-accelerating-research-and-the-spread", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }