@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Kathleen Mullan Harris and Malay K. Majmundar and Tara Becker", title = "High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults", isbn = "978-0-309-68473-6", abstract = "The past century has witnessed remarkable advances in life expectancy in the United States and throughout the world. In 2010, however, progress in life expectancy in the United States began to stall, despite continuing to increase in other high-income countries. Alarmingly, U.S. life expectancy fell between 2014 and 2015 and continued to decline through 2017, the longest sustained decline in life expectancy in a century (since the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919). The recent decline in U.S. life expectancy appears to have been the product of two trends: (1) an increase in mortality among middle-aged and younger adults, defined as those aged 25-64 years (i.e., \"working age\"), which began in the 1990s for several specific causes of death (e.g., drug- and alcohol-related causes and suicide); and (2) a slowing of declines in working-age mortality due to other causes of death (mainly cardiovascular diseases) after 2010.\nHigh and Rising Mortality Rates among Working Age Adults highlights the crisis of rising premature mortality that threatens the future of the nation's families, communities, and national wellbeing. This report identifies the key drivers of increasing death rates and disparities in working-age mortality over the period 1990 to 2017; elucidates modifiable risk factors that could alleviate poor health in the working-age population, as well as widening health inequalities; identifies key knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research and data collection to fill those gaps; and explores potential policy implications. After a comprehensive analysis of the trends in working-age mortality by age, sex, race\/ethnicity, and geography using the most up-to-date data, this report then looks upstream to the macrostructural factors (e.g., public policies, macroeconomic trends, social and economic inequality, technology) and social determinants (e.g., socioeconomic status, environment, social networks) that may affect the health of working-age Americans in multiple ways and through multiple pathways.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25976/high-and-rising-mortality-rates-among-working-age-adults", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Karen M. Anderson and Steve Olson", title = "Advancing Health Equity for Native American Youth: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-37613-6", abstract = "More than 2 million Americans below age 24 self-identify as being of American Indian or Alaska Native descent. Many of the serious behavioral, emotional, and physical health concerns facing young people today are especially prevalent with Native youth (e.g., depression, violence, and substance abuse). Adolescent Native Americans have death rates two to five times the rate of whites in the same age group because of higher levels of suicide and a variety of risky behaviors (e.g., drug and alcohol use, inconsistent school attendance). Violence, including intentional injuries, homicide, and suicide, accounts for three-quarters of deaths for Native American youth ages 12 to 20. Suicide is the second leading cause of death\u2014and 2.5 times the national rate\u2014for Native youth ages 15 to 24. \nArrayed against these health problems are vital cultural strengths on which Native Americans can draw. At a workshop held in 2012, by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, presenters described many of these strengths, including community traditions and beliefs, social support networks, close-knit families, and individual resilience. In May 2014, the Academies held a follow-up workshop titled Advancing Health Equity for Native American Youth. Participants discussed issues related to (1) the visibility of racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care as a national problem, (2) the development of programs and strategies by and for Native and Indigenous communities to reduce disparities and build resilience, and (3) the emergence of supporting Native expertise and leadership. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21766/advancing-health-equity-for-native-american-youth-workshop-summary", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Daniel S. Nagin and John V. Pepper", title = "Deterrence and the Death Penalty", isbn = "978-0-309-25416-8", abstract = "Many studies during the past few decades have sought to determine whether the death penalty has any deterrent effect on homicide rates. Researchers have reached widely varying, even contradictory, conclusions. Some studies have concluded that the threat of capital punishment deters murders, saving large numbers of lives; other studies have concluded that executions actually increase homicides; still others, that executions have no effect on murder rates. Commentary among researchers, advocates, and policymakers on the scientific validity of the findings has sometimes been acrimonious.\nAgainst this backdrop, the National Research Council report Deterrence and the Death Penalty assesses whether the available evidence provides a scientific basis for answering questions of if and how the death penalty affects homicide rates. This new report from the Committee on Law and Justice concludes that research to date on the effect of capital punishment on homicide rates is not useful in determining whether the death penalty increases, decreases, or has no effect on these rates. The key question is whether capital punishment is less or more effective as a deterrent than alternative punishments, such as a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Yet none of the research that has been done accounted for the possible effect of noncapital punishments on homicide rates. The report recommends new avenues of research that may provide broader insight into any deterrent effects from both capital and noncapital punishments.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13363/deterrence-and-the-death-penalty", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Theresa M. Wizemann and Mary-Lou Pardue", title = "Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter?", isbn = "978-0-309-07281-6", abstract = "It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. \n\nSex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). \n\nExploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. \n\nExploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10028/exploring-the-biological-contributions-to-human-health-does-sex-matter", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Heather M. Colvin and Abigail E. Mitchell", title = "Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C", isbn = "978-0-309-14628-9", abstract = "The global epidemic of hepatitis B and C is a serious public health problem. Hepatitis B and C are the major causes of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in the world. In the next 10 years, 150,000 people in the United States will die from liver disease or liver cancer associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Today, between 800,000 and 1.4 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis B and between 2.7 and 3.9 million have chronic hepatitis C. People most at risk for hepatitis B and C often are the least likely to have access to medical services. Reducing the rates of illness and death associated with these diseases will require greater awareness and knowledge among health care workers, improved identification of at-risk people, and improved access to medical care.\n\nHepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. Although federal public health officials recommend that all newborns, children, and at-risk adults receive the vaccine, about 46,000 new acute cases of the HBV infection emerge each year, including 1,000 in infants who acquire the infection during birth from their HBV-positive mothers. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, which is transmitted by direct exposure to infectious blood.\n\nHepatitis and Liver Cancer identifies missed opportunities related to the prevention and control of HBV and HCV infections. The book presents ways to reduce the numbers of new HBV and HCV infections and the morbidity and mortality related to chronic viral hepatitis. It identifies priorities for research, policy, and action geared toward federal, state, and local public health officials, stakeholder, and advocacy groups and professional organizations.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12793/hepatitis-and-liver-cancer-a-national-strategy-for-prevention-and", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "John P. Bunker and William H. Forrest, Jr. and Frederick Mosteller and Leroy D. Vandam", title = "National Halothane Study: a Study of the Possible Association Between Halothane Anesthesia and Postoperative Hepatic Necrosis; Report. Edited by John P. Bunker [and Others]", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19006/national-halothane-study-a-study-of-the-possible-association-between-halothane-anesthesia-and-postoperative-hepatic-necrosis-report-edited-by-john-p-bunker-and-others", year = 1969, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Jose Luis Bobadilla and Christine A. Costello and Faith Mitchell", title = "Premature Death in the New Independent States", isbn = "978-0-309-05734-9", abstract = "In recent years there have been alarming reports of rapid decreases in life expectancy in the New Independent States (former members of the Soviet Union). To help assess priorities for health policy, the Committee on Population organized two workshops\u2014the first on adult mortality and disability, the second on adult health priorities and policies. Participants included demographers, epidemiologists, public health specialists, economists, and policymakers from the NIS countries, the United States, and Western Europe. This volume consists of selected papers presented at the workshops. They assess the reliability of data on mortality, morbidity, and disability; analyze regional patterns and trends in mortality rates and causes of death; review evidence about major determinants of adult mortality; and discuss implications for health policy.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5530/premature-death-in-the-new-independent-states", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "The Growth of World Population: Analysis of the Problems and Recommendations for Research and Training", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9543/the-growth-of-world-population-analysis-of-the-problems-and", year = 1963, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Linda G. Martin and Beth J. Soldo", title = "Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Health of Older Americans", isbn = "978-0-309-05489-8", abstract = "Older Americans, even the oldest, can now expect to live years longer than those who reached the same ages even a few decades ago. Although survival has improved for all racial and ethnic groups, strong differences persist, both in life expectancy and in the causes of disability and death at older ages. This book examines trends in mortality rates and selected causes of disability (cardiovascular disease, dementia) for older people of different racial and ethnic groups.\nThe determinants of these trends and differences are also investigated, including differences in access to health care and experiences in early life, diet, health behaviors, genetic background, social class, wealth and income. Groups often neglected in analyses of national data, such as the elderly Hispanic and Asian Americans of different origin and immigrant generations, are compared. The volume provides understanding of research bearing on the health status and survival of the fastest-growing segment of the American population.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5237/racial-and-ethnic-differences-in-the-health-of-older-americans", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Use of Multi-State Life Tables in Estimating Places for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists: A Technical Paper", isbn = "978-0-309-05794-3", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5751/the-use-of-multi-state-life-tables-in-estimating-places-for-biomedical-and-behavioral-scientists", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Richard A. Rettig and Norman G. Levinsky", title = "Kidney Failure and the Federal Government", isbn = "978-0-309-04432-5", abstract = "Since 1972, many victims of endstage renal disease (ESRD) have received treatment under a unique Medicare entitlement. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the federal ESRD program: who uses it, how well it functions, and what improvements are needed.\nThe book includes recommendations on patient eligibility, reimbursement, quality assessment, medical ethics, and research needs.\nKidney Failure and the Federal Government offers a wealth of information on these and other topics:\n\n The ESRD patient population.\n Dialysis and transplantation providers.\n Issues of patient access and availability of treatment.\n Ethical issues related to treatment initiation and termination.\n Payment policies and their relationship to quality of care.\n\nThis book will have a major impact on the future of the ESRD program and will be of interest to health policymakers, nephrologists and other individual providers, treatment site administrators, and researchers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1818/kidney-failure-and-the-federal-government", year = 1991, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Rapid Population Change in China, 1952-1982", isbn = "978-0-309-07857-3", abstract = "The remarkable changes in fertility, nuptiality, and mortality that have occurred in the People's Republic of China from the early 1950s to 1982 are summarized in this report. Data are based largely on the single-year age distributions tabulated in the 1953, 1964, and 1982 censuses of China and a major 1982 fertility survey.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/61/rapid-population-change-in-china-1952-1982", year = 1984, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Kenneth W. Wachter and Caleb E. Finch", title = "Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity", isbn = "978-0-309-07517-6", abstract = "Demographers and public health specialists have been surprised by the rapid increases in life expectancy, especially at the oldest ages, that have occurred since the early 1960s. Some scientists are calling into question the idea of a fixed upper limit for the human life span. There is new evidence about the genetic bases for both humans and other species. There are also new theories and models of the role of mutations accumulating over the life span and the possible evolutionary advantages of survival after the reproductive years.\nThis volume deals with such diverse topics as the role of the elderly in other species and among human societies past and present, the contribution of evolutionary theory to our understanding of human longevity and intergenerational transfers, mathematical models for survival, and the potential for collecting genetic material in household surveys. It will be particularly valuable for promoting communication between the social and life sciences.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5740/between-zeus-and-the-salmon-the-biodemography-of-longevity", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs", isbn = "978-0-309-06407-1", abstract = "Driven by community-based organizations and supported by a growing body of literature, the environmental justice movement contends that poor and minority populations are burdened with more than their share of toxic waste, pesticide runoff, and other hazardous byproducts of our modern economic life.\nIs environmental degradation worse in poor and minority communities? Do these communities suffer more adverse health effects as a result? The committee addresses these questions and explores how current fragmentation in health policy could be replaced with greater coordination among federal, state, and local parties.\nThe book is highlighted with case studies from five locations where the committee traveled to hear citizen and researcher testimony. It offers detailed examinations in these areas:\n\n Identifying environmental hazards and assessing risk for populations of varying ethnic, social, and economic backgrounds, and the need for methodologies that uniquely suit the populations at risk.\n Identifying basic, clinical, and occupational research needs and meeting challenges to research on minorities.\n Expanding environmental education from an ecological focus to a public health focus for all levels of health professionals.\n Legal and ethical aspects of environmental health issues.\n\nThe book makes recommendations to decision-makers in the areas of public health, research, and education of health professionals and outlines health policy considerations.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6034/toward-environmental-justice-research-education-and-health-policy-needs", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Population Summit of the World's Scientific Academies", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9148/population-summit-of-the-worlds-scientific-academies", year = 1993, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Gary D. Sandefur and Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barney Cohen", title = "Changing Numbers, Changing Needs: American Indian Demography and Public Health", isbn = "978-0-309-05548-2", abstract = "The reported population of American Indians and Alaska Natives has grown rapidly over the past 20 years. These changes raise questions for the Indian Health Service and other agencies responsible for serving the American Indian population. How big is the population? What are its health care and insurance needs?\nThis volume presents an up-to-date summary of what is known about the demography of American Indian and Alaska Native population\u2014their age and geographic distributions, household structure, employment, and disability and disease patterns. This information is critical for health care planners who must determine the eligible population for Indian health services and the costs of providing them. The volume will also be of interest to researchers and policymakers concerned about the future characteristics and needs of the American Indian population.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5355/changing-numbers-changing-needs-american-indian-demography-and-public-health", year = 1996, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "James N. Gribble and Samuel H. Preston", title = "The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries", isbn = "978-0-309-04839-2", abstract = "This book examines issues concerning how developing countries will have to prepare for demographic and epidemiologic change. Much of the current literature focuses on the prevalence of specific diseases and their economic consequences, but a need exists to consider the consequences of the epidemiological transition: the change in mortality patterns from infectious and parasitic diseases to chronic and degenerative ones. Among the topics covered are the association between the health of children and adults, the strong orientation of many international health organizations toward infant and child health, and how the public and private sectors will need to address and confront the large-scale shifts in disease and demographic characteristics of populations in developing countries.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2225/the-epidemiological-transition-policy-and-planning-implications-for-developing-countries", year = 1993, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely", title = "Forced Migration and Mortality", isbn = "978-0-309-07334-9", abstract = "In recent years the number of complex humanitarian emergencies around the world has been steadily increasing. War and political, ethnic, racial, and religious strife continually force people to migrate against their will. These forced migrants create a stream of new challenges for relief workers and policy makers. A better understanding of the characteristics of refugee populations and of the population dynamics of these situations is vital. Improved research and insights can enhance disaster management, refugee camp administration, and repatriation or resettlement programs.\n\nForced Migration and Mortality examines mortality patterns in complex human- itarian emergencies, reviewing the state of knowledge, as well as how patterns may change in the new century. It contains four case studies of mortality in recent emergencies: Rwanda, North Korea, Kosovo, and Cambodia. Because refugees and internally displaced persons are likely to continue to be a significant humanitarian concern for many years, research in this field is critical. This is the first book to comprehensively explore forced migration and mortality and it provides useful material for researchers, policy makers, and relief workers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10086/forced-migration-and-mortality", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Eileen M. Crimmins and Samuel H. Preston and Barney Cohen", title = "International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources", isbn = "978-0-309-15733-9", abstract = "In 1950 men and women in the United States had a combined life expectancy of 68.9 years, the 12th highest life expectancy at birth in the world. Today, life expectancy is up to 79.2 years, yet the country is now 28th on the list, behind the United Kingdom, Korea, Canada, and France, among others. The United States does have higher rates of infant mortality and violent deaths than in other developed countries, but these factors do not fully account for the country's relatively poor ranking in life expectancy. \nInternational Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources examines patterns in international differences in life expectancy above age 50 and assesses the evidence and arguments that have been advanced to explain the poor position of the United States relative to other countries. The papers in this deeply researched volume identify gaps in measurement, data, theory, and research design and pinpoint areas for future high-priority research in this area. \nIn addition to examining the differences in mortality around the world, the papers in International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages look at health factors and life-style choices commonly believed to contribute to the observed international differences in life expectancy. They also identify strategic opportunities for health-related interventions. This book offers a wide variety of disciplinary and scholarly perspectives to the study of mortality, and it offers in-depth analyses that can serve health professionals, policy makers, statisticians, and researchers. \n \n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12945/international-differences-in-mortality-at-older-ages-dimensions-and-sources", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", editor = "Alan I. Leshner and Bruce M. Altevogt and Arlene F. Lee and Margaret A. McCoy and Patrick W. Kelley", title = "Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence", isbn = "978-0-309-28438-7", abstract = "In 2010, more than 105,000 people were injured or killed in the United States as the result of a firearm-related incident. Recent, highly publicized, tragic mass shootings in Newtown, CT; Aurora, CO; Oak Creek, WI; and Tucson, AZ, have sharpened the American public's interest in protecting our children and communities from the harmful effects of firearm violence. While many Americans legally use firearms for a variety of activities, fatal and nonfatal firearm violence poses a serious threat to public safety and welfare.\n\nIn January 2013, President Barack Obama issued 23 executive orders directing federal agencies to improve knowledge of the causes of firearm violence, what might help prevent it, and how to minimize its burden on public health. One of these orders directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to, along with other federal agencies, immediately begin identifying the most pressing problems in firearm violence research. The CDC and the CDC Foundation asked the IOM, in collaboration with the National Research Council, to convene a committee tasked with developing a potential research agenda that focuses on the causes of, possible interventions to, and strategies to minimize the burden of firearm-related violence. Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence focuses on the characteristics of firearm violence, risk and protective factors, interventions and strategies, the impact of gun safety technology, and the influence of video games and other media.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18319/priorities-for-research-to-reduce-the-threat-of-firearm-related-violence", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }