%0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Preparing for LNG by Rail Tank Car: A Readiness Review %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26719/preparing-for-lng-by-rail-tank-car-a-readiness-review %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26719/preparing-for-lng-by-rail-tank-car-a-readiness-review %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 130 %X Shipping liquefied natural gas (LNG) by rail tank car is a viable mode in U.S. regions where the natural gas pipeline network is limited. Before the first bulk shipment of LNG by rail tank car, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends a review of the research and testing done so far on safety assurance, especially for the design of the tank car, and follow up with activities if warranted. TRB Special Report 345: Preparing for LNG by Rail Tank Car: A Readiness Review, from TRB and NASEM, focuses on safe train operations, support for emergency responders, and design features of the new cryogenic tank car, including pressure relief devices, insulation, and the type of outer tank steel. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Preparing for LNG by Rail Tank Car: A Review of a U.S. DOT Safety Research, Testing, and Analysis Initiative %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26221/preparing-for-lng-by-rail-tank-car-a-review-of-a-us-dot-safety-research-testing-and-analysis-initiative %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26221/preparing-for-lng-by-rail-tank-car-a-review-of-a-us-dot-safety-research-testing-and-analysis-initiative %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 84 %X Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has not been transported to any significant degree by freight railroads in the United States. When the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020 was enacted, it directed the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) to enter into an agreement with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) to convene a committee of independent experts to study the safe transportation of LNG by rail tank car.TRB Special Report 339: Preparing for LNG by Rail Tank Car: A Review of a U.S. DOT Safety Research, Testing, and Analysis Initiative, from TRB and NASEM, finds that PHMSA’s task force presented a comprehensive plan of work that built on longstanding safety programs, as well as surfacing opportunities for future research. The findings in the report will serve as a good base for the second phase of TRB’s phased continued study of the issue. The next phase will be informed by this technical report; will consider experience transporting LNG in other modes, including marine tankers and cargo tank trucks; and will examine the applicability of existing emergency response plans, protocols, and guides for responding to any possible hazardous materials incidents of transporting LNG by rail. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of NASA Plans for the International Space Station %@ 978-0-309-10085-4 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11512/review-of-nasa-plans-for-the-international-space-station %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11512/review-of-nasa-plans-for-the-international-space-station %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 60 %X In January 2004, President Bush announced a new space policy directed at human and robotic exploration of space. In June 2004, the President’s Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy issued a report recommending among other things that NASA ask the National Research Council (NRC) to reevaluate space science priorities to take advantage of the exploration vision. Congress also directed the NRC to conduct a thorough review of the science NASA is proposing to undertake within the initiative. In February 2005, the NRC released Science in NASA’s Vision for Space Exploration, the first report of the two studies undertaken to carry out these requests. The second report focuses on NASA’s plan for the ISS. This report provides broad advice on programmatic issues that NASA is likely to face as it attempts to develop an updated ISS utilization plan. It also presents an assessment of potentially important research and testbed activities that may have to be performed on the ISS to help ensure success of some exploration objectives. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T From Earth to Orbit: An Assessment of Transportation Options %@ 978-0-309-04726-5 %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1976/from-earth-to-orbit-an-assessment-of-transportation-options %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1976/from-earth-to-orbit-an-assessment-of-transportation-options %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 104 %X If the United States hopes to continue as a leader in space, it must invest now in better earth-to-orbit technology by replacing obsolete launch facilities while also developing a new class of more robust and reliable vehicles. From Earth to Orbit provides strategies to reduce launch costs while increasing the reliability and resiliency of vehicles. It also recommends continued improvements for the Space Shuttle Orbiter and its subsystems and the development of a Space Transportation Main Engine (STME). %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4911/prudent-practices-in-the-laboratory-handling-and-disposal-of-chemicals %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4911/prudent-practices-in-the-laboratory-handling-and-disposal-of-chemicals %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 448 %X This volume updates and combines two National Academy Press bestsellers—Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories and Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories—which have served for more than a decade as leading sources of chemical safety guidelines for the laboratory. Developed by experts from academia and industry, with specialties in such areas as chemical sciences, pollution prevention, and laboratory safety, Prudent Practices for Safety in Laboratories provides step-by-step planning procedures for handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals. The volume explores the current culture of laboratory safety and provides an updated guide to federal regulations. Organized around a recommended workflow protocol for experiments, the book offers prudent practices designed to promote safety and it includes practical information on assessing hazards, managing chemicals, disposing of wastes, and more. Prudent Practices for Safety in Laboratories is essential reading for people working with laboratory chemicals: research chemists, technicians, safety officers, chemistry educators, and students. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards, Updated Version %@ 978-0-309-13864-2 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12654/prudent-practices-in-the-laboratory-handling-and-management-of-chemical %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12654/prudent-practices-in-the-laboratory-handling-and-management-of-chemical %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 360 %X Prudent Practices in the Laboratory—the book that has served for decades as the standard for chemical laboratory safety practice—now features updates and new topics. This revised edition has an expanded chapter on chemical management and delves into new areas, such as nanotechnology, laboratory security, and emergency planning. Developed by experts from academia and industry, with specialties in such areas as chemical sciences, pollution prevention, and laboratory safety, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory provides guidance on planning procedures for the handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals. The book offers prudent practices designed to promote safety and includes practical information on assessing hazards, managing chemicals, disposing of wastes, and more. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory will continue to serve as the leading source of chemical safety guidelines for people working with laboratory chemicals: research chemists, technicians, safety officers, educators, and students. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Research Council %T Terrorism and the Chemical Infrastructure: Protecting People and Reducing Vulnerabilities %@ 978-0-309-09721-5 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11597/terrorism-and-the-chemical-infrastructure-protecting-people-and-reducing-vulnerabilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11597/terrorism-and-the-chemical-infrastructure-protecting-people-and-reducing-vulnerabilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 152 %X The chemical sector is a key part of the national economy and has been designated by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as one of 17 sectors comprising the nation's Critical Infrastructure. Although its products represent only 2 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product, those products underpin most other manufactured goods. To assist DHS in characterizing and mitigating the vulnerabilities faced by the nation from the chemical industry, this study examines classes of chemicals and chemical processes that are critical to the nation's security, economy, and health. It identifies vulnerabilities and points of weakness in the supply chain for these chemicals and chemical processes; assesses the likely impact of a significant disruption in the supply chain; identifies actions to help prevent disruption in the supply chain and mitigate loss and injury should such disruption occur; identifies incentives and disincentives to preventative and mitigating actions; and recommends areas of scientific, engineering, and economic research and development. The report concludes that the consequences of a deliberate attack on the chemical infrastructure would be expected to be similar in nature to the accidents we have already experienced. Under limited circumstances, such an attack could cause catastrophic casualties and loss of life, but it would take several simultaneous events to cause catastrophic economic consequences. Poor communication could amplify societal response. Overall, the recommendations in this report emphasize the benefit of investments to improve emergency preparedness for and response to chemical events. They also highlight the potential to minimize the physical hazards through development of cost-effective, safer processes that reduce the volume, toxicity, or hazardous conditions under which chemicals are processed. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Microgravity Research in Support of Technologies for the Human Exploration and Development of Space and Planetary Bodies %@ 978-0-309-06491-0 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9452/microgravity-research-in-support-of-technologies-for-the-human-exploration-and-development-of-space-and-planetary-bodies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9452/microgravity-research-in-support-of-technologies-for-the-human-exploration-and-development-of-space-and-planetary-bodies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 224 %X The frontier represented by the near solar system confronts humanity with intriguing challenges and opportunities. With the inception of the Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) enterprise in 1995, NASA has acknowledged the opportunities and has accepted the very significant challenges. Microgravity Research in Support of Technologies for the Human Exploration and Development of Space and Planetary Bodies was commissioned by NASA to assist it in coordinating the scientific information relevant to anticipating, identifying, and solving the technical problems that must be addressed throughout the HEDS program over the coming decades. This report assesses scientific and related technological issues facing NASA's Human Exploration and Development of Space endeavor, looking specifically at mission enabling and enhancing technologies which, for development, require an improved understanding of fluid and material behavior in a reduced gravity environment. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Promoting Chemical Laboratory Safety and Security in Developing Countries %@ 978-0-309-15041-5 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12857/promoting-chemical-laboratory-safety-and-security-in-developing-countries %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12857/promoting-chemical-laboratory-safety-and-security-in-developing-countries %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 136 %X There is growing concern about the possible use of toxic industrial chemicals or other hazardous chemicals by those seeking to perpetrate acts of terrorism. The U.S. Chemical Security Engagement Program (CSP), funded by the U.S. Department of State and run by Sandia National Laboratories, seeks to develop and facilitate cooperative international activities that promote best practices in chemical security and safe management of toxic chemicals, including: Partnering with host governments, chemical professionals, and industry to assess and fill gaps in chemical security abroad. Providing technical expertise and training to improve best practices in security and safety among chemical professionals and industry. Increasing transparency and accountability for dangerous chemical materials, expertise, and technologies. Providing opportunities for collaboration with the international professional chemical community. The Department of State called on the National Academies to assist in the CSP's efforts to promote chemical safety and security in developing countries. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials %@ 978-0-309-03928-4 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/758/materials-science-and-engineering-for-the-1990s-maintaining-competitiveness-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/758/materials-science-and-engineering-for-the-1990s-maintaining-competitiveness-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 320 %X Materials science and engineering (MSE) contributes to our everyday lives by making possible technologies ranging from the automobiles we drive to the lasers our physicians use. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s charts the impact of MSE on the private and public sectors and identifies the research that must be conducted to help America remain competitive in the world arena. The authors discuss what current and future resources would be needed to conduct this research, as well as the role that industry, the federal government, and universities should play in this endeavor. %0 Book %T Fire Research Abstracts and Reviews, Volume 3 %D 1961 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18852/fire-research-abstracts-and-reviews-volume-3 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18852/fire-research-abstracts-and-reviews-volume-3 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 288 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Barrier Technologies for Environmental Management: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-05685-4 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5539/barrier-technologies-for-environmental-management-summary-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5539/barrier-technologies-for-environmental-management-summary-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 188 %X To control the migration of radioactive and hazardous wastes currently contained underground, barriers made of natural materials and man-made substances are constructed atop, and possibly around, the contaminated area. Barrier Technologies for Environmental Management provides a brief summary of the key issues that arose during the Workshop on Barriers for Long-Term Isolation. Recurring themes from the session include the importance of quality control during installation, followed by periodic inspection, maintenance, and monitoring, and documentation of installation and performance data. The book includes papers by the workshop presenters. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T High Magnetic Field Science and Its Application in the United States: Current Status and Future Directions %@ 978-0-309-28634-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18355/high-magnetic-field-science-and-its-application-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18355/high-magnetic-field-science-and-its-application-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 232 %X The Committee to Assess the Current Status and Future Direction of High Magnetic Field Science in the United States was convened by the National Research Council in response to a request by the National Science Foundation. This report answers three questions: (1) What is the current state of high-field magnet science, engineering, and technology in the United States, and are there any conspicuous needs to be addressed? (2) What are the current science drivers and which scientific opportunities and challenges can be anticipated over the next ten years? (3) What are the principal existing and planned high magnetic field facilities outside of the United States, what roles have U.S. high field magnet development efforts played in developing those facilities, and what potentials exist for further international collaboration in this area? A magnetic field is produced by an electrical current in a metal coil. This current exerts an expansive force on the coil, and a magnetic field is "high" if it challenges the strength and current-carrying capacity of the materials that create the field. Although lower magnetic fields can be achieved using commercially available magnets, research in the highest achievable fields has been, and will continue to be, most often performed in large research centers that possess the materials and systems know-how for forefront research. Only a few high field centers exist around the world; in the United States, the principal center is the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL). High Magnetic Field Science and Its Application in the United States considers continued support for a centralized high-field facility such as NHFML to be the highest priority. This report contains a recommendation for the funding and siting of several new high field nuclear magnetic resonance magnets at user facilities in different regions of the United States. Continued advancement in high-magnetic field science requires substantial investments in magnets with enhanced capabilities. High Magnetic Field Science and Its Application in the United States contains recommendations for the further development of all-superconducting, hybrid, and higher field pulsed magnets that meet ambitious but achievable goals. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of the Science Proposed for the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) %@ 978-0-309-21723-1 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13204/an-assessment-of-the-science-proposed-for-the-deep-underground-science-and-engineering-laboratory-dusel %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13204/an-assessment-of-the-science-proposed-for-the-deep-underground-science-and-engineering-laboratory-dusel %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Engineering and Technology %K Space and Aeronautics %P 142 %X According to the big bang theory, our Universe began in a state of unimaginably high energy and density, contained in a space of subatomic dimensions. At that time, unlike today, the fundamental forces of nature were presumably unified and the particles present were interacting at energies not attainable by present-day accelerators. Underground laboratories provide the conditions to investigate processes involving rare phenomena in matter and to detect the weak effects of highly elusive particles by replicating similar environments to those once harnessed during the earliest states of the Earth. These laboratories now appear to be the gateway to understanding the physics of the grand unification of the forces of nature. Built to shield extremely sensitive detectors from the noise of their surroundings and the signals associated with cosmic rays, underground facilities have been established during the last 30 years at a number of sites worldwide. To date, the United States' efforts to develop such facilities have been modest and consist primarily of small underground laboratories. However, the U.S. underground community has pushed for larger underground facilities on the scale of major laboratories in other countries. An Assessment of the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) addresses this matter by evaluating the major physics questions and experiments that could be explored with the proposed DUSEL. Measuring the potential impact, this assessment also examines the broader effects of the DUSEL in regards to education and public outreach, and evaluates the need associated with developing U.S. programs similar to science programs in other regions of the world. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2017 %@ 978-0-309-46947-0 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24975/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-material-measurement-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24975/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-material-measurement-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 106 %X An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2017 assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the National Institute of Standards (NIST). This publication reviews technical reports and technical program descriptions prepared by NIST staff summarizes the findings of the authoring panel. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Thriving in Space: Ensuring the Future of Biological and Physical Sciences Research: A Decadal Survey for 2023-2032 %@ 978-0-309-69498-8 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26750/thriving-in-space-ensuring-the-future-of-biological-and-physical %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26750/thriving-in-space-ensuring-the-future-of-biological-and-physical %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 322 %X Research in biological and physical sciences in space provides the critical scientific and technological foundations that make space exploration possible. As humanity looks towards the Moon and Mars for future missions, this work is needed to help astronauts adapt and live in the harsh environments of space. Thriving in Space provides a roadmap for increasing national investment in biological and physical science research, from experiments to infrastructure to education. This report identifies key scientific questions, priorities, and ambitious research campaigns that will enable human space exploration and transform our understanding of how the universe works. Thriving in Space reviews the state of knowledge in the current and emerging areas of space-related biological and physical sciences research and generates recommendations for a comprehensive vision and strategy for a decade of transformative science at the frontiers of biological and physical sciences research in space. This report will help NASA define and align biological and physical sciences research to uniquely advance scientific knowledge, meet human and robotic exploration mission needs, and provide terrestrial benefits. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era %@ 978-0-309-16384-2 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13048/recapturing-a-future-for-space-exploration-life-and-physical-sciences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13048/recapturing-a-future-for-space-exploration-life-and-physical-sciences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 464 %X More than four decades have passed since a human first set foot on the Moon. Great strides have been made in our understanding of what is required to support an enduring human presence in space, as evidenced by progressively more advanced orbiting human outposts, culminating in the current International Space Station (ISS). However, of the more than 500 humans who have so far ventured into space, most have gone only as far as near-Earth orbit, and none have traveled beyond the orbit of the Moon. Achieving humans' further progress into the solar system had proved far more difficult than imagined in the heady days of the Apollo missions, but the potential rewards remain substantial. During its more than 50-year history, NASA's success in human space exploration has depended on the agency's ability to effectively address a wide range of biomedical, engineering, physical science, and related obstacles—an achievement made possible by NASA's strong and productive commitments to life and physical sciences research for human space exploration, and by its use of human space exploration infrastructures for scientific discovery. The Committee for the Decadal Survey of Biological and Physical Sciences acknowledges the many achievements of NASA, which are all the more remarkable given budgetary challenges and changing directions within the agency. In the past decade, however, a consequence of those challenges has been a life and physical sciences research program that was dramatically reduced in both scale and scope, with the result that the agency is poorly positioned to take full advantage of the scientific opportunities offered by the now fully equipped and staffed ISS laboratory, or to effectively pursue the scientific research needed to support the development of advanced human exploration capabilities. Although its review has left it deeply concerned about the current state of NASA's life and physical sciences research, the Committee for the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space is nevertheless convinced that a focused science and engineering program can achieve successes that will bring the space community, the U.S. public, and policymakers to an understanding that we are ready for the next significant phase of human space exploration. The goal of this report is to lay out steps and develop a forward-looking portfolio of research that will provide the basis for recapturing the excitement and value of human spaceflight—thereby enabling the U.S. space program to deliver on new exploration initiatives that serve the nation, excite the public, and place the United States again at the forefront of space exploration for the global good. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Panel Reports—New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics %@ 978-0-309-15962-3 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12982/panel-reports-new-worlds-new-horizons-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12982/panel-reports-new-worlds-new-horizons-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 578 %X Every 10 years the National Research Council releases a survey of astronomy and astrophysics outlining priorities for the coming decade. The most recent survey, titled New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics, provides overall priorities and recommendations for the field as a whole based on a broad and comprehensive examination of scientific opportunities, infrastructure, and organization in a national and international context. Panel Reports—New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics is a collection of reports, each of which addresses a key sub-area of the field, prepared by specialists in that subarea, and each of which played an important role in setting overall priorities for the field. The collection, published in a single volume, includes the reports of the following panels: Cosmology and Fundamental Physics Galaxies Across Cosmic Time The Galactic Neighborhood Stars and Stellar Evolution Planetary Systems and Star Formation Electromagnetic Observations from Space Optical and Infrared Astronomy from the Ground Particle Astrophysics and Gravitation Radio, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Astronomy from the Ground The Committee for a Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics synthesized these reports in the preparation of its prioritized recommendations for the field as a whole. These reports provide additional depth and detail in each of their respective areas. Taken together, they form an essential companion volume to New Worlds, New Horizons: A Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics. The book of panel reports will be useful to managers of programs of research in the field of astronomy and astrophysics, the Congressional committees with jurisdiction over the agencies supporting this research, the scientific community, and the public.