TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Rapid Expert Consultation on Critical Issues in Diagnostic Testing for the COVID-19 Pandemic (November 9, 2020) DO - 10.17226/25984 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25984/rapid-expert-consultation-on-critical-issues-in-diagnostic-testing-for-the-covid-19-pandemic-november-9-2020 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the start of the pandemic, diagnostic testing has been critical to the medical care of those infected with COVID-19, the protection of health care and other essential workers, and the efforts to contain the spread of the disease. This rapid expert consultation draws attention to four critical areas in developing diagnostic testing and strategies to reduce the number of COVID-19 infections and deaths: (1) advantages and limitations of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for viral RNA; (2) the status of POC testing; (3) testing strategies, namely, considerations in the deployment of types and sequences of tests; and (4) next-generation testing that offers the prospect of highthroughput, rapid, and less expensive testing. This rapid expert consultation was convened under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kelsey R. Babik A2 - Autumn Downey A2 - Joe Alper TI - Personal Protective Equipment and Personal Protective Technology Product Standardization for a Resilient Public Health Supply Chain: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/27094 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27094/personal-protective-equipment-and-personal-protective-technology-product-standardization-for-a-resilient-public-health-supply-chain PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The National Strategy for a Resilient Public Health Supply Chain lays out the U.S. government vision to protect the health and security of Americans by ensuring a supply chain for personal protective equipment (PPE) and technology (PPT), medical devices, medicines, and other public health supplies that is resilient against disruptions from pandemics and other biological threats. Additional forethought and collaboration amongst policy makers, manufacturers, and users is needed to make PPE and PPT innovation, standardization, stockpiling, and use more resilient. The National Academies convened a public workshop in March 2023 to explore innovative approaches and technologies needed to update and streamline the U.S. standardization system for PPE and PPT in support of supply chain resiliency. Discussions included ways to improve the effectiveness, safety, supply stability, and accessibility of PPE and PPT designed for use in health care settings, by critical infrastructure workers, and by the general public. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the discussions held during the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Molla S. Donaldson A2 - Julie J. Mohr TI - Exploring Innovation and Quality Improvement in Health Care Micro-Systems: A Cross-Case Analysis DO - 10.17226/10096 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10096/exploring-innovation-and-quality-improvement-in-health-care-micro-systems PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Exploring Innovation and Quality Improvement in Health Care Micro-Systems defines and describes health care micro-systems and analyzes characteristics that enable specific micro-systems to improve the quality of care provided to their patient populations. This study reports on structured interviews used to collect primary data from 43 micro-systems providing primary and specialty care, hospice, emergency, and critical care. It summarizes responses to the interviews about how micro-systems function, what they know about their level of performance, how they improve care, the leadership needed, the barriers they have encountered, and how they have dealt with these barriers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The Future Pediatric Subspecialty Physician Workforce: Meeting the Needs of Infants, Children, and Adolescents SN - DO - 10.17226/27207 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27207/the-future-pediatric-subspecialty-physician-workforce-meeting-the-needs-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - Pediatric subspecialists are critical to ensuring quality care and pursuing research to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for children. However, there are substantial disincentives to pursuing a career as a pediatric subspecialist, which are often heightened for individuals from groups underrepresented in medicine, and more effective collaboration with primary care clinicians is needed. Changing health care needs, increasing care complexity, and access barriers to pediatric subspecialty care have raised concerns about the current and future availability of pediatric subspecialty care and research. In response, the National Academies, with support from a coalition of sponsors, formed the Committee on the Pediatric Subspecialty Workforce and Its Impact on Child Health and Well-Being to recommend strategies and actions to ensure an adequate pediatric subspecialty physician workforce to support broad access to high quality subspecialty care and a robust research portfolio to advance the health and health care of infants, children, and adolescents. This report outlines recommendations that, if fully implemented, can improve the quality of pediatric medical subspecialty care through a well-supported, superbly trained, and appropriately used primary care, subspecialty, and physician-scientist workforce. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation: Practice and Protocols SN - DO - 10.17226/9700 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9700/non-heart-beating-organ-transplantation-practice-and-protocols PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 1997, the Institute of Medicine published a report entitled Non-Heart- Beating Organ Transplantation: Medical and Ethical Issues in Procurement. The findings and recommendations of that study defined the ethical and scientific basis for non-heart-beating organ donation and transplantation, and provided specific recommendations for practices that affirm patient welfare, promote patient and family choice, and avoid conflicts of interest. Following the 1997 study, the Department of Health and Human Services requested a follow up study to promote such efforts. The central activity for this study was a workshop held in Washington, D.C., on May 24-25, 1999. The workshop provided the opportunity for extensive dialogue on non-heart-beating organ donation among hospitals and organ procurement organizations (OPOs) that are actively involved in non-heartbeating organ and tissue donation and those with concerns about whether and how to proceed. The findings and recommendations of this report are based in large measure on the discussions and insights from that workshop. Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation includes seven recommendations for developing and implementing non-heart-beating-donor protocols. These recommendations were based on the findings and recommendations from the 1997 IOM report and consensus achieved among participants at the national workshop. The committee developed these recommendations as steps towards an approach to non-heart-beating-donor organ donation and procurement consistent with underlying scientific and ethical guidelines, patient and family options and choices, and public trust in organ donation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Marilyn J. Field TI - Tuberculosis in the Workplace SN - DO - 10.17226/10045 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10045/tuberculosis-in-the-workplace PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Before effective treatments were introduced in the 1950s, tuberculosis was a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. Health care workers were at particular risk. Although the occupational risk of tuberculosis has been declining in recent years, this new book from the Institute of Medicine concludes that vigilance in tuberculosis control is still needed in workplaces and communities. Tuberculosis in the Workplace reviews evidence about the effectiveness of control measures—such as those recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—intended to prevent transmission of tuberculosis in health care and other workplaces. It discusses whether proposed regulations from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration would likely increase or sustain compliance with effective control measures and would allow adequate flexibility to adapt measures to the degree of risk facing workers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Challenges in Adolescent Health Care: Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/12031 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12031/challenges-in-adolescent-health-care-workshop-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Several positive and negative lifelong behaviors are established during adolescence including diet and exercise, sexual conduct, practices related to oral health, smoking, drinking, and the use if legal and illegal substances. The complex issues that adolescents deal with on a daily basis can turn into health problems that persist throughout adulthood. Unfortunately the adolescents who are frequently the most disconnected from routine health care services - those who lack insurance and family support - are often those at greatest risk for multiple and chronic health problems. Therefore, those that are responsible for delivering health care services to adolescents must address the health conditions that require immediate attention while preparing young people to adopt practices that can help improve their future health status and prevent unhealthy behaviors. Challenges in Adolescent Health Care studies adolescent health care in the United States, highlights critical health care needs, and identifies service models and components of care that may strengthen and improve health care services, settings, and systems for adolescents. The book explores the nature of adolescent challenges and how they reflect larger societal issues such as poverty, crime and the prevalence of violence. These issues, in addition to lack of comprehensive health coverage, dysfunctional families and the lack of support systems, make providing adequate health care incredibly challenging. Challenges in Adolescent Health Care defines high-quality health care, identifies the strengths and weaknesses of various service models and explores various training programs. The book recommends that health care providers must be sensitive to socioeconomic factors and incorporate health care in a broad array of settings including schools, neighborhoods and community centers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Catharyn T. Liverman A2 - Tracy A. Harris A2 - M. E. Bonnie Rogers A2 - Kenneth I. Shine TI - Respiratory Protection for Healthcare Workers in the Workplace Against Novel H1N1 Influenza A: A Letter Report DO - 10.17226/12748 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12748/respiratory-protection-for-healthcare-workers-in-the-workplace-against-novel-h1n1-influenza-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In the event that the H1N1 virus creates a surge of patients during the upcoming flu season, it will be critical to protect health care workers from infection, given their central role in treating sick people and lessening the pandemic's overall impact. This new report from the Institute of Medicine recommends strategies for health care organizations and employees to prepare for the H1N1 virus. These recommendations include wearing fitted N95 respirators to guard against respiratory infection by the virus, and establishing policies for innovative triage processes, handwashing, disinfection, and more. The report also calls for a boost in research to answer questions about how the flu viruses can be spread, and to design and develop better protective equipment that would enhance workers' comfort, safety, and ability to do their jobs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lawrence Geiter TI - Ending Neglect: The Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/9837 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9837/ending-neglect-the-elimination-of-tuberculosis-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Tuberculosis emerged as an epidemic in the 1600s, began to decline as sanitation improved in the 19th century, and retreated further when effective therapy was developed in the 1950s. TB was virtually forgotten until a recent resurgence in the U.S. and around the world—ominously, in forms resistant to commonly used medicines. What must the nation do to eliminate TB? The distinguished committee from the Institute of Medicine offers recommendations in the key areas of epidemiology and prevention, diagnosis and treatment, funding and organization of public initiatives, and the U.S. role worldwide. The panel also focuses on how to mobilize policy makers and the public to effective action. The book provides important background on the pathology of tuberculosis, its history and status in the U.S., and the public and private response. The committee explains how the U.S. can act with both self-interest and humanitarianism in addressing the worldwide incidence of TB. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Kathleen M. Foley A2 - Hellen Gelband TI - Improving Palliative Care for Cancer: Summary and Recommendations SN - DO - 10.17226/10147 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10147/improving-palliative-care-for-cancer-summary-and-recommendations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an individual, personal level has, by and large, not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. There is no argument that palliative care should be integrated into cancer care from diagnosis to death. But significant barriers-attitudinal, behavioral, economic, educational, and legal-still limit access to care for a large proportion of those dying from cancer, and in spite of tremendous scientific opportunities for medical progress against all the major symptoms associated with cancer and cancer death, public research institutions have not responded. In accepting a single-minded focus on research toward cure, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need to care for and support patients with advanced disease, and their families.This report builds on and takes forward an agenda set out by the 1997 IOM report Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life, which came at a time when leaders in palliative care and related fields had already begun to air issues surrounding care of the dying. That report identified significant gaps in knowledge about care at the end of life and the need for serious attention from biomedical, social science, and health services researchers. Most importantly, it recognized that the impediments to good care could be identified and potentially remedied. The report itself catalyzed further public involvement in specific initiatives-mostly pilot and demonstration projects and programs funded by the nonprofit foundation community, which are now coming to fruition. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Kathleen Stratton A2 - Padma Shetty A2 - Robert Wallace A2 - Stuart Bondurant TI - Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction SN - DO - 10.17226/10029 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10029/clearing-the-smoke-assessing-the-science-base-for-tobacco-harm PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Despite overwhelming evidence of tobacco's harmful effects and pressure from anti-smoking advocates, current surveys show that about one-quarter of all adults in the United States are smokers. This audience is the target for a wave of tobacco products and pharmaceuticals that claim to preserve tobacco pleasure while reducing its toxic effects. Clearing the Smoke addresses the problems in evaluating whether such products actually do reduce the health risks of tobacco use. Within the context of regulating such products, the committee explores key questions: Does the use of such products decrease exposure to harmful substances in tobacco? Is decreased exposure associated with decreased harm to health? Are there surrogate indicators of harm that could be measured quickly enough for regulation of these products? What are the public health implications? This book looks at the types of products that could reduce harm and reviews the available evidence for their impact on various forms of cancer and other major ailments. It also recommends approaches to governing these products and tracking their public health effects. With an attitude of healthy skepticism, Clearing the Smoke will be important to health policy makers, public health officials, medical practitioners, manufacturers and marketers of "reduced-harm" tobacco products, and anyone trying to sort through product claims. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Diane E. Pankevich A2 - Sheena M. Posey Norris A2 - Theresa M. Wizemann A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt TI - Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18380 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18380/improving-access-to-essential-medicines-for-mental-neurological-and-substance-use-disorders-in-sub-saharan-africa PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2011 the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health initiative identified priorities that have the potential to make a significant impact on the lives of people with mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Reduction of the cost and improvement of the supply of effective medicines was highlighted as one of the top five challenges. For low- and middle-income countries, improving access to appropriate essential medicines can be a tremendous challenge and a critical barrier to scaling up quality care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Reduction of cost and improvement of the supply of effective medicines has the potential to significantly impact the lives of patients with these disorders. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine Neuroscience Forum in January 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to discuss opportunities for achieving long-term affordable access to medicines for these disorders. This report examines challenges and opportunities for improving access to essential medicines in four critical areas: demand, selection, supply chains, and financing and pricing. The report also discusses successful activities that increase access to essential medicines both within Sub-Saharan Africa and in other developing countries, and considers the role of governments, nongovernmental organizations, and private groups in procurement of essential medicines for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Health Care Comes Home: The Human Factors SN - DO - 10.17226/13149 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13149/health-care-comes-home-the-human-factors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In the United States, health care devices, technologies, and practices are rapidly moving into the home. The factors driving this migration include the costs of health care, the growing numbers of older adults, the increasing prevalence of chronic conditions and diseases and improved survival rates for people with those conditions and diseases, and a wide range of technological innovations. The health care that results varies considerably in its safety, effectiveness, and efficiency, as well as in its quality and cost. Health Care Comes Home reviews the state of current knowledge and practice about many aspects of health care in residential settings and explores the short- and long-term effects of emerging trends and technologies. By evaluating existing systems, the book identifies design problems and imbalances between technological system demands and the capabilities of users. Health Care Comes Home recommends critical steps to improve health care in the home. The book's recommendations cover the regulation of health care technologies, proper training and preparation for people who provide in-home care, and how existing housing can be modified and new accessible housing can be better designed for residential health care. The book also identifies knowledge gaps in the field and how these can be addressed through research and development initiatives. Health Care Comes Home lays the foundation for the integration of human health factors with the design and implementation of home health care devices, technologies, and practices. The book describes ways in which the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and federal housing agencies can collaborate to improve the quality of health care at home. It is also a valuable resource for residential health care providers and caregivers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Maria Hewitt A2 - Sheldon Greenfield A2 - Ellen Stovall TI - From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition SN - DO - 10.17226/11468 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11468/from-cancer-patient-to-cancer-survivor-lost-in-transition PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - With the risk of more than one in three getting cancer during a lifetime, each of us is likely to experience cancer, or know someone who has survived cancer. Although some cancer survivors recover with a renewed sense of life and purpose, what has often been ignored is the toll taken by cancer and its treatment—on health, functioning, sense of security, and well-being. Long lasting effects of treatment may be apparent shortly after its completion or arise years later. The transition from active treatment to post-treatment care is critical to long-term health. From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor focuses on survivors of adult cancer during the phase of care that follows primary treatment. The book raises awareness of the medical, functional, and psychosocial consequences of cancer and its treatment. It defines quality health care for cancer survivors and identifies strategies to achieve it. The book also recommends improvements in the quality of life of cancer survivors through policies that ensure their access to psychosocial services, fair employment practices, and health insurance. This book will be of particular interest to cancer patients and their advocates, health care providers and their leadership, health insurers, employers, research sponsors, and the public and their elected representatives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials SN - DO - 10.17226/12955 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12955/the-prevention-and-treatment-of-missing-data-in-clinical-trials PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Randomized clinical trials are the primary tool for evaluating new medical interventions. Randomization provides for a fair comparison between treatment and control groups, balancing out, on average, distributions of known and unknown factors among the participants. Unfortunately, these studies often lack a substantial percentage of data. This missing data reduces the benefit provided by the randomization and introduces potential biases in the comparison of the treatment groups. Missing data can arise for a variety of reasons, including the inability or unwillingness of participants to meet appointments for evaluation. And in some studies, some or all of data collection ceases when participants discontinue study treatment. Existing guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials, and the analysis of the resulting data, provide only limited advice on how to handle missing data. Thus, approaches to the analysis of data with an appreciable amount of missing values tend to be ad hoc and variable. The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials concludes that a more principled approach to design and analysis in the presence of missing data is both needed and possible. Such an approach needs to focus on two critical elements: (1) careful design and conduct to limit the amount and impact of missing data and (2) analysis that makes full use of information on all randomized participants and is based on careful attention to the assumptions about the nature of the missing data underlying estimates of treatment effects. In addition to the highest priority recommendations, the book offers more detailed recommendations on the conduct of clinical trials and techniques for analysis of trial data. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Gooloo S. Wunderlich TI - Improving Health Care Cost Projections for the Medicare Population: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12985 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12985/improving-health-care-cost-projections-for-the-medicare-population-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Developing credible short-term and long-term projections of Medicare health care costs is critical for public- and private-sector policy planning, but faces challenges and uncertainties. There is uncertainty not only in the underlying economic and demographic assumptions used in projection models, but also in what a policy modeler assumes about future changes in the health status of the population and the factors affecting health status , the extent and pace of scientific and technological breakthroughs in medical care, the preferences of the population for particular kinds of care, the likelihood that policy makers will alter current law and regulations, and how each of these factors relates to health care costs for the elderly population. Given the substantial growth in the Medicare population and the continued increases in Medicare, Medicaid, and private health insurance spending, the availability of well-specified models and analyses that can provide useful information on the likely cost implications of health care policy alternatives is essential. It is therefore timely to review the capabilities and limitations of extant health care cost models and to identify areas for research that offer the most promise to improve modeling, not only of current U.S. health care programs, but also of policy alternatives that may be considered in the coming years. The National Research Council conducted a public workshop focusing on areas of research needed to improve health care cost projections for the Medicare population, and on the strengths and weaknesses of competing frameworks for projecting health care expenditures for the elderly. The workshop considered major classes of projection and simulation models that are currently used and the underlying data sources and research inputs for these models. It also explored areas in which additional research and data are needed to inform model development and health care policy analysis more broadly. The workshop, summarized in this volume, drew people from a wide variety of disciplines and perspectives, including federal agencies, academia, and nongovernmental organizations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Pierre L. Yong A2 - Robert S. Saunders A2 - LeighAnne Olsen TI - The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12750 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12750/the-healthcare-imperative-lowering-costs-and-improving-outcomes-workshop-series PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The United States has the highest per capita spending on health care of any industrialized nation but continually lags behind other nations in health care outcomes including life expectancy and infant mortality. National health expenditures are projected to exceed $2.5 trillion in 2009. Given healthcare's direct impact on the economy, there is a critical need to control health care spending. According to The Health Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes, the costs of health care have strained the federal budget, and negatively affected state governments, the private sector and individuals. Healthcare expenditures have restricted the ability of state and local governments to fund other priorities and have contributed to slowing growth in wages and jobs in the private sector. Moreover, the number of uninsured has risen from 45.7 million in 2007 to 46.3 million in 2008. The Health Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes identifies a number of factors driving expenditure growth including scientific uncertainty, perverse economic and practice incentives, system fragmentation, lack of patient involvement, and under-investment in population health. Experts discussed key levers for catalyzing transformation of the delivery system. A few included streamlined health insurance regulation, administrative simplification and clarification and quality and consistency in treatment. The book is an excellent guide for policymakers at all levels of government, as well as private sector healthcare workers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Rapid Expert Consultation on Staffing Considerations for Crisis Standards of Care for the COVID-19 Pandemic (July 28, 2020) DO - 10.17226/25890 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25890/rapid-expert-consultation-on-staffing-considerations-for-crisis-standards-of-care-for-the-covid-19-pandemic-july-28-2020 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This rapid expert consultation builds on prior National Academies reports on the Crisis Standards of Care (CSC) and the rapid expert consultation on March 28, 2020, and focuses on staffing needs for the care of COVID patients, including the deployment and allocation of expert clinical staff during COVID-19. It does not attempt to dictate exactly what choices should be made under exactly what circumstances, as that should be left to the judgment of the professional, institutional, community, and civic leaders who are best situated to understand the local conditions. This rapid expert consultation was convened under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Jane S. Durch A2 - Kathleen N. Lohr TI - Emergency Medical Services for Children SN - DO - 10.17226/2137 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2137/emergency-medical-services-for-children PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - How can we meet the special needs of children for emergency medical services (EMS) when today's EMS systems are often unprepared for the challenge? This comprehensive overview of EMS for children (EMS-C) provides an answer by presenting a vision for tomorrow's EMS-C system and practical recommendations for attaining it. Drawing on many studies and examples, the volume explores why emergency care for children—from infants through adolescents—must differ from that for adults and describes what seriously ill or injured children generally experience in today's EMS systems. The book points the way to integrating EMS-C into current emergency programs and into broader aspects of health care for children. It gives recommendations for ensuring access to emergency care through the 9-1-1 system; training health professionals, from paramedics to physicians; educating the public; providing proper equipment, protocols, and referral systems; improving communications among EMS-C providers; enhancing data resources and expanding research efforts; and stimulating and supporting leadership in EMS-C at the federal and state levels. For those already deeply involved in EMS efforts, this volume is a convenient, up-to-date, and comprehensive source of information and ideas. More importantly, for anyone interested in improving the emergency services available to children—emergency care professionals from emergency medical technicians to nurses to physicians, hospital and EMS administrators, public officials, health educators, children's advocacy groups, concerned parents and other responsible adults—this timely volume provides a realistic plan for action to link EMS-C system components into a workable structure that will better serve all of the nation's children. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Megan Snair A2 - Emily Zevon A2 - Cyndi Trang TI - Achieving Excellence in Sepsis Diagnosis: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26034 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26034/achieving-excellence-in-sepsis-diagnosis-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On August 27, 2020, the Board on Health Care Services of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop titled Achieving Excellence in Sepsis Diagnosis. The workshop featured invited speakers and discussions to examine the current scientific landscape and research opportunities for improving sepsis diagnosis within the U.S. health care system. This publication highlights presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop. ER -