TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Glenn E. Schweitzer A2 - Frank L. Parker A2 - Kelly Robbins TI - Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings SN - DO - 10.17226/12505 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12505/cleaning-up-sites-contaminated-with-radioactive-materials-international-workshop-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - This publication features papers presented at the Workshop on Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials, held in Moscow in June 2007. This activity was organized by the National Academies in cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences and with funding provided by the Russell Family Foundation. The workshop was designed to promote exchanges of information on specific contaminated sites in Russia and elsewhere and to stimulate greater attention to the severity of the problems and the urgent need to clean up sites of concern to the local and international communities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1999 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering SN - DO - 10.17226/9774 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9774/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Education AB - Frontiers of Engineering is the fifth book highlighting the presentations of the National Academy of Engineering's (NAE) annual symposium series, Frontiers of Engineering. The 1999 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering was held October 14-16, at the Academies' Beckman Center in Irvine, California. The 101 emerging engineering leaders (ages 30-45) from industry, academia, and federal laboratories who attended the meeting heard presentations and discussed cutting-edge research and technical work in four engineering fields. Symposium speakers were asked to prepare extended summaries of their presentations, and it is those papers that are contained here. The intent of this book, and of the four that precede it in the series, is to describe the content and underpinning philosophy of this unique meeting and to highlight some of the exciting developments in engineering today. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Strengthening U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation: Recommendations for Action SN - DO - 10.17226/11302 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11302/strengthening-us-russian-cooperation-on-nuclear-nonproliferation-recommendations-for-action PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Strengthening U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation: Recommendations for Action offers the consensus findings and recommendations of a joint committee established by the U.S. National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences to identify methods of improving the ongoing cooperation between the two nations in this area. The report finds that the best way to realize the enormous potential of the U.S.-Russian relationship on nuclear nonproliferation is to reinvigorate the relationship between the two governments as a true partnership. It recommends that the U.S. and Russia establish a Joint High-Level Commission of government and non-government experts to assess their cooperation and devise a strategic plan for moving forward. It suggests that the Senior Interagency Group that was recently established by the two presidents be empowered to carry out this strategic plan. The report then examines three issue areas, making specific recommendations in each: law and taxation, program organization and management, and scientific and technical cooperation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences A2 - Ashot A. Sarkisov A2 - Rose Gottemoeller TI - Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015: Proceedings of a Russian-U.S. Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12590 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12590/future-of-the-nuclear-security-environment-in-2015-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Industry and Labor AB - The U.S. National Academies (NAS) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), building on a foundation of years of interacademy cooperation, conducted a joint project to identify U.S. and Russian views on what the international nuclear security environment will be in 2015, what challenges may arise from that environment, and what options the U.S. and Russia have in partnering to address those challenges. The project's discussions were developed and expanded upon during a two-day public workshop held at the International Atomic Energy Agency in November 2007. A key aspect of that partnership may be cooperation in third countries where both the U.S. and Russia can draw on their experiences over the last decade of non-proliferation cooperation. More broadly, the following issues analyzed over the course of this RAS-NAS project included: safety and security culture, materials protection, control and accounting (MPC&A) best practices, sustainability, nuclear forensics, public-private partnerships, and the expansion of nuclear energy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Impact of Selling the Federal Helium Reserve SN - DO - 10.17226/9860 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9860/the-impact-of-selling-the-federal-helium-reserve PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - The Helium Privatization Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-273) directs the Department of the Interior to begin liquidating the U.S. Federal Helium Reserve by 2005 in a manner consistent with "minimum market disruption" and at a price given by a formula specified in the act. It also mandates that the Department of the Interior "enter into appropriate arrangements with the National Academy of Sciences to study and report on whether such disposal of helium reserves will have a substantial adverse effect on U.S. scientific, technical, biomedical, or national security interests." This report is the product of that mandate. To provide context, the committee has examined the helium market and the helium industry as a whole to determine how helium users would be affected under various scenarios for selling the reserve within the act's constraints. The Federal Helium Reserve, the Bush Dome reservoir, and the Cliffside facility are mentioned throughout this report. It is important to recognize that they are distinct entities. The Federal Helium Reserve is federally owned crude helium gas that currently resides in the Bush Dome reservoir. The Cliffside facility includes the storage facility on the Bush Dome reservoir and the associated buildings pipeline. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Laying the Foundation for New and Advanced Nuclear Reactors in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/26630 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26630/laying-the-foundation-for-new-and-advanced-nuclear-reactors-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - The world confronts an existential challenge in responding to climate change, resulting in an urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sectors of the economy. What will it take for new and advanced nuclear reactors to play a role in decarbonization? Nuclear power provides a significant portion of the worlds low-carbon electricity, and advanced nuclear technologies have the potential to be smaller, safer, less expensive to build, and better integrated with the modern grid. However, if the United States wants advanced nuclear reactors to play a role in its plans for decarbonization, there are many key challenges that must be overcome at the technical, economic, and regulatory levels. Laying the Foundation for New and Advanced Nuclear Reactors in the United States discusses how the United States could support the successful commercialization of advanced nuclear reactors with a set of near-term policies and practices. The recommendations of this report address the need to close technology research gaps, explore new business use cases, improve project management and construction, update regulations and security requirements, prioritize community engagement, strengthen the skilled workforce, and develop competitive financing options. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium: Reactor-Related Options SN - DO - 10.17226/4754 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4754/management-and-disposition-of-excess-weapons-plutonium-reactor-related-options PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Within the next decade, many thousands of U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons are slated to be retired as a result of nuclear arms reduction treaties and unilateral pledges. Hundreds of tons of plutonium and highly enriched uranium will no longer be needed for weapons purposes and will pose urgent challenges to international security. This is the supporting volume to a study by the Committee on International Security and Arms Control which dealt with all phases of the management and disposition of these materials. This technical study concentrates on the option for the disposition of plutonium, looking in detail at the different types of reactors in which weapons plutonium could be burned and at the vitrification of plutonium, and comparing them using economic, security and environmental criteria. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Review of NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program: An Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/12189 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12189/review-of-nasas-exploration-technology-development-program-an-interim-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - To meet the objectives of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE), NASA must develop a wide array of enabling technologies. For this purpose, NASA established the Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP). Currently, ETDP has 22 projects underway. In the report accompanying the House-passed version of the FY2007 appropriations bill, the agency was directed to request from the NRC an independent assessment of the ETDP. This interim report provides an assessment of each of the 22 projects including a quality rating, an analysis of how effectively the research is being carried out, and the degree to which the research is aligned with the VSE. To the extent possible, the identification and discussion of various cross-cutting issues are also presented. Those issues will be explored and discussed in more detail in the final report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Research Opportunities for Deactivating and Decommissioning Department of Energy Facilities SN - DO - 10.17226/10184 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10184/research-opportunities-for-deactivating-and-decommissioning-department-of-energy-facilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - When the Cold War abruptly ended, DOE halted most nuclear materials production. In 1995, Congress chartered DOE's Environmental Management Science Program (EMSP) to bring the nation's scientific infrastructure to bear on EM's most difficult, long-term cleanup challenges. The EMSP provides grants to investigators in industry, national laboratories, and universities to undertake research that may help address these cleanup challenges. On several occasions the EMSP has asked the National Academies for advice on developing its research agenda. This report resulted from a 15-month study by an Academies committee on long-term research needs for deactivation and decommissioning (D&D) at DOE sites. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Review of DOE's Nuclear Energy Research and Development Program SN - DO - 10.17226/11998 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11998/review-of-does-nuclear-energy-research-and-development-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Industry and Labor AB - There has been a substantial resurgence of interest in nuclear power in the United States over the past few years. One consequence has been a rapid growth in the research budget of DOE's Office of Nuclear Energy (NE). In light of this growth, the Office of Management and Budget included within the FY2006 budget request a study by the National Academy of Sciences to review the NE research programs and recommend priorities among those programs. The programs to be evaluated were: Nuclear Power 2010 (NP 2010), Generation IV (GEN IV), the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (NHI), the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP)/Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI), and the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) facilities. This book presents a description and analysis of each program along with specific findings and recommendations. It also provides an assessment of program priorities and oversight. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety SN - DO - 10.17226/789 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/789/human-factors-research-and-nuclear-safety PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2002 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering SN - DO - 10.17226/10617 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10617/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Engineering and Technology AB - This collection includes summaries of presentations given at the NAE Symposium in September 2002. Topics include chemical and molecular engineering in the 21st century, human factors engineering, the future of nuclear energy, and engineering challenges for quantum information technology. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Merits and Viability of Different Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Technology Options and the Waste Aspects of Advanced Nuclear Reactors SN - DO - 10.17226/26500 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26500/merits-and-viability-of-different-nuclear-fuel-cycles-and-technology-options-and-the-waste-aspects-of-advanced-nuclear-reactors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The United States has deployed commercial nuclear power since the 1950s, and as of 2021, nuclear power accounts for approximately 20 percent of U.S. electricity generation. The current commercial nuclear fleet consists entirely of thermal-spectrum, light water reactors operating with low-enriched uranium dioxide fuel in a once-through fuel cycle. In recent years, the U.S. Congress, U.S. Department of Energy, and private sector have expressed considerable interest in developing and deploying advanced nuclear reactors to augment, and possibly replace, the U.S. operating fleet of reactors, nearly all of which will reach the end of their currently licensed operating lives by 2050. Much of this interest stems from the potential ability of advanced reactors and their associated fuel cycles - as claimed by their designers and developers - to provide a number of advantages, such as improvements in economic competitiveness, reductions in environmental impact via better natural resource utilization and/or lower waste generation, and enhancements in nuclear safety and proliferation resistance. At the request of Congress, this report explores merits and viability of different nuclear fuel cycles, including fuel cycles that may use reprocessing, for both existing and advanced reactor technologies; and waste management (including transportation, storage, and disposal options) for advanced reactors, and in particular, the potential impact of advanced reactors and their fuel cycles on waste generation and disposal. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs SN - DO - 10.17226/10922 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10922/the-hydrogen-economy-opportunities-costs-barriers-and-rd-needs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - The announcement of a hydrogen fuel initiative in the President’s 2003 State of the Union speech substantially increased interest in the potential for hydrogen to play a major role in the nation’s long-term energy future. Prior to that event, DOE asked the National Research Council to examine key technical issues about the hydrogen economy to assist in the development of its hydrogen R&D program. Included in the assessment were the current state of technology; future cost estimates; CO2 emissions; distribution, storage, and end use considerations; and the DOE RD&D program. The report provides an assessment of hydrogen as a fuel in the nation’s future energy economy and describes a number of important challenges that must be overcome if it is to make a major energy contribution. Topics covered include the hydrogen end-use technologies, transportation, hydrogen production technologies, and transition issues for hydrogen in vehicles. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - A Constrained Space Exploration Technology Program: A Review of NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program SN - DO - 10.17226/12471 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12471/a-constrained-space-exploration-technology-program-a-review-of-nasas PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In January 2004, President George W. Bush announced the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE), which instructed NASA to "Extend human presence across the solar system, starting with a human return to the Moon by the year 2020, in preparation for human exploration of Mars and other destinations," among other objectives. As acknowledged in the VSE, significant technology development will be necessary to accomplish the goals it articulates. NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP) is designed to support, develop, and ultimately provide the necessary technologies to meet the goals of the VSE. This book, a review of the ETDP, is broadly supportive of the intent and goals of the VSE, and finds the ETDP is making progress towards the stated goals of technology development. However, the ETDP is operating within significant constraints which limit its ability to successfully accomplish those goals-the still dynamic nature of the Constellation Program requirements, the constraints imposed by a limited budget, the aggressive time scale of early technology deliverables, and the desire to fully employ the NASA workforce. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Powering the U.S. Army of the Future SN - DO - 10.17226/26052 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26052/powering-the-us-army-of-the-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - At the request of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology, Powering the U.S. Army of the Future examines the U.S. Army's future power requirements for sustaining a multi-domain operational conflict and considers to what extent emerging power generation and transmission technologies can achieve the Army's operational power requirements in 2035. The study was based on one operational usage case identified by the Army as part of its ongoing efforts in multi-domain operations. The recommendations contained in this report are meant to help inform the Army's investment priorities in technologies to help ensure that the power requirements of the Army's future capability needs are achieved. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities for Converting U.S. and Russian Research Reactors: A Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/13346 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13346/progress-challenges-and-opportunities-for-converting-us-and-russian-research-reactors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Highly enriched uranium (HEU) is used for two major civilian purposes: as fuel for research reactors and as targets for medical isotope production. This material can be dangerous in the wrong hands. Stolen or diverted HEU can be used-in conjunction with some knowledge of physics-to build nuclear explosive devices. Thus, the continued civilian use of HEU is of concern particularly because this material may not be uniformly well-protected. To address these concerns, the National Research Council (NRC) of the U.S. National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) held a joint symposium on June 8-10, 2011. Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities for Converting U.S. and Russian Research Reactors summarizes the proceedings of this joint symposium. This report addresses: (1) recent progress on conversion of research reactors, with a focus on U.S.- and R.F.-origin reactors; (2) lessons learned for overcoming conversion challenges, increasing the effectiveness of research reactor use, and enabling new reactor missions; (3) future research reactor conversion plans, challenges, and opportunities; and (4) actions that could be taken by U.S. and Russian organizations to promote conversion. The agenda for the symposium is provided in Appendix A, biographical sketches of the committee members are provided in Appendix B, and the report concludes with the statement of task in Appendix C. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/10667 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10667/end-points-for-spent-nuclear-fuel-and-high-level-radioactive-waste-in-russia-and-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - End Points for spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russian and the United States provides an analysis of the management of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in Russia and the United States, describing inventories, comparing approaches, and assessing the end-point options for storage and disposal of materials and wastes. The authoring committee finds that despite differences in philosophy about nuclear fuel cycles, Russia and the United States need similar kinds of facilities and face similar challenges, although in Russia many of the problems are worse and funding is less available. This book contains recommendations for immediate and near-term actions, for example, protecting and stabilizing materials that are security and safety hazards, actions for the longer term, such as developing more interim storage capacity and studying effects of deep injection, and areas for collaboration. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Energy's Alternatives for the Removal and Disposition of Molten Salt Reactor Experiment Fluoride Salts SN - DO - 10.17226/5538 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5538/evaluation-of-the-us-department-of-energys-alternatives-for-the-removal-and-disposition-of-molten-salt-reactor-experiment-fluoride-salts PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - This book discusses the technical alternatives for cleanup of radioactive fluoride salts that were the fuel for the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment, a novel nuclear reactor design that was tested in the 1960s at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. These fluoride salts pose an unusual cleanup challenge. The book discusses alternatives for processing and removing the salts based on present knowledge of fluoride salt chemistry and nuclear reactions of the radioactive constituents. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Memorial Tributes: Volume 17 SN - DO - 10.17226/18477 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18477/memorial-tributes-volume-17 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - This is the 17th Volume in the series Memorial Tributes compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and foreign associates. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and the engineering accomplishments of the deceased. Through its members and foreign associates, the Academy carries out the responsibilities for which it was established in 1964. Under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering was formed as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. Members are elected on the basis of significant contributions to engineering theory and practice and to the literature of engineering or on the basis of demonstrated unusual accomplishments in the pioneering of new and developing fields of technology. The National Academies share a responsibility to advise the federal government on matters of science and technology. The expertise and credibility that the National Academy of Engineering brings to that task stem directly from the abilities, interests, and achievements of our members and foreign associates, our colleagues and friends, whose special gifts we remember in this book. ER -