%0 Book %A National Research Council %E Lesgold, Alan %E Feuer, Michael J. %E Black, Allison M. %T Transitions in Work and Learning: Implications for Assessment %@ 978-0-309-06365-4 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 35 %X The dramatic shift in the American labor market away from manufacturing and the growing gap in earnings between high school and college graduates have contributed to a sense of alarm about the capacity of the nation's schools to supply adequately skilled graduates to the work force. The role that schools can or should play in preparing people to enter the world of work is hotly debated. In an effort to nurture the important and ongoing national dialogue on these issues, the Board on Testing and Assessment asked researchers and policymakers to engage in an interdisciplinary review and discussion of available data and implications for assessment policy. Transitions in Work and Learning considers the role of assessment in facilitating improved labor market transitions and life-long learning of American workers. It addresses the apparent mismatch between skill requirements of high-performance workplaces and skills acquired by students in school, the validity of existing assessment technologies to determine skills and competencies of persons entering various occupations, and ethical and legal issues in the implementation of new testing and certification programs. The book also examines the role of assessment in determining needed skills; developing ongoing education and training; and providing information to employers, prospective workers, and schools. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Pool, Robert %T New Directions in Assessing Performance Potential of Individuals and Groups: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-29044-9 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18427/new-directions-in-assessing-performance-potential-of-individuals-and-groups %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18427/new-directions-in-assessing-performance-potential-of-individuals-and-groups %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 134 %X As an all-volunteer service accepting applications from nearly 400,000 potential recruits annually from across the U.S. population, the U.S. military must accurately and efficiently assess the individual capability of each recruit for the purposes of selection, job classification, and unit assignment. New Directions for Assessing Performance Potential of Individuals and Groups is the summary of a workshop held April 3-4, 2013 to examine the future of military entrance assessments. This workshop was a part of the first phase of a larger study that will investigate cutting-edge research into the measurement of both individual capabilities and group composition in order to identify future research directions that may lead to improved assessment and selection of enlisted personnel for the U.S. Army. The workshop brought together scientists from a variety of relevant areas to focus on cognitive and noncognitive attributes that can be used in the initial testing and assignment of enlisted personnel. This report discusses the evolving goals of candidate testing, emerging constructs and theory, and ethical implications of testing methods. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Sackett, Paul R. %E Mavor, Anne S. %T Assessing Fitness for Military Enlistment: Physical, Medical, and Mental Health Standards %@ 978-0-309-10079-3 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11511/assessing-fitness-for-military-enlistment-physical-medical-and-mental-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11511/assessing-fitness-for-military-enlistment-physical-medical-and-mental-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 264 %X The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) faces short-term and long-term challenges in selecting and recruiting an enlisted force to meet personnel requirements associated with diverse and changing missions. The DoD has established standards for aptitudes/abilities, medical conditions, and physical fitness to be used in selecting recruits who are most likely to succeed in their jobs and complete the first term of service (generally 36 months). In 1999, the Committee on the Youth Population and Military Recruitment was established by the National Research Council (NRC) in response to a request from the DoD. One focus of the committee's work was to examine trends in the youth population relative to the needs of the military and the standards used to screen applicants to meet these needs. When the committee began its work in 1999, the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force had recently experienced recruiting shortfalls. By the early 2000s, all the Services were meeting their goals; however, in the first half of calendar year 2005, both the Army and the Marine Corps experienced recruiting difficulties and, in some months, shortfalls. When recruiting goals are not being met, scientific guidance is needed to inform policy decisions regarding the advisability of lowering standards and the impact of any change on training time and cost, job performance, attrition, and the health of the force. Assessing Fitness for Military Enlistment examines the current physical, medical, and mental health standards for military enlistment in light of (1) trends in the physical condition of the youth population; (2) medical advances for treating certain conditions, as well as knowledge of the typical course of chronic conditions as young people reach adulthood; (3) the role of basic training in physical conditioning; (4) the physical demands and working conditions of various jobs in today's military services; and (5) the measures that are used by the Services to characterize an individual's physical condition. The focus is on the enlistment of 18- to 24-year-olds and their first term of service. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14475/strategies-to-attract-and-retain-a-capable-transportation-workforce %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14475/strategies-to-attract-and-retain-a-capable-transportation-workforce %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 137 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce includes straight-forward, implementable practices that transportation Human Resources (HR) managers and hiring professionals can use to help improve the recruitment and retention of qualified employees in their organizations.The report provides information on workforce challenges, industry strategies, and detailed descriptions of noteworthy practices within each of 15 recruitment and retention categories.Volume II: Supplemental Material is available online as an ISO image, which can be used to produce a CD-ROM. Volume II includes an introductory document summarizing the content of the supplemental materials and provides full case studies and summaries of other example practices related to the recruitment and retention practices.Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM ImageDownload the .ISO CD-ROM Image(Warning: This is a large file and may take some time to download using a high-speed connection.)CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively “TRB’) be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operations of this product. TRB makes no representation or warrant of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Measuring Human Capabilities: An Agenda for Basic Research on the Assessment of Individual and Group Performance Potential for Military Accession %@ 978-0-309-31717-7 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19017/measuring-human-capabilities-an-agenda-for-basic-research-on-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19017/measuring-human-capabilities-an-agenda-for-basic-research-on-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 280 %X Every year, the U.S. Army must select from an applicant pool in the hundreds of thousands to meet annual enlistment targets, currently numbering in the tens of thousands of new soldiers. A critical component of the selection process for enlisted service members is the formal assessments administered to applicants to determine their performance potential. Attrition for the U.S. military is hugely expensive. Every recruit that does not make it through basic training or beyond a first enlistment costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. Academic and other professional settings suffer similar losses when the wrong individuals are accepted into the wrong schools and programs or jobs and companies. Picking the right people from the start is becoming increasingly important in today's economy and in response to the growing numbers of applicants. Beyond cognitive tests of ability, what other attributes should selectors be considering to know whether an individual has the talent and the capability to perform as well as the mental and psychological drive to succeed? Measuring Human Capabilities: An Agenda for Basic Research on the Assessment of Individual and Group Performance Potential for Military Accession examines promising emerging theoretical, technological, and statistical advances that could provide scientifically valid new approaches and measurement capabilities to assess human capability. This report considers the basic research necessary to maximize the efficiency, accuracy, and effective use of human capability measures in the military's selection and initial occupational assignment process. The research recommendations of Measuring Human Capabilities will identify ways to supplement the Army's enlisted soldier accession system with additional predictors of individual and collective performance. Although the primary audience for this report is the U.S. military, this book will be of interest to researchers of psychometrics, personnel selection and testing, team dynamics, cognitive ability, and measurement methods and technologies. Professionals interested in of the foundational science behind academic testing, job selection, and human resources management will also find this report of interest. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-10041-0 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11766/biological-social-and-organizational-components-of-success-for-women-in-academic-science-and-engineering %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11766/biological-social-and-organizational-components-of-success-for-women-in-academic-science-and-engineering %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Education %K Industry and Labor %P 244 %X During the last 40 years, the number of women studying science and engineering (S&E) has increased dramatically. Nevertheless, women do not hold academic faculty positions in numbers that commensurate with their increasing share of the S&E talent pool. The discrepancy exists at both the junior and senior faculty levels. In December 2005, the National Research Council held a workshop to explore these issues. Experts in a number of disciplines met to address what sex-differences research tells us about capability, behavior, career decisions, and achievement; the role of organizational structures and institutional policy; cross-cutting issues of race and ethnicity; key research needs and experimental paradigms and tools; and the ramifications of their research for policy, particularly for evaluating current and potential academic faculty. Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering consists of three elements: an introduction, summaries of panel discussions including public comment sessions, and poster abstracts. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future %@ 978-0-309-26269-9 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13480/human-performance-modification-review-of-worldwide-research-with-a-view %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13480/human-performance-modification-review-of-worldwide-research-with-a-view %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 66 %X The development of technologies to modify natural human physical and cognitive performance is one of increasing interest and concern, especially among military services that may be called on to defeat foreign powers with enhanced warfighter capabilities. Human performance modification (HPM) is a general term that can encompass actions ranging from the use of "natural" materials, such as caffeine or khat as a stimulant, to the application of nanotechnology as a drug delivery mechanism or in an invasive brain implant. Although the literature on HPM typically addresses methods that enhance performance, another possible focus is methods that degrade performance or negatively affect a military force's ability to fight. Advances in medicine, biology, electronics, and computation have enabled an increasingly sophisticated ability to modify the human body, and such innovations will undoubtedly be adopted by military forces, with potential consequences for both sides of the battle lines. Although some innovations may be developed for purely military applications, they are increasingly unlikely to remain exclusively in that sphere because of the globalization and internationalization of the commercial research base. Based on its review of the literature, the presentations it received and on its own expertise, the Committee on Assessing Foreign Technology Development in Human Performance Modification chose to focus on three general areas of HPM: human cognitive modification as a computational problem, human performance modification as a biological problem, and human performance modification as a function of the brain-computer interface. Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future summarizes these findings. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Milkovich, George T. %E Wigdor, Alexandra K. %E Broderick, Renae F. %E Mavor, Anne S. %T Pay for Performance: Evaluating Performance Appraisal and Merit Pay %@ 978-0-309-04427-1 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1751/pay-for-performance-evaluating-performance-appraisal-and-merit-pay %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1751/pay-for-performance-evaluating-performance-appraisal-and-merit-pay %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 224 %X "Pay for performance" has become a buzzword for the 1990s, as U.S. organizations seek ways to boost employee productivity. The new emphasis on performance appraisal and merit pay calls for a thorough examination of their effectiveness. Pay for Performance is the best resource to date on the issues of whether these concepts work and how they can be applied most effectively in the workplace. This important book looks at performance appraisal and pay practices in the private sector and describes whether—and how—private industry experience is relevant to federal pay reform. It focuses on the needs of the federal government, exploring how the federal pay system evolved; available evidence on federal employee attitudes toward their work, their pay, and their reputation with the public; and the complicating and pervasive factor of politics. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Ball, John R. %E Evans, Charles H., Jr. %T Safe Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions %@ 978-0-309-07585-5 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10218/safe-passage-astronaut-care-for-exploration-missions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10218/safe-passage-astronaut-care-for-exploration-missions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 317 %X Safe Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions sets forth a vision for space medicine as it applies to deep space voyage. As space missions increase in duration from months to years and extend well beyond Earth's orbit, so will the attendant risks of working in these extreme and isolated environmental conditions. Hazards to astronaut health range from greater radiation exposure and loss of bone and muscle density to intensified psychological stress from living with others in a confined space. Going beyond the body of biomedical research, the report examines existing space medicine clinical and behavioral research and health care data and the policies attendant to them. It describes why not enough is known today about the dangers of prolonged travel to enable humans to venture into deep space in a safe and sane manner. The report makes a number of recommendations concerning NASA's structure for clinical and behavioral research, on the need for a comprehensive astronaut health care system and on an approach to communicating health and safety risks to astronauts, their families, and the public. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Ray, Brian L. %E Steyn, Hermanus J. %E Knudsen, Julia K. %E Musselman, Jennifer R. %E Stamatiadis, Nikiforos %E Kirk, Adam J. %T Aligning Geometric Design with Roadway Context %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26535/aligning-geometric-design-with-roadway-context %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26535/aligning-geometric-design-with-roadway-context %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 236 %X Since 1984, AASHTO’s “Green Book” and other roadway design criteria have been primarily based on a functional classification system of a hierarchical network composed of arterials, collector, and local roads. However, this hierarchical functional classification system is in lack of flexibility in design, especially for a modern multimodal roadway system.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 320: Aligning Geometric Design with Roadway Context drafts the Facility Design in Context portion of a proposed Green Book 8, using a consistent structure for the context chapters and drawing content from the Green Book and research-based sources to support a flexible, multimodal, performance-based, and context-sensitive design process. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Context of Military Environments: An Agenda for Basic Research on Social and Organizational Factors Relevant to Small Units %@ 978-0-309-30684-3 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18825/the-context-of-military-environments-an-agenda-for-basic-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18825/the-context-of-military-environments-an-agenda-for-basic-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 164 %X The United States Army faces a variety of challenges to maintain a ready and capable force into the future. Missions are increasingly diverse, ranging from combat and counterinsurgency to negotiation, reconstruction, and stability operations, and require a variety of personnel and skill sets to execute. Missions often demand rapid decision-making and coordination with others in novel ways, so that personnel are not simply following a specific set of tactical orders but rather need to understand broader strategic goals and choose among courses of action. Like any workforce, the Army is diverse in terms of demographic characteristics such as gender and race, with increasing pressure to ensure equal opportunities across all demographic parties. With these challenges comes the urgent need to better understand how contextual factors influence soldier and small unit behavior and mission performance. Recognizing the need to develop a portfolio of research to better understand the influence of social and organizational factors on the behavior of individuals and small units, the U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI) requested the National Research Council's Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences to outline a productive and innovative collection of future basic science research projects to improve Amy mission performance for immediate implementation and lasting over the next 10-20 years. This report presents recommendations for a program of basic scientific research on the roles of social and organizational contextual factors, such as organizational institutions, culture, and norms, as determinants and moderators of the performance of individual soldiers and small units. The Context of Military Environments: Basic Research Opportunities on Social and Organizational Factors synthesizes and assesses basic research opportunities in the behavioral and social sciences related to social and organizational factors that comprise the context of individual and small unit behavior in military environments. This report focuses on tactical operations of small units and their leaders, to include the full spectrum of unique military environments including: major combat operations, stability/support operations, peacekeeping, and military observer missions, as well as headquarters support units. This report identifies key contextual factors that shape individual and small unit behavior and assesses the state of the science regarding these factors. The Context of Military Environments recommends an agenda for ARI's future research in order to maximize the effectiveness of U.S. Army personnel policies and practices of selection, recruitment, and assignment as well as career development in training and leadership. The report also specifies the basic research funding level needed to implement the recommended agenda for future ARI research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Druckman, Daniel %E Bjork, Robert A. %T Learning, Remembering, Believing: Enhancing Human Performance %@ 978-0-309-04993-1 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2303/learning-remembering-believing-enhancing-human-performance %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2303/learning-remembering-believing-enhancing-human-performance %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 416 %X Can such techniques as sleep learning and hypnosis improve performance? Do we sometimes confuse familiarity with mastery? Can we learn without making mistakes? These questions apply in the classroom, in the military, and on the assembly line. Learning, Remembering, Believing addresses these and other key issues in learning and performance. The volume presents leading-edge theories and findings from a wide range of research settings: from pilots learning to fly to children learning about physics by throwing beanbags. Common folklore is explored, and promising research directions are identified. The authors also continue themes from their first two volumes: Enhancing Human Performance (1988) and In the Mind's Eye (1991). The result is a thorough and readable review of: Learning and remembering. The volume evaluates the effects of subjective experience on learning—why we often overestimate what we know, why we may not need a close match between training settings and real-world tasks, and why we experience such phenomena as illusory remembering and unconscious plagiarism. Learning and performing in teams. The authors discuss cooperative learning in different age groups and contexts. Current views on team performance are presented, including how team-learning processes can be improved and whether team-building interventions are effective. Mental and emotional states. This is a critical review of the evidence that learning is affected by state of mind. Topics include hypnosis, meditation, sleep learning, restricted environmental stimulation, and self-confidence and the self-efficacy theory of learning. New directions. The volume looks at two new ideas for improving performance: emotions induced by another person—socially induced affect—and strategies for controlling one's thoughts. The committee also considers factors inherent in organizations—workplaces, educational facilities, and the military—that affect whether and how they implement training programs. Learning, Remembering, Believing offers an understanding of human learning that will be useful to training specialists, psychologists, educators, managers, and individuals interested in all dimensions of human performance. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Shannon, Ann %T Keeping Score %@ 978-0-309-06535-1 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9635/keeping-score %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9635/keeping-score %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 96 %X Curriculum reform, performance assessment, standards, portfolios, and high stakes testing-what's next? What does this all mean for me in my classroom? Many teachers have asked such questions since mathematics led the way in setting standards with the publication of the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM], 1989). This seminal document and others that followed served as catalysts for mathematics education reform, giving rise to new initiatives related to curriculum, instruction, and assessment over the past decade. In particular, approaches to classroom, school, and district-wide assessment have undergone a variety of changes as educators have sought to link classroom teaching to appropriate assessment opportunities. Since the publication of Everybody Counts (National Research Council [NRC], 1989), the Mathematical Sciences Education Board (MSEB) has dedicated its efforts to the improvement of mathematics education. A national summit on assessment led to the publication of For Good Measure (NRC, 1991). This statement of goals and objectives for assessment in mathematics was followed by Measuring Up (NRC, 1993a), which provided prototypical fourth-grade performance assessment tasks linked to the goals of the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards. Measuring What Counts (NRC, 1993b) demonstrated the importance of mathematics content, learning, and equity as they relate to assessment. The MSEB is now prepared to present perspectives on issues in mathematics education assessment for those most directly engaged in implementing the reform initiatives on a daily basis-classroom teachers, school principals, supervisors, and others in school-based settings. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Ray, Brian L. %E Ferguson, Erin M. %E Knudsen, Julia K. %E Porter, Richard J. %E Mason, John %T Performance-Based Analysis of Geometric Design of Highways and Streets %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22285/performance-based-analysis-of-geometric-design-of-highways-and-streets %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22285/performance-based-analysis-of-geometric-design-of-highways-and-streets %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 121 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 785: Performance-Based Analysis of Geometric Design of Highways and Streets presents an approach for understanding the desired outcomes of a project, selecting performance measures that align with those outcomes, evaluating the impact of alternative geometric design decisions on those performance measures, and arriving at solutions that achieve the overall desired project outcomes.This project has also produced a supplemental research materials report and a PowerPoint presentation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Studies %@ 978-0-309-10068-7 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11481/review-of-the-lake-ontario-st-lawrence-river-studies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11481/review-of-the-lake-ontario-st-lawrence-river-studies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 162 %X Since the 1950s,the International Joint Commission (IJC) of Canada and the United States has issued water regulation and management plans for Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Changes in recreational, environmental, navigational and other uses of the water system have prompted the IJC to consider replacing the current water regulation plan in operation for more than 40 years. IJC’s goals for a replacement plan include sound scientific foundations, public participation, transparency in plan development and evaluation, and inclusion of environmental considerations. To help develop and select the new plan, the IJC supported a 5-year, $20 million Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study (LOSLR Study). The LOSLR Study uses models to compile and integrate data gathered from a series of commissioned studies of wetlands, species at risk, recreational boating, fisheries, coastal erosion and flooding, commercial navigation, hydropower, industrial, municipal and domestic water intakes, public information and education, and hydrologic modeling. This report reviews a portion of the study that focused on wetlands and species at risk and three of the models that were used. The report finds that the overall breadth of the LOSLR study is impressive, and commends the scale and inclusiveness of the studies and models. In terms of informing decision making, however, the reviewed studies and models show deficiencies when evaluated against ten evaluation criteria, including treatment of uncertainty, quality control/quality assurance, thorough documentation, and empirical foundations. Among the report’s recommendations is a need for more thorough documentation of study methods and findings, stronger and more consistent quality control, and more attention to how uncertainty should be addressed to better inform decision making. This NRC study was conducted in collaboration with the Royal Society of Canada. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Marriott, Bernadette M. %T Food Components to Enhance Performance: An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations %@ 978-0-309-05088-3 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4563/food-components-to-enhance-performance-an-evaluation-of-potential-performance %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4563/food-components-to-enhance-performance-an-evaluation-of-potential-performance %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 560 %X The physiological or psychological stresses that employees bring to their workplace affect not only their own performance but that of their co-workers and others. These stresses are often compounded by those of the job itself. Medical personnel, firefighters, police, and military personnel in combat settings—among others—experience highly unpredictable timing and types of stressors. This book reviews and comments on the performance-enhancing potential of specific food components. It reflects the views of military and non-military scientists from such fields as neuroscience, nutrition, physiology, various medical specialties, and performance psychology on the most up-to-date research available on physical and mental performance enhancement in stressful conditions. Although placed within the context of military tasks, the volume will have wide-reaching implications for individuals in any job setting. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Selected Immune Disorders and Disability %@ 978-0-309-68949-6 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26595/selected-immune-disorders-and-disability %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26595/selected-immune-disorders-and-disability %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 250 %X The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) administers the Social Security Disability Insurance program and the Supplemental Security Income program. As part of their process, immune system disorders are evaluated under Listing of Impairments 14.00 for adults and 114.00 for children. At the request of the SSA, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assembled a committee to review selected conditions related to the immune system. In particular, the SSA was interested in the current status of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of immune system disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome/disease, and inflammatory arthritis. This report provides an overview of the current status of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these immune system disorders in the U.S. population and the relative levels of functional limitation typically associated with them, common treatments, and other considerations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Pellegrino, James W. %E Jones, Lee R. %E Mitchell, Karen J. %T Grading the Nation's Report Card: Evaluating NAEP and Transforming the Assessment of Educational Progress %@ 978-0-309-06285-5 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6296/grading-the-nations-report-card-evaluating-naep-and-transforming-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6296/grading-the-nations-report-card-evaluating-naep-and-transforming-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 296 %X Since the late 1960s, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)—the nation's report card—has been the only continuing measure of student achievement in key subject areas. Increasingly, educators and policymakers have expected NAEP to serve as a lever for education reform and many other purposes beyond its original role. Grading the Nation's Report Card examines ways NAEP can be strengthened to provide more informative portrayals of student achievement and the school and system factors that influence it. The committee offers specific recommendations and strategies for improving NAEP's effectiveness and utility, including: Linking achievement data to other education indicators. Streamlining data collection and other aspects of its design. Including students with disabilities and English-language learners. Revamping the process by which achievement levels are set. The book explores how to improve NAEP framework documents—which identify knowledge and skills to be assessed—with a clearer eye toward the inferences that will be drawn from the results. What should the nation expect from NAEP? What should NAEP do to meet these expectations? This book provides a blueprint for a new paradigm, important to education policymakers, professors, and students, as well as school administrators and teachers, and education advocates. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Druckman, Daniel %E Bjork, Robert A. %T In the Mind's Eye: Enhancing Human Performance %@ 978-0-309-04747-0 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1580/in-the-minds-eye-enhancing-human-performance %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1580/in-the-minds-eye-enhancing-human-performance %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Education %P 304 %X The archer stands and pulls back the bow, visualizing the path of the arrow to the target. Does this mental exercise enhance performance? Can we all use such techniques to improve performance in our daily lives?In the Mind's Eye addresses these and other intriguing questions. This volume considers basic issues of performance, exploring how techniques for quick learning affect long-term retention, whether an expert's behavior can serve as a model for beginners, if team performance is the sum of individual members' performances, and whether subliminal learning has a basis in science.The book also considers meditation and some other pain control techniques. Deceit and the ability to detect deception are explored in detail. In the area of self-assessment techniques for career development, the volume evaluates the widely used Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Analytic Research Foundations for the Next-Generation Electric Grid %@ 978-0-309-39231-0 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21919/analytic-research-foundations-for-the-next-generation-electric-grid %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21919/analytic-research-foundations-for-the-next-generation-electric-grid %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Energy and Energy Conservation %K Surveys and Statistics %P 161 %X Electricity is the lifeblood of modern society, and for the vast majority of people that electricity is obtained from large, interconnected power grids. However, the grid that was developed in the 20th century, and the incremental improvements made since then, including its underlying analytic foundations, is no longer adequate to completely meet the needs of the 21st century. The next-generation electric grid must be more flexible and resilient. While fossil fuels will have their place for decades to come, the grid of the future will need to accommodate a wider mix of more intermittent generating sources such as wind and distributed solar photovoltaics. Achieving this grid of the future will require effort on several fronts. There is a need for continued shorter-term engineering research and development, building on the existing analytic foundations for the grid. But there is also a need for more fundamental research to expand these analytic foundations. Analytic Research Foundations for the Next-Generation Electric Grid provide guidance on the longer-term critical areas for research in mathematical and computational sciences that is needed for the next-generation grid. It offers recommendations that are designed to help direct future research as the grid evolves and to give the nation's research and development infrastructure the tools it needs to effectively develop, test, and use this research.