%0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Daus, Matthew %T Legal Issues and Emerging Technologies %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26786/legal-issues-and-emerging-technologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26786/legal-issues-and-emerging-technologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 70 %X The nation’s 6,800 plus public transportation agencies need to have access to a program that can provide authoritatively researched, specific studies of legal issues and problems having national significance and application to the public transportation industry. Some legal issues and problems are unique to transit agencies. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Legal Research Digest 59: Legal Issues and Emerging Technologies provides transportation attorneys with guidance and resources to assist with these legal changes resulting from the implementation of technology, including regulatory challenges, risk management, cybersecurity, privacy, handling confidential and proprietary information, intellectual property rights, civil rights and environmental justice compliance, labor and employment law, and procurement issues. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Florida, Lisa Staes, Jodi Godfrey, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South %T Characteristics and Elements of Nonpunitive Employee Safety Reporting Systems for Public Transportation %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25852/characteristics-and-elements-of-nonpunitive-employee-safety-reporting-systems-for-public-transportation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25852/characteristics-and-elements-of-nonpunitive-employee-safety-reporting-systems-for-public-transportation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 278 %X The importance of safety cannot be overstated and requires continued shifts in the approach to safety management within the public transportation industry.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 218: Characteristics and Elements of Nonpunitive Employee Safety Reporting Systems for Public Transportation compiles the best practices used in nonpunitive employee safety reporting systems at transit agencies. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Quilty, Stephen M. %T Airport Incident Reporting Practices %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25465/airport-incident-reporting-practices %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25465/airport-incident-reporting-practices %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 112 %X TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Synthesis 95: Airport Incident Reporting Practices focuses on current practices for defining, collecting, aggregating, protecting, and reporting airport organizational incident information.The report is designed to assist those airport operators seeking to understand the nature of airport incident reporting and its importance for organizational learning and effectiveness, risk management, operational safety, and worker safety.An incident reporting system can be utilized to flag or provide potential early warning of drifts in actions toward a stated goal or an adverse event or loss.When discussing incident reporting, reference is made to safety, hazards, indicators, performance, enterprise risk management, culture, climate, and other related terms. However, there does not exist universal agreement as to what constitutes an incident. For this reason, the report takes a broad approach to incident reporting in organizations. It views incident reporting as a means to improve airport organizations through the analysis of data. With data, better-informed and higher quality decision-making can be exercised. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Tierney, Kevin F. %T Use of the U.S. Census Bureau’s Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) by State Departments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22772/use-of-the-us-census-bureaus-public-use-microdata-sample-pums-by-state-departments-of-transportation-and-metropolitan-planning-organizations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22772/use-of-the-us-census-bureaus-public-use-microdata-sample-pums-by-state-departments-of-transportation-and-metropolitan-planning-organizations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 73 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 434: Use of the U.S. Census Bureau’s Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) by State Departments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations describes ways that transportation planners are using the PUMS data.The report is designed to serve as a reference for transportation planners who may be able to exploit these data. Census microdata are the confidential records of specific individuals and housing units from whom Decennial Census or American Community Survey responses have been obtained.The U.S. Census Bureau also draws a sample from the full set of microdata and makes these sampled records available in the PUMS data products, so that users can develop their own tabulations.These data are being used by state departments of transportation and metropolitan planning organizations for studies, such as analyses of the commuting characteristics of population subgroups, and for supporting travel demand model and land use models.In July 2012 an Errata was issued on this report. On page iv of NCHRP Synthesis 434 an incorrect list of Topic Panel members was included. The pdf version of the report has been corrected and a correct panel list is available for download. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Guidance for Transportation Agencies on Managing Sensitive Information %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23417/guidance-for-transportation-agencies-on-managing-sensitive-information %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23417/guidance-for-transportation-agencies-on-managing-sensitive-information %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 55 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525: Surface Transportation Security, Volume 5: Guidance for Transportation Agencies on Managing Sensitive Information provides basic information on identifying and controlling access to sensitive information.NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security is a series in which relevant information is assembled into single, concise volumes—each pertaining to a specific security problem and closely related issues. The volumes focus on the concerns that transportation agencies are addressing when developing programs in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks that followed. Future volumes of the report will be issued as they are completed. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Olson, Steve %E Downey, Autumn S. %T Sharing Clinical Research Data: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-26874-5 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18267/sharing-clinical-research-data-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18267/sharing-clinical-research-data-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 156 %X Pharmaceutical companies, academic researchers, and government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health all possess large quantities of clinical research data. If these data were shared more widely within and across sectors, the resulting research advances derived from data pooling and analysis could improve public health, enhance patient safety, and spur drug development. Data sharing can also increase public trust in clinical trials and conclusions derived from them by lending transparency to the clinical research process. Much of this information, however, is never shared. Retention of clinical research data by investigators and within organizations may represent lost opportunities in biomedical research. Despite the potential benefits that could be accrued from pooling and analysis of shared data, barriers to data sharing faced by researchers in industry include concerns about data mining, erroneous secondary analyses of data, and unwarranted litigation, as well as a desire to protect confidential commercial information. Academic partners face significant cultural barriers to sharing data and participating in longer term collaborative efforts that stem from a desire to protect intellectual autonomy and a career advancement system built on priority of publication and citation requirements. Some barriers, like the need to protect patient privacy, pre- sent challenges for both sectors. Looking ahead, there are also a number of technical challenges to be faced in analyzing potentially large and heterogeneous datasets. This public workshop focused on strategies to facilitate sharing of clinical research data in order to advance scientific knowledge and public health. While the workshop focused on sharing of data from preplanned interventional studies of human subjects, models and projects involving sharing of other clinical data types were considered to the extent that they provided lessons learned and best practices. The workshop objectives were to examine the benefits of sharing of clinical research data from all sectors and among these sectors, including, for example: benefits to the research and development enterprise and benefits to the analysis of safety and efficacy. Sharing Clinical Research Data: Workshop Summary identifies barriers and challenges to sharing clinical research data, explores strategies to address these barriers and challenges, including identifying priority actions and "low-hanging fruit" opportunities, and discusses strategies for using these potentially large datasets to facilitate scientific and public health advances. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Expanding Access to Research Data: Reconciling Risks and Opportunities %@ 978-0-309-10012-0 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11434/expanding-access-to-research-data-reconciling-risks-and-opportunities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11434/expanding-access-to-research-data-reconciling-risks-and-opportunities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 132 %X Policy makers need information about the nation—ranging from trends in the overall economy down to the use by individuals of Medicare—in order to evaluate existing programs and to develop new ones. This information often comes from research based on data about individual people, households, and businesses and other organizations, collected by statistical agencies. The benefit of increasing data accessibility to researchers and analysts is better informed public policy. To realize this benefit, a variety of modes for data access— including restricted access to confidential data and unrestricted access to appropriately altered public-use data—must be used. The risk of expanded access to potentially sensitive data is the increased probability of breaching the confidentiality of the data and, in turn, eroding public confidence in the data collection enterprise. Indeed, the statistical system of the United States ultimately depends on the willingness of the public to provide the information on which research data are based. Expanding Access to Research Data issues guidance on how to more fully exploit these tradeoffs. The panel’s recommendations focus on needs highlighted by legal, social, and technological changes that have occurred during the last decade. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Plewes, Thomas J. %T Protecting and Accessing Data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-14667-8 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12797/protecting-and-accessing-data-from-the-survey-of-earned-doctorates %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12797/protecting-and-accessing-data-from-the-survey-of-earned-doctorates %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Computers and Information Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 70 %X The Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) collects data on the number and characteristics of individuals receiving research doctoral degrees from all accredited U.S. institutions. The results of this annual survey are used to assess characteristics and trends in doctorate education and degrees. This information is vital for education and labor force planners and researchers in the federal government and in academia. To protect the confidentiality of data, new and more stringent procedures were implemented for the 2006 SED data released in 2007. These procedures suppressed many previously published data elements. The organizations and institutions that had previously relied on these data to assess progress in measure of achievement and equality suddenly found themselves without a yardstick with which to measure progress. Several initiatives were taken to address these concerns, including the workshop summarized in this volume. The goal of the workshop was to address the appropriateness of the decisions that SRS made and to help the agency and data users consider future actions that might permit release of useful data while protecting the confidentiality of the survey responses. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Phimister, James R. %E Bier, Vicki M. %E Kunreuther, Howard C. %T Accident Precursor Analysis and Management: Reducing Technological Risk Through Diligence %@ 978-0-309-09216-6 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11061/accident-precursor-analysis-and-management-reducing-technological-risk-through-diligence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11061/accident-precursor-analysis-and-management-reducing-technological-risk-through-diligence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 220 %X In the aftermath of catastrophes, it is common to find prior indicators, missed signals, and dismissed alerts that, had they been recognized and appropriately managed before the event, could have resulted in the undesired event being averted. These indicators are typically called "precursors." Accident Precursor Analysis and Management: Reducing Technological Risk Through Diligence documents various industrial and academic approaches to detecting, analyzing, and benefiting from accident precursors and examines public-sector and private-sector roles in the collection and use of precursor information. The book includes the analysis, findings and recommendations of the authoring NAE committee as well as eleven individually authored background papers on the opportunity of precursor analysis and management, risk assessment, risk management, and linking risk assessment and management. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toward Better Usability, Security, and Privacy of Information Technology: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-16090-2 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12998/toward-better-usability-security-and-privacy-of-information-technology-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12998/toward-better-usability-security-and-privacy-of-information-technology-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 70 %X Despite many advances, security and privacy often remain too complex for individuals or enterprises to manage effectively or to use conveniently. Security is hard for users, administrators, and developers to understand, making it all too easy to use, configure, or operate systems in ways that are inadvertently insecure. Moreover, security and privacy technologies originally were developed in a context in which system administrators had primary responsibility for security and privacy protections and in which the users tended to be sophisticated. Today, the user base is much wider--including the vast majority of employees in many organizations and a large fraction of households--but the basic models for security and privacy are essentially unchanged. Security features can be clumsy and awkward to use and can present significant obstacles to getting work done. As a result, cybersecurity measures are all too often disabled or bypassed by the users they are intended to protect. Similarly, when security gets in the way of functionality, designers and administrators deemphasize it. The result is that end users often engage in actions, knowingly or unknowingly, that compromise the security of computer systems or contribute to the unwanted release of personal or other confidential information. Toward Better Usability, Security, and Privacy of Information Technology discusses computer system security and privacy, their relationship to usability, and research at their intersection. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Evaluating Chemical and Other Agent Exposures for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity %@ 978-0-309-07316-5 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10007/evaluating-chemical-and-other-agent-exposures-for-reproductive-and-developmental-toxicity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10007/evaluating-chemical-and-other-agent-exposures-for-reproductive-and-developmental-toxicity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 261 %X The United States Navy has been concerned for some time with protecting its military and civilian personnel from reproductive and developmental hazards in the workplace. As part of its efforts to reduce or eliminate exposure of Naval personnel and their families to reproductive and developmental toxicants, the Navy requested that the National Research Council (NRC) recommend an approach that can be used to evaluate chemicals and physical agents for their potential to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity. The NRC assigned this project to the Committee on Toxicology, which convened the Subcommittee on Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, to prepare this report. In this report, the subcommittee recommends an approach for evaluating agents for potential reproductive and developmental toxicity and demonstrates how that approach can be used by the Navy. This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: James Chen (National Center for Toxicological Research), George Daston (Procter and Gamble Company), Jerry Heindel (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences), Grace Lemasters (University of Cincinnati), and John Young (National Center for Toxicological Research). %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Resolving Conflicts Arising from the Privatization of Environmental Data %@ 978-0-309-07583-1 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10237/resolving-conflicts-arising-from-the-privatization-of-environmental-data %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10237/resolving-conflicts-arising-from-the-privatization-of-environmental-data %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 113 %X Reliable collections of science-based environmental information are vital for many groups of users and for a number of purposes. For example, electric utility companies predict demand during heat waves, structural engineers design buildings to withstand hurricanes and earthquakes, water managers monitor each winter's snow pack, and farmers plant and harvest crops based on daily weather predictions. Understanding the impact of human activities on climate, water, ecosystems, and species diversity, and assessing how natural systems may respond in the future are becoming increasingly important for public policy decisions. Environmental information systems gather factual information, transform it into information products, and distribute the products to users. Typical uses of the information require long-term consistency; hence the operation of the information system requires a long-term commitment from an institution, agency, or corporation. The need to keep costs down provides a strong motivation for creating multipurpose information systems that satisfy scientific, commercial and operational requirements, rather than systems that address narrow objectives. Resolving Conflicts Arising from the Privatization of Environmental Data focuses on such shared systems. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 %@ 978-0-309-06795-9 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9786/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-4 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9786/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-4 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 386 %X The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to crew members that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult. As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee. In response to this request, the NRC first developed criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants, published in its 1992 report Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Since then, the NRC's Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations has been reviewing NASA's documentation of chemical-specific SMACs. This report is the fourth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994 and the second and third in 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise and diverse perspectives in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee for reviewing NRC and Institute of Medicine reports. The purpose of that Independent review was to provide candid and critical comments to assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Information Technology Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2011 %@ 978-0-309-22002-6 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13250/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-information-technology-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13250/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-information-technology-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 42 %X Since 1959, the National Research Council (NRC), at the request of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has annually assembled panels of experts to assess the quality and effectiveness of the NIST measurements and standards laboratories. In 2011, the NRC evaluated three of the six NIST laboratories: the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) and the Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). Each of these was addressed individually by a separate panel of experts; this report assesses ITL. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Forstag, Erin Hammers %T Intergenerational Poverty and Mobility Among Native Americans in the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-70087-0 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26903/intergenerational-poverty-and-mobility-among-native-americans-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26903/intergenerational-poverty-and-mobility-among-native-americans-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 54 %X Experiencing poverty during childhood can lead to lasting harmful effects in which poverty is passed on to future generations - a cycle that disproportionately affects Native American families. To identify policies and programs that can reduce long-term, intergenerational poverty among Native Americans in the United States, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families held information-gathering sessions on July 22, 2022 and July 25, 2022. In these sessions, key historical and structural factors that lead to entrenched poverty were examined as well as promising interventions for addressing them. Importantly, these sessions included a conversation with community leaders on their experiences with and work on intergenerational poverty as well as key data and trends on this topic. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of Approaches for Using Process Safety Metrics at the Blue Grass and Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plants %@ 978-0-309-16345-3 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13041/assessment-of-approaches-for-using-process-safety-metrics-at-the-blue-grass-and-pueblo-chemical-agent-destruction-pilot-plants %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13041/assessment-of-approaches-for-using-process-safety-metrics-at-the-blue-grass-and-pueblo-chemical-agent-destruction-pilot-plants %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 60 %X The Department of Defense, through the Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives program, is currently in the process of constructing two full-scale pilot plants at the Pueblo Chemical Depot in Colorado and the Blue Grass Army Depot in Kentucky to destroy the last two remaining inventories of chemical weapons in the U.S. stockpile. These two storage sites together account for about 10 percent of the original U.S. chemical agent stockpile that is in the process of being destroyed in accordance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention treaty. Unlike their predecessors, these facilities will use neutralization technologies to destroy agents contained within rockets, projectiles, and mortar rounds, requiring the use of specially designed equipment. As part of its focus on safe operation of the planned facilities, the Program Manager for Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct a study to offer guidance on the application of process safety metrics at the Pueblo Chemical Depot and Blue Grass Army Depot. Process safety is a disciplined framework for managing the integrity of operating systems, processes and personnel handling hazardous substances, and operations by applying good design principles, engineering, and operating practices. Process Safety Metrics at the Blue Grass and Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plants discusses the use of leading and lagging process safety metrics that could provide feedback on the effectiveness of controls to mitigate risks and minimize consequences of potential incidents. The book makes several recommendations that will facilitate the development and application of process safety metrics at both sites. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Promoting Innovation: 2002 Assessment of the Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing %@ 978-0-309-08889-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10688/promoting-innovation-2002-assessment-of-the-partnership-for-advancing-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10688/promoting-innovation-2002-assessment-of-the-partnership-for-advancing-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 75 %X The application of technology to housing design, construction, and operation offers opportunities for improving affordability, energy efficiency, comfort, safety, and convenience for consumers. New technologies and production processes could help resolve serious problems facing housing producers, including labor shortages, interruptions due to inclement weather, quality control, and theft and vandalism losses. However, it is generally believed that realizing these benefits on a broad scale is considerably hindered by characteristics of the housing industry that inhibit the development and diffusion of innovations. The Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) supports activities to address issues that are perceived by the industry to be the primary causes of the problems, i.e., barriers to innovation, lack of accessible information, and insufficient research and development (R&D) (NAHBRC, 1998). PATH was initiated in 1998 when Congress appropriated funds for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to begin implementing the concept, which was created by the National Science and Technology Council Construction and Building Subcommittee (NSTC C&B). At the request of HUD, the National Research Council (NRC) assembled a panel of experts as the Committee for Review and Assessment of the Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing under the NRC Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment. The committee was asked to assess how well PATH is achieving its many program objectives to expand the development and utilization of new technologies in the U.S. housing industry. The committee has approached evaluation of the program as an exercise that also provides direction for PATH's future improvement. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T National Security Space Defense and Protection: Public Report %@ 978-0-309-44748-5 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23594/national-security-space-defense-and-protection-public-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23594/national-security-space-defense-and-protection-public-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 78 %X It is not yet 60 years since the first artificial satellite was placed into Earth orbit. In just over a half century, mankind has gone from no presence in outer space to a condition of high dependence on orbiting satellites. These sensors, receivers, transmitters, and other such devices, as well as the satellites that carry them, are components of complex space systems that include terrestrial elements, electronic links between and among components, organizations to provide the management, care and feeding, and launch systems that put satellites into orbit. In many instances, these space systems connect with and otherwise interact with terrestrial systems; for example, a very long list of Earth-based systems cannot function properly without information from the Global Positioning System (GPS). Space systems are fundamental to the information business, and the modern world is an information-driven one. In addition to navigation (and associated timing), space systems provide communications and imagery and other Earth-sensing functions. Among these systems are many that support military, intelligence, and other national security functions of the United States and many other nations. Some of these are unique government, national security systems; however, functions to support national security are also provided by commercial and civil-government space systems. 
The importance of space systems to the United States and its allies and potential adversaries raises major policy issues. National Security Space Defense and Protection reviews the range of options available to address threats to space systems, in terms of deterring hostile actions, defeating hostile actions, and surviving hostile actions, and assesses potential strategies and plans to counter such threats. This report recommends architectures, capabilities, and courses of action to address such threats and actions to address affordability, technology risk, and other potential barriers or limiting factors in implementing such courses of action. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Anne Frances %T Domestic Manufacturing Capabilities for Critical DoD Applications: Emerging Needs in Quantum-Enabled Systems: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49476-2 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25499/domestic-manufacturing-capabilities-for-critical-dod-applications-emerging-needs-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25499/domestic-manufacturing-capabilities-for-critical-dod-applications-emerging-needs-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 108 %X Recent advancements in quantum-enabled systems present a variety of new opportunities and challenges. These technologies are important developments for a variety of computing, communications, and sensing applications. However, many materials and components relevant to quantum-enabled systems exist outside of the United States, and it is important to promote the development of assured domestic sources of materials, manufacturing capabilities, and expertise. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day workshop to explore implications and concerns related to the application of quantum-enabled systems in the United States. This workshop focused on quantum-enabled computing systems, quantum communications and networks, and quantum sensing opportunities. Participants explored the path to quantum computing, communications, and networks, opportunities for collaboration, as well as key gaps, supply chain concerns, and security issues. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.