TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - WSP USA Paul Graham A2 - SRI Foundation Terry Klein TI - Potential Section 106 Exempted Categories or Program Comments for Federal Highway Administration Projects: National Streamlining Opportunities DO - 10.17226/25722 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25722/potential-section-106-exempted-categories-or-program-comments-for-federal-highway-administration-projects-national-streamlining-opportunities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires transportation agencies to consider the effects of their undertakings on historic resources when those undertakings are federally funded. Section 106 of the NHPA also allows for the use of Program Alternatives to tailor compliance, potentially streamlining Section 106 evaluations for commonly encountered categories of historic resources.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 275: Potential Section 106 Exempted Categories or Program Comments for Federal Highway Administration Projects: National Streamlining Opportunities examines the use of Program Alternatives by state departments of transportation and explores potential opportunities for additional Program Alternatives.There is also a presentation accompanying the report. ER - TY - BOOK TI - PY - UR - PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Final Comments on the Science Plan for the North Pacific Research Board SN - DO - 10.17226/11235 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11235/final-comments-on-the-science-plan-for-the-north-pacific-research-board PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Agriculture AB - The North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) was established by Congress in 1997 to recommend marine research activities to the Secretary of Commerce on or relating to the fisheries or marine ecosystem in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Arctic Ocean, and related bodies of water. NPRB called on the National Academies to develop a comprehensive long range science plan pertaining to its research activities. This assistance has been provided in two phases. In phase one, beginning in early 2003, a National Academies committee worked to understand the purpose of the NPRB, gather information to help identify research needs, and provide advice on the components of a sound science plan. The committee's assessment is contained in a report released in early 2004, Elements of a Science Plan for the North Pacific Research Board. With this guidance as a tool, the NPRB staff, Science Panel, and Advisory Panel worked together to write a draft science plan to steer the program in the coming decade. During the second phase, the same committee reviewed the NPRB's draft science plan and provided final feedback to the NPRB. It is a focused review, generally following the organization of the NPRB document. This report is intended primarily as a direct communication from the committee to those planning the NPRB's programs, to help them improve the science plan and ensure successful implementation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Comments on Catalyzing U.S. World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Activities DO - 10.17226/10081 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10081/comments-on-catalyzing-us-world-climate-research-programme-wcrp-activities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The purpose of this letter report is to state the findings and recommendations of the Climate Research Committee's (CRC) brief review of the U.S. contributions to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The primary objectives of the review were to: (1) assess the coordination (national-international and project-to-project) of the U.S. scientific contributions to the WCRP; (2) identify potential science gaps and/or redundancies in the U.S. contributions to the WCRP, and; (3) identify existing or emerging issues and needs that might require more in-depth attention. Due to the limited time available for this review, the CRC focused on the first of these objectives. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Preliminary Comments, Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative DO - 10.17226/10216 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10216/preliminary-comments-review-of-the-national-nanotechnology-initiative PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Final Review of the Study on Supplemental Treatment Approaches of Low-Activity Waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Review #4 SN - DO - 10.17226/25710 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25710/final-review-of-the-study-on-supplemental-treatment-approaches-of-low-activity-waste-at-the-hanford-nuclear-reservation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management is responsible for managing and cleaning up the waste and contamination at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, the nation's biggest and most complex nuclear cleanup challenge. At the site, 177 underground tanks collectively contain about 211 million liters of waste that includes high-activity and low-activity materials. At the request of Congress, Final Review of the Study on Supplemental Treatment Approaches of Low-Activity Waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Review #4 focuses on approaches for treatment and disposal of the supplemental portion of the low-activity waste from the tanks. This review report discusses developments since the publication of Review #3 and provides a summary of public comments on the third committee review report. The authoring committee then shares their views on these comments and whether they change any of the findings or recommendations in the third review report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the Draft Fifth National Climate Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/26757 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26757/review-of-the-draft-fifth-national-climate-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Roughly every four years, the U.S. Global Change Research Program produces a congressionally mandated assessment of global change science and the impacts, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change in the United States. The draft Fifth National Climate Assessment (NCA5), released publicly in November 2022, covers a wide range of U.S. impacts, from human health and community well-being to the built environment, businesses and economies, and ecosystems and water resources. NCA5 had the largest scale of collaboration to date in the series, with input from hundreds of experts from all levels of governments, academia, non-government organizations, the private sector, and the public. The National Academies report provides an independent, comprehensive review and makes recommendations to strengthen the accuracy, credibility, and accessibility of the draft NCA5 report. The National Academies’ review of the draft NCA5 report finds that it successfully meets the requirements of the federal mandate, provides accurate information, and effectively communicates climate science to the public, decision makers, and other stakeholders. The review makes recommendations for ways the draft NCA5 report could be strengthened, including: adopting more clear and consistent structure for key messages and figures across the report; resolving inconsistencies between chapters in how terms and topics are discussed, for example the use of scenarios and projections; intentionally applying an equity and justice lens across chapters; and increasing emphasis on certain topical areas. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - C. Daniel Prather TI - Impacts of COVID-19 on Airport Work Models and Strategies DO - 10.17226/27235 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27235/impacts-of-covid-19-on-airport-work-models-and-strategies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, airport operators had to develop strategies that maintained operations while ensuring employee safety and public health. Though not all airport-related tasks can be performed from remote worksites, many airports identified tasks that could be performed remotely. ACRP Synthesis 126: Impacts of COVID-19 on Airport Work Models and Strategies, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides information on those airports that experimented in remote work, provides options for airports that did not participate in remote work, and identifies emerging trends. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Rapid Expert Consultation on Archival Data Storage Technologies for the Intelligence Community DO - 10.17226/27445 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27445/rapid-expert-consultation-on-archival-data-storage-technologies-for-the-intelligence-community PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Member agencies of the intelligence community (IC) collect, maintain, and store large amounts of data. There is a profusion of sensors and communications options that has led to a dramatic escalation in the amount of data readily available for a wide variety of purposes. Much more data are being created than are being deleted. But a large fraction, as much as 30 to 35 percent of enterprise data, is data that are rarely accessed (with weeks to years elapsing between uses) and may sit for a long period of time. This poses a challenge because it means that, worldwide, a massive number of exabytes of data need to be securely maintained, managed, and administered in some sort of way. Additionally, the amount of data that will need to be archived for short- and long-term use will continue to rise. In particular, the IC has the potential to be one of the largest customers for cold data storage because of its wide-ranging need for information. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), this Rapid Expert Consultation (REC) explores options for technologies for archival data storage, focusing primarily on current data storage technologies, particularly magnetic storage, Flash, MRAM, and optical storage. While not all of these technologies are well suited to archival storage applications, the ODNI indicated a desire to hear about all possible options. Brief overviews of emerging technologies are included. Finally, the REC offers comments on the importance of non-technological aspects of archiving, including policies and personnel, which should be considered in the design and acquisition of long-term data storage systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Tenth Interim Report of the Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels DO - 10.17226/10894 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10894/tenth-interim-report-of-the-subcommittee-on-acute-exposure-guideline-levels PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the Continued Analysis of the Supplemental Treatment Approaches of Low-Activity Waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Review #1 SN - DO - 10.17226/26423 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26423/review-of-the-continued-analysis-of-the-supplemental-treatment-approaches-of-low-activity-waste-at-the-hanford-nuclear-reservation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The Hanford Nuclear Reservation, where about two-thirds of the nation's weapons plutonium was produced from 1944 to 1987, is the site of the largest and most complex nuclear cleanup challenge in the United States. Section 3125 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 calls for a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) to develop a framework of decisions to be made among the supplemental treatment technologies, waste forms, and disposal locations for low-activity waste in the Hanford tanks. In addition, Section 3125 calls for the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide a concurrent, independent peer review of the ongoing FFRDC analysis. This review report, the first of three to address the Congressional mandate, focuses on the technical quality and completeness of the FFRDC's draft framework. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kathleen M. Rasmussen A2 - Ann L. Yaktine A2 - Katherine M. Delaney TI - Evaluating the Process to Develop the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025: A Midcourse Report SN - DO - 10.17226/26406 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26406/evaluating-the-process-to-develop-the-dietary-guidelines-for-americans-2020-2025 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - This midcourse report provides an initial assessment of how the process used to develop the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 (DGA) compares to the recommendations in the 2017 National Academies report on redesigning the process for establishing the DGA. It also assesses the criteria and processes for including the scientific studies used to develop the guidelines. The scope of this study was to address the process and not the content of the guidelines. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - C. Daniel Prather TI - Airfield Turf and Vegetation Management Practices DO - 10.17226/27251 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27251/airfield-turf-and-vegetation-management-practices PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Turf and vegetation management practices differ at airports because of each airport’s unique terrain, geography, and vegetation. Although there is some guidance from the Federal Aviation Administration on airside applications for artificial turf, information on the means, methods, techniques, and practices airports use to manage airfield turf and vegetation is sparse. ACRP Synthesis 128: Airfield Turf and Vegetation Management Practices, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, documents airfield practices for turf and vegetation management given the various constraints of staffing, equipment, safety, funding, climate, and regulations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Camilla Y. Ables TI - Soliciting Stakeholder Input for a Revision of Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL): Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/23585 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23585/soliciting-stakeholder-input-for-a-revision-of-biosafety-in-microbiological-and-biomedical-laboratories-bmbl PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Agriculture AB - Since its publication by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1984, Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) has become the cornerstone of the practice of biosafety in the United States and in many countries around the world. The BMBL has been revised periodically over the past three decades to refine the guidance it provides based on new knowledge and experiences—allowing it to remain a relevant, valuable, and authoritative reference for the microbiological and biomedical community. Seven years after the release of the BMBL 5th Edition, NIH and CDC are considering a revision based on the comments of a broader set of stakeholders. At the request of NIH, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine conducted a virtual town hall meeting from 4 April to 20 May 2016 to allow BMBL users to share their thoughts on the BMBL in general and its individual sections and appendices. Specifically, users were asked to indicate what information they think should be added, revised, or deleted. Major themes from the virtual town hall meeting were further discussed in a workshop held on 12 May 2016 in Washington, DC. This document encapsulates the discussion of the major comments on the BMBL that were posted on the virtual town hall prior to 12 May 2016 and the various BMBL comments and issues related to biosafety that were raised during the workshop by participants who attended the meeting in Washington DC and those who listened to the live webcast. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the U.S. Global Change Research Program's Draft Decadal Strategic Plan, 2022-2031 SN - DO - 10.17226/26608 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26608/review-of-the-us-global-change-research-programs-draft-decadal-strategic-plan-2022-2031 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - More intense heat waves, extended wildfire seasons and other escalating impacts of climate change have made it more important than ever to fill knowledge gaps that improve society's understanding, assessment, and response to global change. The US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) - a collection of 13 Federal entities charged by law to help the United States and the world fill those knowledge gaps - laid out proposed mechanisms and priorities for global change research over the next decade in its draft Decadal Strategic Plan 2022-2031. The draft plan recognizes that priority knowledge gaps have shifted over the past decade as demand has grown for more useful and more inclusive data to inform decision-making, and as the focus on resilience and sustainability has increased. As part of its work in advising the USGCRP since 2011, the National Academies reviewed USGCRP's draft plan to determine how it might be enhanced. Advances in the draft plan include an increased emphasis on social sciences, community engagement with marginalized groups, and promotion of diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice in the production of science. Strengthening the interconnections between the plan's core pillars and expanding opportunities for coordination among federal agencies tasked with responding to global climate change would improve the plan. The draft plan could more strongly convey a sense of urgency throughout the plan and would benefit from additional examples of key research outputs that could advance policy and decision making on global change challenges. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Frank Gross A2 - Thanh Le A2 - Kristin Kersavage A2 - Catherine Chestnutt A2 - Bhagwant Persaud A2 - Craig Lyon A2 - Jerome Gluck TI - Application of Crash Modification Factors for Access Management, Volume 2: Research Overview DO - 10.17226/26162 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26162/application-of-crash-modification-factors-for-access-management-volume-2-research-overview PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - The 1st Edition, in 2010, of the AASHTO Highway Safety Manual revolutionized highway engineering practice by providing crash modification factors and functions, along with methods that use safety performance functions for estimating the number of crashes within a corridor, subsequent to implementing safety countermeasures.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 974: Application of Crash Modification Factors for Access Management, Volume 2: Research Overview documents the research process related to access management features. The research project is also summarized in this presentation.NCHRP Research Report 974: Application of Crash Modification Factors for Access Management, Volume 1: Practitioner’s Guide presents methods to help transportation practitioners quantify the safety impacts of access management strategies and make more informed access-related decisions on urban and suburban arterials. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Barbara O. Schneeman A2 - Ann L. Yaktine A2 - Alice Vorosmarti TI - Scanning for New Evidence on Riboflavin to Support a Dietary Reference Intake Review SN - DO - 10.17226/26188 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26188/scanning-for-new-evidence-on-riboflavin-to-support-a-dietary-reference-intake-review PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of evidence-based nutrient reference values for intakes that include the full range of age, gender, and life stage groups in the US and Canada. At the request of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine convened an ad hoc committee to carry out a literature search and evidence scan of the peer-reviewed published literature on indicators of nutritional requirements, toxicity, and chronic disease risk reduction for riboflavin. Scanning for New Evidence on Riboflavin to Support a Dietary Reference Intake Review builds on the methodology for evidence scanning nutrients (which have existing DRIs) to determine whether there is new and relevant knowledge available that may merit a formal reexamination of DRIs for riboflavin. This report offers comments on the methodological approach to the evidence scan and discusses its findings and interpretation of the process to provide the study sponsors with a greater context to support their interpretation and application of the reported results. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Shauna Hallmark A2 - Omar Smadi A2 - Jon Markt A2 - Eric Plapper A2 - Paul Carlson A2 - Katie Zimmerman A2 - Greg Duncan TI - Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Technology: Determining the Impact on State DOT Maintenance Programs DO - 10.17226/27625 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27625/connected-and-autonomous-vehicle-technology-determining-the-impact-on-state-dot-maintenance-programs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Traffic control devices, markings, signals, guardrail, computing systems, communications infrastructure, and other permanent and temporary devices will likely each be affected by the operation of connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technology. State departments of transportation (DOTs) need to identify gaps in knowledge and skills and prepare for the challenges of CAV implementation while maintaining the existing roadway system at an acceptable level of service. NCHRP Research Report 1084: Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Technology: Determining the Impact on State DOT Maintenance Programs, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, provides an overview into how the implementation of CAV technology will likely impact the state of practice for maintenance programs within state DOTs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the Draft Fourth National Climate Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/25013 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25013/review-of-the-draft-fourth-national-climate-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Climate change poses many challenges that affect society and the natural world. With these challenges, however, come opportunities to respond. By taking steps to adapt to and mitigate climate change, the risks to society and the impacts of continued climate change can be lessened. The National Climate Assessment, coordinated by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is a mandated report intended to inform response decisions. Required to be developed every four years, these reports provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date evaluation of climate change impacts available for the United States, making them a unique and important climate change document. The draft Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report reviewed here addresses a wide range of topics of high importance to the United States and society more broadly, extending from human health and community well-being, to the built environment, to businesses and economies, to ecosystems and natural resources. This report evaluates the draft NCA4 to determine if it meets the requirements of the federal mandate, whether it provides accurate information grounded in the scientific literature, and whether it effectively communicates climate science, impacts, and responses for general audiences including the public, decision makers, and other stakeholders. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the Continued Analysis of Supplemental Treatment Approaches of Low-Activity Waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Review #2 SN - DO - 10.17226/26632 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26632/review-of-the-continued-analysis-of-supplemental-treatment-approaches-of-low-activity-waste-at-the-hanford-nuclear-reservation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington state, which produced plutonium for nuclear weapons from 1944-1987, is the site of the largest and most complex nuclear cleanup challenge in the United States. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) is responsible for managing the cleanup of the radioactive and other hazardous wastes stored in 177 underground tanks at the site. DOE plans to use vitrification, or immobilization in glass waste forms, for all of the high-level radioactive waste at Hanford. However, because the volume of "low-activity waste" exceeds DOEs capacity limits for vitrification, DOE must decide how to treat the remaining "supplemental low-activity waste" (SLAW) so that it can be safely disposed in a near-surface disposal site. To help inform its decision, DOE contracted with a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC), led by Savannah River National Laboratory, to analyze and report its findings about three potential alternative technologies.At the request of Congress, the National Academies reviewed the FFRDC report in terms of its value for decision making and how well it meets various Congressional requirements related to Hanford cleanup. The review concludes that the FFRDC report is overall very strong, provides a useful framework for evaluating the technology options, and is responsive to guidance from the first National Academies review. The framework provides for structured side-by-side comparisons, using relevant criteria, of a limited number of alternatives for managing SLAW. Recommendations for strengthening the report include estimating a lifecycle cost profile for constructing and operating each alternative, and providing more in-depth discussion on potential challenges that may need to be addressed in obtaining the necessary various regulatory approvals. ER -