@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Joah G. Iannotta and Jane L. Ross", title = "Equality of Opportunity and the Importance of Place: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-08467-3", abstract = "The National Research Council (NRC) recently conducted several projects concerning urban poverty, racial disparities, and opportunities to change metropolitan areas in ways that have positive effects on residents' well-being. In reports such as Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America (1999), place, space, and neighborhood have become important lenses through which to understand the factors affecting opportunity and well-being. After the publication of Governance and Opportunity, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services became interested in what insights research focused on place might offer in terms of improving the conditions of vulnerable families-a population about whom ASPE is particularly concerned. Because of its interest in the topic, ASPE provided generous support to the NRC to hold a workshop on the importance of place and to produce a report based on the findings of the workshop. This report, Equality of Opportunity and the Importance of Place, is the culmination of the NRC's work on behalf of ASPE.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10413/equality-of-opportunity-and-the-importance-of-place-summary-of", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", editor = "Lisa F. Berkman, Ph.D.", title = "Through the Kaleidoscope: Viewing the Contributions of the Behavioral and Social Sciences to Health -- The Barbara and Jerome Grossman Symposium", isbn = "978-0-309-08442-0", abstract = "The importance of behavioral, social, economic, and environmental influences on health is increasingly recognized. Further, the relationships among genetic factors, social influences, and the physical environment are now of growing interest to the research, policy, public health, and clinical communities. As research in these areas yields new knowledge about these interactions, we are faced with the challenge of applying and translating that knowledge into practical applications or policy directions.To advance this challenge, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) brought together experts and collaborators at a symposium in May 2001. The symposium featured five reports released in the last 12 months by the IOM and the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (DBASSE). The reports were the starting point for assessing the status of behavioral and social science research relating to health, identifying where the greatest opportunities appear to lie in translating this research into clinical medicine, public health, and social policy; and recognizing the barriers that continue to impede significant progress in conducting and utilizing this field of research. This report is a proceedings of the symposium from these experts in the field. Topics covered include research design, training, infrastructure investments, grant making, etiology, interventions, and priority investments necessary to support rapid advances in the behavioral and social sciences.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10417/through-the-kaleidoscope-viewing-the-contributions-of-the-behavioral-and", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "David Weisburd and Malay K. Majmundar", title = "Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities", isbn = "978-0-309-46713-1", abstract = "Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term \"proactive policing\" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. \n\nProactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. \n\nProactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24928/proactive-policing-effects-on-crime-and-communities", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Bruce Western and Khalil Gibran Muhammad and Yamrot Negussie and Emily Backes", title = "Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy", isbn = "978-0-309-69337-0", abstract = "The history of the U.S. criminal justice system is marked by racial inequality and sustained by present day policy. Large racial and ethnic disparities exist across the several stages of criminal legal processing, including in arrests, pre-trial detention, and sentencing and incarceration, among others, with Black, Latino, and Native Americans experiencing worse outcomes. The historical legacy of racial exclusion and structural inequalities form the social context for racial inequalities in crime and criminal justice. Racial inequality can drive disparities in crime, victimization, and system involvement.\nReducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy synthesizes the evidence on community-based solutions, noncriminal policy interventions, and criminal justice reforms, charting a path toward the reduction of racial inequalities by minimizing harm in ways that also improve community safety. Reversing the effects of structural racism and severing the close connections between racial inequality, criminal harms such as violence, and criminal justice involvement will involve fostering local innovation and evaluation, and coordinating local initiatives with state and federal leadership.\nThis report also highlights the challenge of creating an accurate, national picture of racial inequality in crime and justice: there is a lack of consistent, reliable data, as well as data transparency and accountability. While the available data points toward trends that Black, Latino, and Native American individuals are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and given more severe punishments compared to White individuals, opportunities for improving research should be explored to better inform decision-making.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26705/reducing-racial-inequality-in-crime-and-justice-science-practice-and", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Parole, Desistance from Crime, and Community Integration", isbn = "978-0-309-11081-5", abstract = "Every day, about 1,600 people are released from prisons in the United States. Of these 600,000 new releasees every year, about 480,000 are subject to parole or some other kind of postrelease supervision. Prison releasees represent a challenge, both to themselves and to the communities to which they return. Will the releasees see parole as an opportunity to be reintegrated into society, with jobs and homes and supportive families and friends? Or will they commit new crimes or violate the terms of their parole contracts? If so, will they be returned to prison or placed under more stringent community supervision? Will the communities to which they return see them as people to be reintegrated or people to be avoided? And, the institution of parole itself is challenged with three different functions: to facilitate reintegration for parolees who are ready for rehabilitation; to deter crime; and to apprehend those parolees who commit new crimes and return them to prison.\n \nIn recent decades, policy makers, researchers, and program administrators have focused almost exclusively on \"recidivism,\" which is essentially the failure of releasees to refrain from crime or stay out of prison. In contrast, for this study the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) of the U.S. Department of Justice asked the National Research Council to focus on \"desistance,\" which broadly covers continued absence of criminal activity and requires reintegration into society. Specifically, the committee was asked (1) to consider the current state of parole practices, new and emerging models of community supervision, and what is necessary for successful reentry and (2) to provide a research agenda on the effects of community supervision on desistance from criminal activity, adherence to conditions of parole, and successful reentry into the community. To carry out its charge, the committee organized and held a workshop focused on traditional and new models of community supervision, the empirical underpinnings of such models, and the infrastructure necessary to support successful reentry. Parole, Desistance from Crime, and Community Integration also reviews the literature on desistance from crime, community supervision, and the evaluation research on selected types of intervention.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11988/parole-desistance-from-crime-and-community-integration", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Kathi Hanna and Christine Coussens", title = "Rebuilding the Unity of Health and the Environment: A New Vision of Environmental Health for the 21st Century", isbn = "978-0-309-07259-5", abstract = "This is a summary of the workshop Rebuilding the Unity of Health and the Environment: A New Vision of Environmental Health for the 21st Century. The goal of this workshop was to emphasize the connection between human health and the natural, built, and social environments. This workshop integrated talks from many fields and created a dialogue among various environmental health stakeholders. The language presented in this respect should not be viewed as an endorsement by the Environmental Health Sciences Roundtable or the Institute of Medicine of what action is needed for the future, but rather as an effort to synthesize the various perspectives presented.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10044/rebuilding-the-unity-of-health-and-the-environment-a-new", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Holly G. Rhodes", title = "Workforce Development and Intelligence Analysis for National Security Purposes: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-47629-4", abstract = "Beginning in October 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a set of workshops designed to gather information for the Decadal Survey of Social and Behavioral Sciences for Applications to National Security. The fifth workshop focused on workforce development and intelligence analysis, and this publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25117/workforce-development-and-intelligence-analysis-for-national-security-purposes-proceedings", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Brian D. Smedley and S. Leonard Syme", title = "Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research", isbn = "978-0-309-07175-8", abstract = "At the dawn of the twenty-first century, Americans enjoyed better overall health than at any other time in the nation's history. Rapid advancements in medical technologies, breakthroughs in understanding the genetic underpinnings of health and ill health, improvements in the effectiveness and variety of pharmaceuticals, and other developments in biomedical research have helped develop cures for many illnesses and improve the lives of those with chronic diseases.\nBy itself, however, biomedical research cannot address the most significant challenges to improving public health. Approximately half of all causes of mortality in the United States are linked to social and behavioral factors such as smoking, diet, alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, and accidents. Yet less than five percent of the money spent annually on U.S. health care is devoted to reducing the risks of these preventable conditions. Behavioral and social interventions offer great promise, but as yet their potential has been relatively poorly tapped. Promoting Health identifies those promising areas of social science and behavioral research that may address public health needs.\nIt includes 12 papers\u2014commissioned from some of the nation's leading experts\u2014that review these issues in detail, and serves to assess whether the knowledge base of social and behavioral interventions has been useful, or could be useful, in the development of broader public health interventions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9939/promoting-health-intervention-strategies-from-social-and-behavioral-research", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Kenneth Prewitt and Christopher D. Mackie and Hermann Habermann", title = "Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion: Measuring Dimensions of Social Capital to Inform Policy", isbn = "978-0-309-30725-3", abstract = "People's bonds, associations and networks - as well as the civil, political, and institutional characteristics of the society in which they live - can be powerful drivers affecting the quality of life among a community's, a city's, or a nation's inhabitants and their ability to achieve both individual and societal goals. Civic engagement, social cohesion, and other dimensions of social capital affect social, economic and health outcomes for individuals and communities. Can these be measured, and can federal surveys contribute toward this end? Can this information be collected elsewhere, and if so, how should it be collected?\nCivic Engagement and Social Cohesion identifies measurement approaches that can lead to improved understanding of civic engagement, social cohesion, and social capital - and their potential role in explaining the functioning of society. With the needs of data users in mind, this report examines conceptual frameworks developed in the literature to determine promising measures and measurement methods for informing public policy discourse. The report identifies working definitions of key terms; advises on the feasibility and specifications of indicators relevant to analyses of social, economic, and health domains; and assesses the strength of the evidence regarding the relationship between these indicators and observed trends in crime, employment, and resilience to shocks such as natural disasters. Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion weighs the relative merits of surveys, administrative records, and non-government data sources, and considers the appropriate role of the federal statistical system. This report makes recommendations to improve the measurement of civic health through population surveys conducted by the government and identifies priority areas for research, development, and implementation.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18831/civic-engagement-and-social-cohesion-measuring-dimensions-of-social-capital", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Evelyn Tomaszewski", title = "The Neurocognitive and Psychosocial Impacts of Violence and Trauma: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "Childhood experiences, both positive and negative, can affect an individual\u2019s health and opportunities as an adult and have far-reaching effects on future violence victimization and perpetration. To better understand the impact of violence and trauma on neurocognitive functions and psychosocial well-being, the Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a 2-day workshop on July 31\u2013 August 1, 2017. The workshop approached childhood experiences, violence, and trauma from a broad range of perspectives and participants heard from survivors of trauma, researchers, and practitioners. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25077/the-neurocognitive-and-psychosocial-impacts-of-violence-and-trauma-proceedings", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Emily A. Callahan and Roundtable on Obesity Solutions and Food and Nutrition Board and Health and Medicine Division and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.", title = "Systems and Obesity: Advances and Innovations for Equitable Health and Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Obesity Solutions convened a virtual public workshop series to examine foundational drivers of obesity and discuss sustainable systems-wide changes that use three priority areas - biased mental models\/social norms, structural racism, and health communication - to inform actionable priorities for individuals, organizations, and policy makers to reduce both the incidence and prevalence of obesity.\nThe final workshop of the series, Systems and Obesity: Advances and Innovations for Equitable Health and Well-Being, was held on October 28-29, 2021. Workshop sessions explored ways to use data for systems change; how systems applications can address structural barriers to obesity; using policy for obesity solutions and nutrition security; and engaging multiple sectors for systems change. The workshop also included a session that examined patient-provider communication about obesity treatment and offered solutions to improve those communications. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26498/systems-and-obesity-advances-and-innovations-for-equitable-health-and", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Community-Driven Relocation: Recommendations for the U.S. Gulf Coast Region and Beyond", isbn = "978-0-309-70872-2", abstract = "Between 1980 and mid-2023, 232 billion-dollar disasters occurred in the U.S. Gulf Coast region, with the number of disasters doubling annually since 2018. The variety and frequency of storms have exacerbated historic inequalities and led to cycles of displacement and chronic stress for communities across the region. While disaster displacement is not a new phenomenon, the rapid escalation of climate-related disasters in the Gulf increases the urgency to develop pre-disaster policies to mitigate displacement and decrease suffering. Yet, neither the region nor the nation has a consistent and inclusionary process to address risks, raise awareness, or explore options for relocating communities away from environmental risks while seeking out and honoring their values and priorities.\nCommunity-Driven Relocation: Recommendations for the U.S. Gulf Coast Region and Beyond examines how people and infrastructure relocate and why community input should drive the planning process. This report provides recommendations to guide a path for federal, state, and local policies and programs to improve on and expand existing systems to better serve those most likely to be displaced by climate change.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27213/community-driven-relocation-recommendations-for-the-us-gulf-coast-region", year = 2024, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Krisztina Marton", title = "Measuring Trauma: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-44337-1", abstract = "The Workshop on Integrating New Measures of Trauma into the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration\u2019s (SAMHSA) Data Collection Programs, held in Washington, D.C. in December 2015, was organized as part of an effort to assist SAMHSA and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in their responsibilities to expand the collection of behavioral health data to include measures of trauma. The main goals of the workshop were to discuss options for collecting data and producing estimates on exposure to traumatic events and PTSD, including available measures and associated possible data collection mechanisms. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23526/measuring-trauma-workshop-summary", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Burton H. Singer and Carol D. Ryff", title = "New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach", isbn = "978-0-309-07296-0", abstract = "New Horizons in Health discusses how the National Institutes of Health (NIH) can integrate research in the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences to better understand the causes of disease as well as interventions that promote health. It outlines a set of research priorities for consideration by the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), with particular attention to research that can support and complement the work of the National Institutes of Health. By addressing the range of interactions among social settings, behavioral patterns, and important health concerns, it highlights areas of scientific opportunity where significant investment is most likely to improve national\u2014and global\u2014health outcomes. These opportunities will apply the knowledge and methods of the behavioral and social sciences to contemporary health needs, and give attention to the chief health concerns of the general public.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10002/new-horizons-in-health-an-integrative-approach", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Linda J. Waite", title = "Perspectives on the Future of the Sociology of Aging", abstract = "The population of the United States is growing inexorably older. With birth rates historically low and life expectancy continuing to rise, the age distribution of the population in the United States is growing steadily older. This demographic shift is occurring at a time of major economic and social changes, which have important implications for the growing elderly population. Other changes, such as the move away from defined-benefit toward defined-contribution retirement plans, changes in some corporate and municipal pension plans as a result of market pressures, and the 2008 financial crisis precipitated by the crash of the housing market, all have economic implications for older people. They are also likely to make it more difficult for certain groups of future retirees to find their retirements at the level that they had planned and would like.\nTo deal effectively with the challenges created by population aging, it is vital to first understand these demographic, economic, and social changes and, to the extent possible, their causes, consequences, and implications. Sociology offers a knowledge base, a number of useful analytic approaches and tools, and unique theoretical perspectives that can be important aids to this task.\nThe Panel on New Directions in Social Demography, Social Epidemiology, and the Sociology of Aging was established in August 2010 under the auspices of the Committee on Population of the National Research Council to prepare a report that evaluates the recent contributions of social demography, social epidemiology, and sociology to the study of aging and seeks to identify promising new research in these fields. Perspectives on the Future of the Sociology of Aging provides candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the final published volume as sound as possible and to ensure that the volume meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13473/perspectives-on-the-future-of-the-sociology-of-aging", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Police Training to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population", isbn = "978-0-309-27751-8", abstract = "Training police in the knowledge and skills necessary to support the rule of law and protect the public is a substantial component of the activities of international organizations that provide foreign assistance. Significant challenges with such training activities arise with the wide range of cultural, institutional, political, and social contexts across countries. In addition, foreign assistance donors often have to leverage programs and capacity in their own countries to provide training in partner countries, and there are many examples of training, including in the United States, that do not rely on the best scientific evidence of policing practices and training design. Studies have shown disconnects between the reported goals of training, notably that of protecting the population, and actual behaviors by police officers. These realities present a diversity of challenges and opportunities for foreign assistance donors and police training.\nAt the request of the U.S. State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine examined scientific evidence and assessed research needs for effective policing in the context of the challenges above. This report, the second in a series of five, responds to the following questions: What are the core knowledge and skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population? What is known about mechanisms (e.g., basic and continuing education or other capacity building programs) for developing the core skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population?", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26467/police-training-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Addressing COVID-19–Related Challenges Facing Individuals Engaged in Precarious Employment", abstract = "The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated challenges facing workers engaged in precarious employment - those in positions commonly characterized by little to no job security, low wages, and few or no benefits. Through the first three years of the pandemic, many of these workers reported increased exposure to COVID-19, limited access to sick leave, job losses, and reduced hours.\nThe latest guidance from the Societal Experts Action Network (SEAN) identifies strategies that state and local decision makers can use to mitigate COVID-19-related challenges facing individuals engaged in precarious employment, with particular attention to strategies that can remedy existing inequalities. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26930/addressing-covid-19-related-challenges-facing-individuals-engaged-in-precarious-employment", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Gerald E. Thomson and Faith Mitchell and Monique B. Williams", title = "Examining the Health Disparities Research Plan of the National Institutes of Health: Unfinished Business", isbn = "978-0-309-10121-9", abstract = "In the United States, health among racial and ethnic minorities, as well as poor people, is significantly worse than the overall U.S. population. Health disparities are reflected by indices such as excess mortality and morbidity and shorter life expectancy. Examining the Health Disparities Research Plan of the National Institutes of Health is an assessment of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Strategic Research Plan and Budget to Reduce and Ultimately Eliminate Health Disparities. It focuses on practical solutions to remedy the state of the current health disparity crisis.\n\nThe NIH has played the leading role in conducting extensive research on minority health and health disparities for more than two decades. Although additional research is critical to facilitating a better understanding of the overarching social, economic, educational, and environmental factors that predispose groups to specific diseases and conditions, there is also a great need to translate the existing and new information into best care practices. This means increasing communication with affected populations and their communities. Examining the Health Disparities Research Plan of the National Institutes of Health presents solutions to improving the health disparities nationwide and evaluates the NIH strategy plan designed to actively correct and combat the ongoing health disparities dilemma.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11602/examining-the-health-disparities-research-plan-of-the-national-institutes-of-health", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", editor = "Ellen Wright Clayton and Richard D. Krugman and Patti Simon", title = "Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States", isbn = "978-0-309-28655-8", abstract = "Every day in the United States, children and adolescents are victims of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking. Despite the serious and long-term consequences for victims as well as their families, communities, and society, efforts to prevent, identify, and respond to these crimes are largely under supported, inefficient, uncoordinated, and unevaluated.\nConfronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States examines commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents of the United States under age 18. According to this report, efforts to prevent, identify, and respond to these crimes require better collaborative approaches that build upon the capabilities of people and entities from a range of sectors. In addition, such efforts need to confront demand and the individuals who commit and benefit from these crimes. The report recommends increased awareness and understanding, strengthening of the law's response, strengthening of research to advance understanding and to support the development of prevention and intervention strategies, support for multi-sector and interagency collaboration, and creation of a digital information-sharing platform.\nA nation that is unaware of these problems or disengaged from solutions unwittingly contributes to the ongoing abuse of minors. If acted upon in a coordinated and comprehensive manner, the recommendations of Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States can help advance and strengthen the nation's emerging efforts to prevent, identify, and respond to commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18358/confronting-commercial-sexual-exploitation-and-sex-trafficking-of-minors-in-the-united-states", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Candace Kruttschnitt and Brenda L. McLaughlin and Carol V. Petrie", title = "Advancing the Federal Research Agenda on Violence Against Women", isbn = "978-0-309-09109-1", abstract = " This report expands on the work of an earlier National Research Council panel\nwhose report, Understanding Violence Against Women, was published in 1996. The\nreport is based on the presentations and deliberations of a workshop convened in\nJanuary 2002, at the request of Congress, to develop a detailed research agenda\non violence against women. While some of the research recommendations in the\nearlier report have been funded and carried out, the workshop demonstrated that\nimportant gaps remain. For example, prevalence and incidence data are still inadequate\nto measure trends or to reveal whether interventions being designed under\nfederal programs are, in fact, working. Among its primary recommendations, the\ncommittee underscored the importance of strengthening the data and research\ninfrastructure in this area, especially the need for better prevalence data and longitudinal\ndata to determine the causes of violent victimization of women and the impact\nof interventions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10849/advancing-the-federal-research-agenda-on-violence-against-women", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }