TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Lance A. Davis A2 - Per K. Enge A2 - Grace X. Gao TI - Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering SN - DO - 10.17226/13292 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13292/global-navigation-satellite-systems-report-of-a-joint-workshop-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The Global Positioning System (GPS) has revolutionized the measurement of position, velocity, and time. It has rapidly evolved into a worldwide utility with more than a billion receiver sets currently in use that provide enormous benefits to humanity: improved safety of life, increased productivity, and wide-spread convenience. Global Navigation Satellite Systems summarizes the joint workshop on Global Navigation Satellite Systems held jointly by the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering on May 24-25, 2011 at Hongqiao Guest Hotel in Shanghai, China. "We have one world, and only one set of global resources. It is important to work together on satellite navigation. Competing and cooperation is like Yin and Yang. They need to be balanced," stated Dr. Charles M. Vest, President of the National Academy of Engineering, in the workshop's opening remarks. Global Navigation Satellite Systems covers the objectives of the workshop, which explore issues of enhanced interoperability and interchangeability for all civil users aimed to consider collaborative efforts for countering the global threat of inadvertent or illegal interference to GNSS signals, promotes new applications for GNSS, emphasizing productivity, safety, and environmental protection. The workshop featured presentations chosen based on the following criteria: they must have relevant engineering/technical content or usefulness; be of mutual interest; offer the opportunity for enhancing GNSS availability, accuracy, integrity, and/or continuity; and offer the possibility of recommendations for further actions and discussions. Global Navigation Satellite Systems is an essential report for engineers, workshop attendees, policy makers, educators, and relevant government agencies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Rebecca A. English A2 - Anne B. Claiborne TI - The Global Crisis of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Leadership of China and the BRICS: Challenges and Opportunities: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences SN - DO - 10.17226/18346 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18346/the-global-crisis-of-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-and-leadership-of-china-and-the-brics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most effective first-line anti-TB drugs, originally developed and introduced in the 1950 and 1960s. Since 2008, the Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation of the Institute of Medicine has hosted or co-hosted six domestic and international workshops addressing the global crisis of drug-resistant TB, with special attention to the BRICS countries - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The Global Crisis of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Leadership of China and the BRICS is the summary of a workshop convened to address the current status of drug-resistant TB globally and in China. This report considers lessons learned from high burden countries; highlights global challenges to controlling the spread of drug-resistant strains; and discusses innovative strategies to advance and harmonize local and international efforts to prevent and treat drug-resistant TB. Additionally, the report examines the problem of MDR TB and emergent TB strains that are potentially untreatable with drugs available and considers the critical leadership role of the BRICS countries in addressing the threats and opportunities in drug-resistant TB. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Franklin Carrero-Martínez A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Emi Kameyama TI - China-U.S. Scientific Engagement: Strengthening Collaborations for Sustainability and Biodiversity: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26807 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26807/china-us-scientific-engagement-strengthening-collaborations-for-sustainability-and-biodiversity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Scientists in China and in the United States have addressed key topics related to sustainability in both formal and informal collaborations for many years. To further this engagement, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Sciences are convening a series of three workshops. Each workshop will examine the state of sustainability research and practices; identify priority areas for scientific collaboration on specific challenges; and discuss opportunities for advancing policy actions and the potential for new technology development and deployment in China and the United States. The first workshop took place July 27 to July 29 2022 and focused on sustainability and biodiversity as an important area of sustainability research and practices. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Franklin Carrero-Martínez A2 - Jennifer Saunders A2 - Emi Kameyama TI - China-U.S. Scientific Engagement: Key Issues and Possible Solutions for Sustainability and Planetary Health: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/27334 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27334/china-us-scientific-engagement-key-issues-and-possible-solutions-for-sustainability-and-planetary-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Scientists in China and in the United States have worked collaboratively, both formally and informally, for years to address their shared sustainability challenges. To further this engagement, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Sciences convened a workshop on June 20-21, 2023 focused on identifying priority areas for scientific collaboration to promote sustainability and planetary health in China and the United States. Participants gathered at the National Academies Beckman Center in Irvine, California, as well as virtually to discuss a subset of the field, including ecosystems and planetary health; air pollution and planetary health; urbanization and circular systems towards planetary health; planetary health, health emergencies, and climate change; and key priorities and international cooperation for planetary health. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Franklin Carrero-Martínez A2 - Jennifer Saunders A2 - Emi Kameyama TI - Advancing Urban Sustainability in China and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25794 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25794/advancing-urban-sustainability-in-china-and-the-united-states-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - In November 2018, National Academy of Sciences (NAS) President Marcia McNutt visited China for the first time in her official role. As part of this visit, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Science and Technology for Sustainability (STS) program and the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized a one-day workshop relating to urban sustainability in Beijing. The goal of the visit was to begin to explore some areas where the U.S. National Academies and the Chinese Academy might develop collaboration. At the same time, the trip provided an opportunity to develop links to other parts of the science and technology community in China. To further elucidate some of these issues and build upon current partnerships, an expert committee under the STS program, in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, organized a one-day public workshop on urban sustainability in China and the United States, held on December 16, 2019. The workshop focused on the intersection of urban climate change mitigation and adaptation, urban health, and sustainable transportation, including green infrastructure and urban flooding in both countries. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Katherine Bowman A2 - Kathryn Hughes A2 - Jo L. Husbands A2 - James Revill A2 - Benjamin Rusek TI - Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Summary of an International Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/13113 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13113/trends-in-science-and-technology-relevant-to-the-biological-and-toxin-weapons-convention PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - This report offers a summary of the substantive presentations during an international workshop, Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, held October 31 - November 3, 2010 at the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is meant to provide scientists and other technical experts with factual information about the range and variety of topics discussed at the workshop, which may be of interest to national governments and non-governmental organizations as they begin to prepare for the 7th Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) in 2011. The Beijing workshop reflected the continuing engagement by national academies international scientific organizations, and individual scientists and engineers in considering the biosecurity implications of developments in the life sciences and assessing trends in science and technology (S&T) relevant to nonproliferation. The workshop provided an opportunity for the scientific community to discuss the implications of relevant developments in S&T for multiple aspects of the BWC. Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention follows the structure of the plenary sessions at the workshop. It begins with introductory material about the BWC and current examples of the types and modes of science advice available to the BWC and other international nonproliferation and disarmament agreements, in particular the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). This report includes only a very brief description of the some of the post-presentation discussions held during the plenary sessions - and does not include an account of the small breakout groups - since these were intended to inform the committee's finding and conclusions and will be reflected in the final report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/11192 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11192/urbanization-energy-and-air-pollution-in-china-the-challenges-ahead PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - In October 2003, a group of experts met in Beijing under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Engineering (NAE)/National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies to continue a dialogue and eventually chart a rational course of energy use in China. This collection of papers is intended to introduce the reader to the complicated problems of urban air pollution and energy choices in China. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Life Sciences and Related Fields: Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention SN - DO - 10.17226/13130 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13130/life-sciences-and-related-fields-trends-relevant-to-the-biological PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - During the last decade, national and international scientific organizations have become increasingly engaged in considering how to respond to the biosecurity implications of developments in the life sciences and in assessing trends in science and technology (S&T) relevant to biological and chemical weapons nonproliferation. The latest example is an international workshop, Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention, held October 31 - November 3, 2010 at the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Life Sciences and Related Fields summarizes the workshop, plenary, and breakout discussion sessions held during this convention. Given the immense diversity of current research and development, the report is only able to provide an overview of the areas of science and technology the committee believes are potentially relevant to the future of the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC), although there is an effort to identify areas that seemed particularly ripe for further exploration and analysis. The report offers findings and conclusions organized around three fundamental and frequently cited trends in S&T that affect the scope and operation of the convention: The rapid pace of change in the life sciences and related fields; The increasing diffusion of life sciences research capacity and its applications, both internationally and beyond traditional research institutions; and The extent to which additional scientific and technical disciplines beyond biology are increasingly involved in life sciences research. The report does not make recommendations about policy options to respond to the implications of the identified trends. The choice of such responses rests with the 164 States Parties to the Convention, who must take into account multiple factors beyond the project's focus on the state of the science. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Preparing for the Challenges of Population Aging in Asia: Strengthening the Scientific Basis of Policy Development SN - DO - 10.17226/12977 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12977/preparing-for-the-challenges-of-population-aging-in-asia-strengthening PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Preparing for the Challenges of Population Aging in Asia discusses the challenges posed by a rapidly aging population and identifies needed research to help policymakers better respond to them. While the percentage of elderly people in nearly every nation is growing, this aging trend is particularly stark in parts of Asia. Projections indicate that the portion of the population age 65 and older will more than triple in China, India, and Indonesia and more than double in Japan between 2000 and 2050, based on data from the United Nations. Moreover, this demographic shift is coinciding with dramatic economic and social changes in Asia, including changing family structures and large-scale migrations from rural to urban areas. These trends raise critical questions about how nations can develop policies that best support health and economic well-being in large and growing populations at older ages. Governments in Asia still have time to determine the best ways to respond to the unfolding demographic transformation, but taking advantage of this window of opportunity will require new research to shed light on the status and needs of the aging population. Currently the research base on aging in this region is relatively underdeveloped. This book identifies several key topics for research to inform public policy, including changing roles in the family; labor force participation, income, and savings; and health and well-being of the public. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Cooperation in the Energy Futures of China and the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/9736 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9736/cooperation-in-the-energy-futures-of-china-and-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - Today we recognize the importance of the pending transition in energy resource utilization in the coming century. Two major players in this transition will be two of the world's superpowers—China and the United States. Cooperation in the Energy Futures of China and the United States focuses on collaborative opportunities to provide affordable, clean energy for economic growth and social development, to minimize future energy concerns, environmental threats to our global society, and the health and economic impacts on energy production and use. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Research Council TI - The Power of Renewables: Opportunities and Challenges for China and the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/12987 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12987/the-power-of-renewables-opportunities-and-challenges-for-china-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - The United States and China are the world's top two energy consumers and, as of 2010, the two largest economies. Consequently, they have a decisive role to play in the world's clean energy future. Both countries are also motivated by related goals, namely diversified energy portfolios, job creation, energy security, and pollution reduction, making renewable energy development an important strategy with wide-ranging implications. Given the size of their energy markets, any substantial progress the two countries make in advancing use of renewable energy will provide global benefits, in terms of enhanced technological understanding, reduced costs through expanded deployment, and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to conventional generation from fossil fuels. Within this context, the U.S. National Academies, in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), reviewed renewable energy development and deployment in the two countries, to highlight prospects for collaboration across the research to deployment chain and to suggest strategies which would promote more rapid and economical attainment of renewable energy goals. Main findings and concerning renewable resource assessments, technology development, environmental impacts, market infrastructure, among others, are presented. Specific recommendations have been limited to those judged to be most likely to accelerate the pace of deployment, increase cost-competitiveness, or shape the future market for renewable energy. The recommendations presented here are also pragmatic and achievable. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Personal Cars and China SN - DO - 10.17226/10491 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10491/personal-cars-and-china PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - This collaborative study between the NRC and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) addresses the problems facing China in the next twenty years as it attempts to provide personal transport desired by millions of Chinese, while preserving the environment and the livability of its cities. According to Song Jian, president of the CAE, the decision has already been taken to produce a moderate cost family car in China, which will greatly increase the number of vehicles on the roads. This study explores the issues confronting the country, including health issues, the challenge to urban areas, particularly the growing number of megacities, environmental protection, infrastructure requirements, and technological options for Chinese vehicles. It draws on the experience of the United States and other countries and review model approaches to urban transportation and land use planning. Recommendations and policy choices for China are described in detail. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Cooperation in the Energy Futures of China and the United States--Chinese Version PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9962/cooperation-in-the-energy-futures-of-china-and-the-united-states-chinese-version PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Research Council A2 - Stephanie Joyce A2 - Anne-Marie Mazza A2 - Steven Kendall TI - Positioning Synthetic Biology to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century: Summary Report of a Six Academies Symposium Series SN - DO - 10.17226/13316 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13316/positioning-synthetic-biology-to-meet-the-challenges-of-the-21st-century PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Synthetic biology -- unlike any research discipline that precedes it -- has the potential to bypass the less predictable process of evolution to usher in a new and dynamic way of working with living systems. Ultimately, synthetic biologists hope to design and build engineered biological systems with capabilities that do not exist in natural systems -- capabilities that may ultimately be used for applications in manufacturing, food production, and global health. Importantly, synthetic biology represents an area of science and engineering that raises technical, ethical, regulatory, security, biosafety, intellectual property, and other issues that will be resolved differently in different parts of the world. As a better understanding of the global synthetic biology landscape could lead to tremendous benefits, six academies -- the United Kingdom's Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, the United States' National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering, and the Chinese Academy of Science and Chinese Academy of Engineering -- organized a series of international symposia on the scientific, technical, and policy issues associated with synthetic biology. Positioning Synthetic Biology to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century summarizes the symposia proceedings. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Steven Olson TI - International Summit on Human Gene Editing: A Global Discussion DO - 10.17226/21913 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21913/international-summit-on-human-gene-editing-a-global-discussion PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - New biochemical tools have made it possible to change the DNA sequences of living organisms with unprecedented ease and precision. These new tools have generated great excitement in the scientific and medical communities because of their potential to advance biological understanding, alter the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals, and treat human diseases. They also have raised profound questions about how people may choose to alter not only their own DNA but the genomes of future generations. To explore the many questions surrounding the use of gene editing tools in humans, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the U.S. National Academy of Medicine, the Royal Society, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences hosted an international summit in December 2015 to present and deliberate on the scientific, ethical, legal, social, and governance issues associated with human gene editing. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Research Council TI - Energy Futures and Urban Air Pollution: Challenges for China and the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/12001 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12001/energy-futures-and-urban-air-pollution-challenges-for-china-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The United States and China are the top two energy consumers in the world. As a consequence, they are also the top two emitters of numerous air pollutants which have local, regional, and global impacts. Urbanization has led to serious air pollution problems in U.S. and Chinese cities; although U.S. cities continues to face challenges, the lessons they have learned in managing energy use and air quality are relevant to the Chinese experience. This report summarizes current trends, profiles two U.S. and two Chinese cities, and recommends key actions to enable each country to continue to improve urban air quality. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Transgenic Plants and World Agriculture DO - 10.17226/9889 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9889/transgenic-plants-and-world-agriculture PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - This report concludes that steps must be taken to meet the urgent need for sustainable practices in world agriculture if the demands of an expanding world population are to be met without destroying the environment or natural resource base. In particular, GM technology, coupled with important developments in other areas, should be used to increase the production of main food staples, improve the efficiency of production, reduce the environmental impact of agriculture, and provide access to food for small-scale farmers. However, concerted, organized efforts must be undertaken to investigate the potential health and environmental effects—both positive and negative—of GM technologies in their specific applications. These must be assessed against the background of effects from conventional agricultural technologies that are currently in use. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Michael Greene TI - The Future of Personal Transport in China: Summary of a Symposium, January 12, 2001 DO - 10.17226/10214 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10214/the-future-of-personal-transport-in-china-summary-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - AB - In August 1999 a delegation from the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) visited The National Academies in Washington to discuss opportunities for collaboration on a study of the future of personal use vehicles in China. Barely motorized at present, China is confronted with the prospect of a massive increase in demand for automobiles. This is a summary of the first meeting of the Committee on the Future of Personal Use Vehicles in China, where the committee invited a group of experts to join some members of the committee to review the issues surrounding rapid motorization in China and the world experience in confronting similar problems in other countries. This symposium was designed to serve as the initial technical presentation to the committee and enabled some of the more difficult issues to be introduced by non-member experts in a setting outside of the committee room where they would be debated. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James P. Smith A2 - Malay Majmundar TI - Aging in Asia: Findings from New and Emerging Data Initiatives SN - DO - 10.17226/13361 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13361/aging-in-asia-findings-from-new-and-emerging-data-initiatives PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The population of Asia is growing both larger and older. Demographically the most important continent on the world, Asia's population, currently estimated to be 4.2 billion, is expected to increase to about 5.9 billion by 2050. Rapid declines in fertility, together with rising life expectancy, are altering the age structure of the population so that in 2050, for the first time in history, there will be roughly as many people in Asia over the age of 65 as under the age of 15. It is against this backdrop that the Division of Behavioral and Social Research at the U.S. National Institute on Aging (NIA) asked the National Research Council (NRC), through the Committee on Population, to undertake a project on advancing behavioral and social research on aging in Asia. Aging in Asia: Findings from New and Emerging Data Initiatives is a peer-reviewed collection of papers from China, India, Indonesia, Japan, and Thailand that were presented at two conferences organized in conjunction with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, Indonesian Academy of Sciences, and Science Council of Japan; the first conference was hosted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, and the second conference was hosted by the Indian National Science Academy in New Delhi. The papers in the volume highlight the contributions from new and emerging data initiatives in the region and cover subject areas such as economic growth, labor markets, and consumption; family roles and responsibilities; and labor markets and consumption. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Growing Populations, Changing Landscapes: Studies from India, China, and the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/10144 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10144/growing-populations-changing-landscapes-studies-from-india-china-and-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - As the world’s population exceeds an incredible 6 billion people, governments—and scientists—everywhere are concerned about the prospects for sustainable development. The science academies of the three most populous countries have joined forces in an unprecedented effort to understand the linkage between population growth and land-use change, and its implications for the future. By examining six sites ranging from agricultural to intensely urban to areas in transition, the multinational study panel asks how population growth and consumption directly cause land-use change, and explore the general nature of the forces driving the transformations. Growing Populations, Changing Landscapes explains how disparate government policies with unintended consequences and globalization effects that link local land-use changes to consumption patterns and labor policies in distant countries can be far more influential than simple numerical population increases. Recognizing the importance of these linkages can be a significant step toward more effective environmental management. ER -