TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters: BEIR IV SN - DO - 10.17226/1026 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1026/health-risks-of-radon-and-other-internally-deposited-alpha-emitters PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - This book describes hazards from radon progeny and other alpha-emitters that humans may inhale or ingest from their environment. In their analysis, the authors summarize in one document clinical and epidemiological evidence, the results of animal studies, research on alpha-particle damage at the cellular level, metabolic pathways for internal alpha-emitters, dosimetry and microdosimetry of radionuclides deposited in specific tissues, and the chemical toxicity of some low-specific-activity alpha-emitters. Techniques for estimating the risks to humans posed by radon and other internally deposited alpha-emitters are offered, along with a discussion of formulas, models, methods, and the level of uncertainty inherent in the risk estimates. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Physiological Limitations on Crop Production Under Temperature and Moisture Stress DO - 10.17226/21254 PY - 1969 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21254/physiological-limitations-on-crop-production-under-temperature-and-moisture-stress PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Agriculture ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jennifer Saunders TI - New Approach Methods (NAMs) for Human Health Risk Assessment: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26496 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26496/new-approach-methods-nams-for-human-health-risk-assessment-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Animal testing is often used to assess the potential risks, uses, and environmental impacts of chemicals. New Approach Methods (NAMs) are technologies and approaches (including computational modeling, in vitro assays, and testing using alternative animal species) that can inform hazard and risk assessment decisions without the use of animal testing. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened a 1-day virtual public workshop on December 9, 2021, to address the potential utility and expectations for the future use of NAMs in risk assessment and to reflect on the challenges to their implementation. The workshop focused on how traditional toxicity studies are used in informing chemical safety decisions and variability and concordance of traditional mammalian toxicity studies. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Keegan Sawyer TI - The Promise of Single-Cell and Single-Molecule Analysis Tools to Advance Environmental Health Research: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25492 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25492/the-promise-of-single-cell-and-single-molecule-analysis-tools-to-advance-environmental-health-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Over the past decade, single-molecule and single-cell technologies have rapidly advanced healthcare research by enabling scientists to isolate individual cells. On March 7–8, 2019, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 2-day workshop to explore new single-cell and single-molecule analysis technologies. The participants discussed different uses of new cell technologies, valuable tools and lessons for data analysis, the challenges of translating single-cell genomics to the clinic, and applications in environmental health. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Opportunities and Challenges for Digital Twins in Biomedical Research: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26922 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26922/opportunities-and-challenges-for-digital-twins-in-biomedical-research-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Health and Medicine KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The digital twin (DT) is an emerging technology that builds on the convergence of computer science, mathematics, engineering, and the life sciences. Given the multiscale nature of biological structures and their environment, biomedical DTs can represent molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, patients, and populations and can include aspects from across the modeling and simulation ecosystem. DTs have the potential advance biomedical research with applications for personalized medicine, pharmaceutical development, and clinical trials. On January 30, 2023, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop to discuss the definitions and taxonomy of DTs within the biomedical field, current methods and promising practices for DT development and use as various levels of complexity, key technical challenges and opportunities in the near and long term for DT development and use, and opportunities for translation of promising practices from other field and domains. Workshop panelists highlighted key challenges and opportunities for medical DTs at varying scales, including the varied visions and challenges for DTs, the trade-offs between embracing or simplifying complexity in DTs, the unique spatial and temporal considerations that arise, the diversity of models and data being used in DTs, the challenges with connecting data and models across scales, and implementation issues surrounding data privacy in DTs. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Research Council A2 - Stephanie Joyce A2 - Anne-Marie Mazza A2 - Steven Kendall TI - Positioning Synthetic Biology to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century: Summary Report of a Six Academies Symposium Series SN - DO - 10.17226/13316 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13316/positioning-synthetic-biology-to-meet-the-challenges-of-the-21st-century PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Synthetic biology -- unlike any research discipline that precedes it -- has the potential to bypass the less predictable process of evolution to usher in a new and dynamic way of working with living systems. Ultimately, synthetic biologists hope to design and build engineered biological systems with capabilities that do not exist in natural systems -- capabilities that may ultimately be used for applications in manufacturing, food production, and global health. Importantly, synthetic biology represents an area of science and engineering that raises technical, ethical, regulatory, security, biosafety, intellectual property, and other issues that will be resolved differently in different parts of the world. As a better understanding of the global synthetic biology landscape could lead to tremendous benefits, six academies -- the United Kingdom's Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, the United States' National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering, and the Chinese Academy of Science and Chinese Academy of Engineering -- organized a series of international symposia on the scientific, technical, and policy issues associated with synthetic biology. Positioning Synthetic Biology to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century summarizes the symposia proceedings. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Norman Haller TI - Bio-Inspired Signature Management for the U.S. Army: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/25702 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25702/bio-inspired-signature-management-for-the-us-army-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop of subject-matter experts on September 16, 2019, to gather information that will improve understanding of the science and technology (S&T) issues and opportunities in signature management for future U.S. Army missions. This workshop was part of a series of S&T activities under the National Academies Board on Army Research and Development. The goals of this meeting were to identify clear paths that illuminate knowledge of how biological systems sense prey and mask their signatures; explore promising S&T avenues to pursue and ways to improve information sharing; and to encourage a community of scholars to pursue these ideas further. This publication highlights the presentations of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiations: Time for Reassessment? SN - DO - 10.17226/6230 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6230/health-effects-of-exposure-to-low-levels-of-ionizing-radiations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Radiation and Indoor Air asked the National Research Council to evaluate whether sufficient new data exist to warrant a reassessment of health risks reported in Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiations (BEIR V) in 1990. To respond to this request, the National Research Council assembled the Committee on Health Risks of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiations. The work of the committee was conducted in what was called the BEIR VII phase-1 study. To assist the committee during its deliberations, various scientists were consulted for advice, and a workshop on the impact of biology on risk assessment was held in collaboration with the Department of Energy Office of Health and Environmental Research. The intent of the workshop was to address the implications of new understanding of the biologic basis of radiation injury and carcinogenesis for risk assessment. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Patricia McAdams A2 - Evonne Tang TI - Promise and Challenges in Systems Microbiology: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10934 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10934/promise-and-challenges-in-systems-microbiology-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - Microbiologists have become interested in applying “systems biology” to understand and harness complex biological processes in microbial communities. A systems approach, which attempts to use comparative, high-throughput assays, and mathematical or computational models, has been used to generate a picture of system-wide activity that can yield insight into processes operating within a single cell. But the concept of integrating advances in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics and incorporating them into mathematical models can also be applied to microbial ecosystems, which typically occur in consortia of related and unrelated organisms. Research on microbial communities using a system-based approach could provide a broader perspective on controls on biological processes and how they operate in and among microorganisms. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on “Progress and Promises of Systems Microbiology” in August 2003, with the intent of providing a forum for discussion of the tools, technology, and programs that are needed to advance the study of microorganisms through a systems approach. Participants also discussed ways to encourage collaboration among scientists of different disciplines. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lisa Bain A2 - Sheena M. Posey Norris A2 - Clare Stroud TI - Sex Differences in Brain Disorders: Emerging Transcriptomic Evidence: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26058 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26058/sex-differences-in-brain-disorders-emerging-transcriptomic-evidence-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Accumulating evidence gathered over the past three decades has demonstrated a biological basis for differences between men and women with respect to clinical features and treatment responses to several neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disorders. Dramatic sex differences have also been identified in the brain transcriptomes of individuals with multiple brain disorders, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and autism. The brain transcriptome includes all of the messenger RNA as well as the non-protein-coding RNA molecules expressed in brain tissue and thus represents gene activity. To explore these sex-based transcriptomic differences further, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders hosted a workshop on September 23, 2020, titled Sex Differences in Brain Disorders: Emerging Transcriptomic Evidence and Implications for Therapeutic Development. The workshop brought together a broad spectrum of stakeholders to share cutting-edge emerging evidence, discuss challenges, and identify future opportunities and potential directions. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Every Child a Scientist: Achieving Scientific Literacy for All SN - DO - 10.17226/6005 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6005/every-child-a-scientist-achieving-scientific-literacy-for-all PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - As more schools begin to implement the National Science Education Standards, adults who care about the quality of K-12 science education in their communities may want to help their local schools make the transition. This booklet provides guidance to parents and others, explains why high-quality science education is important for all children and young adults, and shows how the quality of school science programs can be measured. Center for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education Staff; 1998, 32 pages, 8.5 x 11, single copy, $10.00; 2-9 copies, $7.00 each; 10 or more copies, $4.50 each (no other discounts apply). ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Diana E. Pankevich A2 - Theresa Wizemann A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt TI - Sex Differences and Implications for Translational Neuroscience Research: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13004 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13004/sex-differences-and-implications-for-translational-neuroscience-research-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Biological differences between the sexes influence not only individual health but also public health, biomedical research, and health care. The Institute of Medicine held a workshop March 8-9, 2010, to discuss sex differences and their implications for translational neuroscience research, which bridges the gap between scientific discovery and application. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology SN - DO - 10.17226/1216 PY - 1989 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1216/biologic-markers-in-pulmonary-toxicology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Biologic markers—indicators of biological exposure or change—offer the promise of early detection of disease caused by environmental exposure. Researchers have used these markers to discover indications of pulmonary damage from low-level ozone, a finding with serious implications for health professionals and environmental regulators. Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology is a comprehensive study of this use of biologic markers. Focusing on the respiratory tract as an entryway for airborne pollutants, this volume reviews new ways of measuring markers, the need for markers to indicate dose or exposure levels, noninvasive respiratory function tests for use with healthy humans to detect sensitivity to inhaled pollutants, approaches to evaluating markers down to the cellular and biochemical levels, and more. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Howard Frumkin A2 - Richard J. Jackson A2 - Christine M. Coussens TI - Health and the Environment in the Southeastern United States: Rebuilding Unity: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10535 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10535/health-and-the-environment-in-the-southeastern-united-states-rebuilding PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - The purpose of this regional workshop in the Southeast was to broaden the environmental health perspective from its typical focus on environmental toxicology to a view that included the impact of the natural, built, and social environments on human health. Early in the planning, Roundtable members realized that the process of engaging speakers and developing an agenda for the workshop would be nearly as instructive as the workshop itself. In their efforts to encourage a wide scope of participation, Roundtable members sought input from individuals from a broad range of diverse fields-urban planners, transportation engineers, landscape architects, developers, clergy, local elected officials, heads of industry, and others. This workshop summary captures the discussions that occurred during the two-day meeting. During this workshop, four main themes were explored: (1) environmental and individual health are intrinsically intertwined; (2) traditional methods of ensuring environmental health protection, such as regulations, should be balanced by more cooperative approaches to problem solving; (3) environmental health efforts should be holistic and interdisciplinary; and (4) technological advances, along with coordinated action across educational, business, social, and political spheres, offer great hope for protecting environmental health. This workshop report is an informational document that provides a summary of the regional meeting. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - A New Biology for the 21st Century SN - DO - 10.17226/12764 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12764/a-new-biology-for-the-21st-century PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Now more than ever, biology has the potential to contribute practical solutions to many of the major challenges confronting the United States and the world. A New Biology for the 21st Century recommends that a "New Biology" approach—one that depends on greater integration within biology, and closer collaboration with physical, computational, and earth scientists, mathematicians and engineers—be used to find solutions to four key societal needs: sustainable food production, ecosystem restoration, optimized biofuel production, and improvement in human health. The approach calls for a coordinated effort to leverage resources across the federal, private, and academic sectors to help meet challenges and improve the return on life science research in general. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Biotechnology and the Food Supply: Proceedings of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/1369 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1369/biotechnology-and-the-food-supply-proceedings-of-a-symposium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Sheena M. Posey Norris A2 - Diana E. Pankevich A2 - Miriam Davis A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt TI - Improving and Accelerating Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18494 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18494/improving-and-accelerating-therapeutic-development-for-nervous-system-disorders-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Improving and Accelerating Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders is the summary of a workshop convened by the IOM Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders to examine opportunities to accelerate early phases of drug development for nervous system drug discovery. Workshop participants discussed challenges in neuroscience research for enabling faster entry of potential treatments into first-in-human trials, explored how new and emerging tools and technologies may improve the efficiency of research, and considered mechanisms to facilitate a more effective and efficient development pipeline. There are several challenges to the current drug development pipeline for nervous system disorders. The fundamental etiology and pathophysiology of many nervous system disorders are unknown and the brain is inaccessible to study, making it difficult to develop accurate models. Patient heterogeneity is high, disease pathology can occur years to decades before becoming clinically apparent, and diagnostic and treatment biomarkers are lacking. In addition, the lack of validated targets, limitations related to the predictive validity of animal models - the extent to which the model predicts clinical efficacy - and regulatory barriers can also impede translation and drug development for nervous system disorders. Improving and Accelerating Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders identifies avenues for moving directly from cellular models to human trials, minimizing the need for animal models to test efficacy, and discusses the potential benefits and risks of such an approach. This report is a timely discussion of opportunities to improve early drug development with a focus toward preclinical trials. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Letter Report to Review the International Epidemiology Public Health Institute's Evaluation of Radiofrequency Energy from the PAVE PAWS Radar DO - 10.17226/11606 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11606/letter-report-to-review-the-international-epidemiology-public-health-institutes-evaluation-of-radiofrequency-energy-from-the-pave-paws-radar PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Paul C. Stern A2 - Laura L. Carstensen TI - The Aging Mind: Opportunities in Cognitive Research SN - DO - 10.17226/9783 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9783/the-aging-mind-opportunities-in-cognitive-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - Possible new breakthroughs in understanding the aging mind that can be used to benefit older people are now emerging from research. This volume identifies the key scientific advances and the opportunities they bring. For example, science has learned that among older adults who do not suffer from Alzheimer's disease or other dementias, cognitive decline may depend less on loss of brain cells than on changes in the health of neurons and neural networks. Research on the processes that maintain neural health shows promise of revealing new ways to promote cognitive functioning in older people. Research is also showing how cognitive functioning depends on the conjunction of biology and culture. The ways older people adapt to changes in their nervous systems, and perhaps the changes themselves, are shaped by past life experiences, present living situations, changing motives, cultural expectations, and emerging technology, as well as by their physical health status and sensory-motor capabilities. Improved understanding of how physical and contextual factors interact can help explain why some cognitive functions are impaired in aging while others are spared and why cognitive capability is impaired in some older adults and spared in others. On the basis of these exciting findings, the report makes specific recommends that the U.S. government support three major new initiatives as the next steps for research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Toxicogenomic Technologies and Risk Assessment of Environmental Carcinogens: A Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11335 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11335/toxicogenomic-technologies-and-risk-assessment-of-environmental-carcinogens-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - Toxicogenomics is a discipline that combines expertise in toxicology, genetics, molecular biology, and environmental health to help understand the response of living organisms to stressful environments. The National Research Council convened a workshop to discuss how toxicogenomic data could be applied to improve risk assessments, particularly cancer risk from environmental exposure to chemicals. Risk assessments serve as the basis of many public-health decisions in environmental, occupational, and consumer protection from chemicals. The workshop provided a forum for communities of experts, including those working in "-omics" and those in the policy arena, to discuss where their fields intersect, and how toxicogenomics could address critical knowledge gaps in risk assessments. ER -