TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Yee San Su TI - Navigating the Energy Transition in the Gulf of Mexico: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/27102 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27102/navigating-the-energy-transition-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - Today, with a changing climate putting pressure on communities and ecosystems worldwide, goals for a carbon-neutral economy mean that renewable and low-carbon energy sources are being presented as solutions. While these cleaner energy sources have the potential to reduce risk to the environment and bring energy security closer to a reality, questions remain about the stability of the energy supply chain, the ability to meet energy demand reliably, and the best ways to produce fair and equitable outcomes in an energy transition. To serve as a catalyst for developing new insights and coordination around the energy transition, the Gulf Research Program at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day workshop in Washington, DC, called Navigating the Energy Transition in the Gulf of Mexico. Based around two scenarios in the year 2050 - one in which a carbon neutral economy is achieved and another in which robust dependence on fossil fuels remains - this serious gaming event stimulated the sharing of ideas, concerns, and cascading impacts from participants across academia, industry, government, and Gulf communities. This publication summarizes the activities, presentations, and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change SN - DO - 10.17226/12785 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12785/limiting-the-magnitude-of-future-climate-change PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - Climate change, driven by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, poses serious, wide-ranging threats to human societies and natural ecosystems around the world. The largest overall source of greenhouse gas emissions is the burning of fossil fuels. The global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the dominant greenhouse gas of concern, is increasing by roughly two parts per million per year, and the United States is currently the second-largest contributor to global emissions behind China. Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change, part of the congressionally requested America's Climate Choices suite of studies, focuses on the role of the United States in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The book concludes that in order to ensure that all levels of government, the private sector, and millions of households and individuals are contributing to shared national goals, the United States should establish a "budget" that sets a limit on total domestic greenhouse emissions from 2010-2050. Meeting such a budget would require a major departure from business as usual in the way the nation produces and uses energy-and that the nation act now to aggressively deploy all available energy efficiencies and less carbon-intensive technologies and to develop new ones. With no financial incentives or regulatory pressure, the nation will continue to rely upon and "lock in" carbon-intensive technologies and systems unless a carbon pricing system is established-either cap-and-trade, a system of taxing emissions, or a combination of the two. Complementary policies are also needed to accelerate progress in key areas: developing more efficient, less carbon-intense energy sources in electricity and transportation; advancing full-scale development of new-generation nuclear power, carbon capture, and storage systems; and amending emissions-intensive energy infrastructure. Research and development of new technologies that could help reduce emissions more cost effectively than current options is also strongly recommended. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Research Council TI - The Ongoing Challenge of Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Fairbanks, Alaska: Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/10378 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10378/the-ongoing-challenge-of-managing-carbon-monoxide-pollution-in-fairbanks-alaska PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic air pollutant produced largely from vehicle emissions. Breathing CO at high concentrations leads to reduced oxygen transport by hemoglobin, which has health effects that include impaired reaction timing, headaches, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, clouding of consciousness, coma, and, at high enough concentrations and long enough exposure, death. In recognition of those health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as directed by the Clean Air Act, established the health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for CO in 1971.Most areas that were previously designated as "nonattainment" areas have come into compliance with the NAAQS for CO, but some locations still have difficulty in attaining the CO standards. Those locations tend to have topographical or meteorological characteristics that exacerbate pollution. In view of the challenges posed for some areas to attain compliance with the NAAQS for CO, congress asked the National Research Council to investigate the problem of CO in areas with meteorological and topographical problems. This interim report deals specifically with Fairbanks, Alaska. Fairbanks was chosen as a case study because its meteorological and topographical characteristics make it susceptible to severe winter inversions that trap CO and other pollutants at ground level. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Curt Suplee TI - What You Need to Know About Energy DO - 10.17226/12204 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12204/what-you-need-to-know-about-energy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Engineering and Technology AB - American society, with a standard of living unprecedented in human history, can attribute a large measure of its success to increasingly sophisticated uses of energy. But that condition has come at a cost to irreplaceable resources, to the environment, and to our national independence. The goal of What You Need to Know About Energy is to present an accurate picture of America's current and projected energy needs and to describe options that are likely to play a significant role in our energy future. Written for a general audience, the booklet begins with a description of the status of energy in 21st-century America, including an account of our main sources of energy and a survey of the nation's energy demand versus the world's available supply. It then looks ahead to the quest for greater energy efficiency and to a portfolio of emerging technologies. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Flux of Organic Carbon by Rivers to the Oceans: Report of a Workshop, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, September 21-25, 1980 DO - 10.17226/19737 PY - 1981 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19737/flux-of-organic-carbon-by-rivers-to-the-oceans-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Paul C. Stern TI - Human Interactions with the Carbon Cycle: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/10357 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10357/human-interactions-with-the-carbon-cycle-summary-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - The USGCRP's Carbon Cycle Working Group asked the National Research Council's Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change to hold a workshop on Human Interactions with the Carbon Cycle. The basic purpose of the workshop was to help build bridges between the research communities in the social sciences and the natural sciences that might eventually work together to produce the needed understanding of the carbon cycle-an understanding that can inform public decisions that could, among other things, prevent disasters from resulting from the ways humanity has been altering the carbon cycle. Members of the working group hoped that a successful workshop would improve communication between the relevant research communities in the natural and social sciences, leading eventually to an expansion of the carbon cycle program element in directions that would better integrate the two domains. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Carbon Monoxide DO - 10.17226/20333 PY - 1977 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20333/carbon-monoxide PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the Draft Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR2) SN - DO - 10.17226/25045 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25045/review-of-the-draft-second-state-of-the-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - The second “State of the Climate Cycle Report” (SOCCR2) aims to elucidate the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the carbon cycle and to discuss the challenges of accounting for all major carbon stocks and flows for the North American continent. This assessment report has broad value, as understanding the carbon cycle is not just an academic exercise. Rather, this understanding can provide an important foundation for making a wide variety of societal decisions about land use and natural resource management, climate change mitigation strategies, urban planning, and energy production and consumption. To help assure the quality and rigor of SOCCR2, this report provides an independent critique of the draft document. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluating Progress of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program: Methods and Preliminary Results SN - DO - 10.17226/11934 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11934/evaluating-progress-of-the-us-climate-change-science-program-methods PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) coordinates the efforts of 13 federal agencies to understand why climate is changing, to improve predictions about how it will change in the future, and to use that information to assess impacts on human systems and ecosystems and to better support decision making. Evaluating Progress of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program is the first review of the CCSP's progress since the program was established in 2002. It lays out a method for evaluating the CCSP, and uses that method to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the entire program and to identify areas where progress has not met expectations. The committee found that the program has made good progress in documenting and understanding temperature trends and related environmental changes on a global scale, as well as in understanding the influence of human activities on these observed changes. The ability to predict future climate changes also has improved, but efforts to understand the impacts of such changes on society and analyze mitigation and adaptation strategies are still relatively immature. The program also has not met expectations in supporting decision making, studying regional impacts, and communicating with a wider group of stakeholders. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Industrialization of Biology: A Roadmap to Accelerate the Advanced Manufacturing of Chemicals SN - DO - 10.17226/19001 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19001/industrialization-of-biology-a-roadmap-to-accelerate-the-advanced-manufacturing PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Industry and Labor AB - The tremendous progress in biology over the last half century - from Watson and Crick's elucidation of the structure of DNA to today's astonishing, rapid progress in the field of synthetic biology - has positioned us for significant innovation in chemical production. New bio-based chemicals, improved public health through improved drugs and diagnostics, and biofuels that reduce our dependency on oil are all results of research and innovation in the biological sciences. In the past decade, we have witnessed major advances made possible by biotechnology in areas such as rapid, low-cost DNA sequencing, metabolic engineering, and high-throughput screening. The manufacturing of chemicals using biological synthesis and engineering could expand even faster. A proactive strategy - implemented through the development of a technical roadmap similar to those that enabled sustained growth in the semiconductor industry and our explorations of space - is needed if we are to realize the widespread benefits of accelerating the industrialization of biology. Industrialization of Biology presents such a roadmap to achieve key technical milestones for chemical manufacturing through biological routes. This report examines the technical, economic, and societal factors that limit the adoption of bioprocessing in the chemical industry today and which, if surmounted, would markedly accelerate the advanced manufacturing of chemicals via industrial biotechnology. Working at the interface of synthetic chemistry, metabolic engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology, Industrialization of Biology identifies key technical goals for next-generation chemical manufacturing, then identifies the gaps in knowledge, tools, techniques, and systems required to meet those goals, and targets and timelines for achieving them. This report also considers the skills necessary to accomplish the roadmap goals, and what training opportunities are required to produce the cadre of skilled scientists and engineers needed. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Innovations in Catalysis to Address Modern Challenges: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/27161 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27161/innovations-in-catalysis-to-address-modern-challenges-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Chemical Sciences Roundtable convened a workshop to discuss how the chemistry and chemical engineering communities can contribute practical solutions for improving chemical production through innovations in catalysis. Keynote presentations highlighted the implementation of sustainability in catalysis, including policy considerations and systems-level approaches to catalysis innovations. Throughout three presentation sessions, workshop participants discussed opportunities in various fields of catalysis, such as biocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis, as well as novel approaches to catalyst design and catalytic processes and reactions. The workshop also featured a session titled Vistas in Catalysis, in which 14 participants gave 3-minute presentations on topics ranging from photoelectrochemical water-splitting to machine learning in catalyst development. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Energy and Transportation: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century SN - DO - 10.17226/10814 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10814/energy-and-transportation-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - This book, also based on a workshop, assesses the current state of chemistry and chemical engineering at the interface with novel and existing forms of energy and transportation systems. The book also identifies challenges for the chemical sciences in helping to meet the increased demand for more energy, and opportunities for research in energy technologies and in the development of transportation vehicles. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Direct Air Capture and Mineral Carbonation Approaches for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/25132 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25132/direct-air-capture-and-mineral-carbonation-approaches-for-carbon-dioxide-removal-and-reliable-sequestration PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Direct air capture (DAC) refers to a range of technologies that capture and concentrate carbon dioxide (CO2) from ambient air. These technologies can include chemical scrubbing processes that capture CO2 through absorption or adsorption separation processes. DAC can also refer to the process that involves rapid mineralization of CO2 at the Earth’s surface, termed mineral carbonation. On October 5, 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conducted a webinar-based panel discussion that explored the limitations, appropriate scale, and future costs (both capital and energy) of DAC technologies. Panelists described technological readiness, current research needs, and potential environmental impacts of DAC. The National Academies then held a workshop on October 24, 2017, in Irvine, CA, to examine the scientific questions relevant to developing a research and development plan for DAC moving forward, and to assess co-benefits, costs, and barriers to implementation of this technology at significant scales. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from these events. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Michael J. Murphy A2 - Thomas I. McSweeney TI - Technical Assessment of Dry Ice Limits on Aircraft DO - 10.17226/22651 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22651/technical-assessment-of-dry-ice-limits-on-aircraft PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program (HMCRP) Report 11: Technical Assessment of Dry Ice Limits on Aircraft describes a technical approach to determining the maximum quantity of dry ice that may be safely carried aboard aircraft.The report includes guidelines for helping to determine safe limits for carriage of dry ice on commercial airplanes and a CD-ROM-based software tool designed to assist in determining appropriate dry ice loadings. The CD-ROM is packaged with the print version of the report.The CD-ROM is also available for download from TRB’s website as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM ImageDownload the .ISO CD-ROM Image(Warning: This is a large file and may take some time to download using a high-speed connection.)CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs SN - DO - 10.17226/25232 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25232/gaseous-carbon-waste-streams-utilization-status-and-research-needs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - In the quest to mitigate the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, researchers and policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to techniques for capturing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, either from the locations where they are emitted or directly from the atmosphere. Once captured, these gases can be stored or put to use. While both carbon storage and carbon utilization have costs, utilization offers the opportunity to recover some of the cost and even generate economic value. While current carbon utilization projects operate at a relatively small scale, some estimates suggest the market for waste carbon-derived products could grow to hundreds of billions of dollars within a few decades, utilizing several thousand teragrams of waste carbon gases per year. Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs assesses research and development needs relevant to understanding and improving the commercial viability of waste carbon utilization technologies and defines a research agenda to address key challenges. The report is intended to help inform decision making surrounding the development and deployment of waste carbon utilization technologies under a variety of circumstances, whether motivated by a goal to improve processes for making carbon-based products, to generate revenue, or to achieve environmental goals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Planning Climate and Global Change Research: A Review of the Draft U.S. Climate Change Science Program Strategic Plan DO - 10.17226/11565 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11565/planning-climate-and-global-change-research-a-review-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Accomplishments of the U.S. Global Change Research Program SN - DO - 10.17226/24670 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24670/accomplishments-of-the-us-global-change-research-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) is an interagency program, established by the Global Change Research Act (GCRA) of 1990, mandated by Congress to "assist the Nation and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change". Since the USGCRP began, scientific understanding of global change has increased and the information needs of the nation have changed dramatically. A better understanding of what is changing and why can help decision makers in the public and private sectors cope with ongoing change. Accomplishments of the U.S. Global Change Research Program highlights the growth of global change science in the quarter century that the USGCRP has been in existence, and documents some of its contributions to that growth through its primary functions of interagency planning and coordination, and of synthesis of research and practice to inform decision making. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Steven Moss A2 - Andrew Bremer TI - Successes and Challenges in Biomanufacturing: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26846 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26846/successes-and-challenges-in-biomanufacturing-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The use of living organisms and biological components in manufacturing processes is increasing across manufacturing sectors. However, biomanufacturing faces several bottlenecks and challenges to continued growth. To share practices and potential solutions, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop titled Successes and Challenges in Biomanufacturing on October 24-25, 2022. The workshop brought together biomanufacturing stakeholders across industry, academia, and government with expertise across diverse fields, including U.S.-based and international speakers. Discussions spanned the breadth of biomanufacturing contexts and applications, including bioindustrial and biopharmaceutical manufacturing. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief provides a high-level summary of the topics addressed at the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade, Overview SN - DO - 10.17226/6264 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6264/global-environmental-change-research-pathways-for-the-next-decade-overview PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Disposal of Activated Carbon from Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities SN - DO - 10.17226/12646 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12646/disposal-of-activated-carbon-from-chemical-agent-disposal-facilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - For the last two decades, the United States has been destroying its entire stockpile of chemical agents. At the facilities where these agents are being destroyed, effluent gas streams pass through large activated carbon filters before venting to ensure that any residual trace vapors of chemical agents and other pollutants do not escape into the atmosphere in exceedance of regulatory limits. All the carbon will have to be disposed of for final closure of these facilities to take place. In March 2008, the Chemical Materials Agency asked the National Research Council to study, evaluate, and recommend the best methods for proper and safe disposal of the used carbon from the operational disposal facilities. This volume examines various approaches to handling carbon waste streams from the four operating chemical agent disposal facilities. The approaches that will be used at each facility will ultimately be chosen bearing in mind local regulatory practices, facility design and operations, and the characteristics of agent inventories, along with other factors such as public involvement regarding facility operations. ER -