TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Leslie Pray TI - Protecting the Health and Well-Being of Communities in a Changing Climate: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24846 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24846/protecting-the-health-and-well-being-of-communities-in-a-changing-climate PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - On March 13, 2017, the Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine and the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement jointly convened a 1-day public workshop in Washington, DC, to explore potential strategies for public health, environmental health, health care, and related stakeholders to help communities and regions to address and mitigate the health effects of climate change. Participants discussed the perspectives of civic, government, business, and health-sector leaders, and existing research, best practices, and examples that inform stakeholders and practitioners on approaches to support mitigation of and adaptation to climate change and its effects on population health. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Katie Thomas A2 - Laurie Geller TI - Urban Forestry: Toward an Ecosystem Services Research Agenda: A Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18370 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18370/urban-forestry-toward-an-ecosystem-services-research-agenda-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Much of the ecological research in the past decades has focused on rural or wilderness areas. Today, however, ecological research has been taking place in our cities, where our everyday decisions can have profound effects on our environment. This research, or urban ecology, includes an important element, trees. Trees have had a variety of environmental benefits for our environment including the sequestering carbon, reducing urban heat island effects, providing vital habitat for wildlife, and making nature accessible. These benefits have important impacts on the physical, socio-economic, and mental health of humans as well. Being exposed to trees has been shown to enhance social cohesion, improve health and recreational opportunities, and increase real estate values. In order to gain more knowledge into this urban forestry, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) held a workshop February 25-26, 2013. The workshop brought together more than 100 people with various interests in urban forestry research to share information and perspectives, foster communication across specific areas of ecosystem service research, and consider integrated approaches that cut across these realms. The workshop specifically examined current capabilities to characterize and quantify the benefits, key gaps in our understanding, the challenges of planning urban forests in a way that optimizes multiple ecosystem services and more. Urban Forestry: Toward an Ecosystem Services Research Agenda: A Workshop Summary presents an overview of the issues discussed by the workshop's breakout groups; summarizes presentations from the four panels which included Biophysical Services of the Urban Forest; and context for the study with introductory material from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Robert Pool A2 - Kathleen Stratton TI - Bringing Public Health into Urban Revitalization: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21831 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21831/bringing-public-health-into-urban-revitalization-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - A particularly valuable opportunity to improve public health arises when an urban area is being redesigned and rebuilt following some type of serious disruption, whether it is caused by a sudden physical event, such as a hurricane or earthquake, or steady economic and social decline that may have occurred over decades. On November 10, 2014, the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine held a workshop concerning the ways in which the urban environment, conceived broadly from factors such as air quality and walkability to factors such as access to fresh foods and social support systems, can affect health. Participants explored the various opportunities to reimagine the built environment in a city and to increase the role of health promotion and protection during the process of urban revitalization. Bringing Public Health into Urban Revitalization summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Perspectives on Biodiversity: Valuing Its Role in an Everchanging World SN - DO - 10.17226/9589 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9589/perspectives-on-biodiversity-valuing-its-role-in-an-everchanging-world PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Resource-management decisions, especially in the area of protecting and maintaining biodiversity, are usually incremental, limited in time by the ability to forecast conditions and human needs, and the result of tradeoffs between conservation and other management goals. The individual decisions may not have a major effect but can have a cumulative major effect. Perspectives on Biodiversity reviews current understanding of the value of biodiversity and the methods that are useful in assessing that value in particular circumstances. It recommends and details a list of components—including diversity of species, genetic variability within and among species, distribution of species across the ecosystem, the aesthetic satisfaction derived from diversity, and the duty to preserve and protect biodiversity. The book also recommends that more information about the role of biodiversity in sustaining natural resources be gathered and summarized in ways useful to managers. Acknowledging that decisions about biodiversity are necessarily qualitative and change over time because of the nonmarket nature of so many of the values, the committee recommends periodic reviews of management decisions. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Proposed Guidelines for Fixed Objects in the Roadside Design Guide DO - 10.17226/26776 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26776/proposed-guidelines-for-fixed-objects-in-the-roadside-design-guide PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Crash data show that more than 18,000 traffic fatalities per year result from roadway departures, and over 7,000 of those roadway departure crashes involved collisions with roadside fixed objects. The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 336: Proposed Guidelines for Fixed Objects in the Roadside Design Guide helps develop an evaluation methodology and design guidance for use by engineering practitioners to quantify the relative risk of collisions with roadside fixed objects. The document is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1016: Design Guidelines for Mitigating Collisions with Trees and Utility Poles. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alison B. Cariveau, Wendy Caldwell, Eric Lonsdorf, Chris Nootenboom, Karen Tuerk, Emilie Snell-Rood, University of Minnesota A2 - Environmental Incentives Eric Anderson A2 - Kristen A. Baum, Oklahoma State University A2 - Jennifer Hopwood, Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation A2 - University of Wisconsin Karen Oberhauser TI - Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies DO - 10.17226/25693 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25693/evaluating-the-suitability-of-roadway-corridors-for-use-by-monarch-butterflies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Roadsides provide promising monarch habitat as they frequently contain nectar and host plants; however, they also present a range of risks, including pesticide spillover, vehicle collisions, contaminant runoff, and non-native vegetation.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 942: Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies provides guidance for roadside managers to determine the potential of their roadway corridors as habitat for monarch butterflies.The report also includes several tools and decision-support mechanisms to optimize habitat potential in a manner that is compatible with the continued operation and maintenance of the roadside. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - P. F. Lagasse A2 - P. E. Clopper A2 - C. I. Thornton A2 - F. D. Shields Jr A2 - J. McCullah A2 - W. J. Spitz TI - Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures DO - 10.17226/23540 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23540/evaluation-and-assessment-of-environmentally-sensitive-stream-bank-protection-measures PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 822: Evaluation and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Stream Bank Protection Measures evaluates and assesses existing guidelines for the design, installation, monitoring, and maintenance of environmentally sensitive stream bank stabilization and protection measures, and develops quantitative engineering design guidance for selected treatments. Updated design guidelines for three widely used treatments are presented: live siltation and live staking with a rock toe, vegetated mechanically stabilized earth, and vegetated rip rap.A compendium of field data, documentation, and photographs complement the report. The compendium is available as a DVD and available for download from TRB’s website as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a disc from an ISO image are provided below.Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM ImageDownload the .ISO CD-ROM Image(Warning: This is a large file and may take some time to download using a high-speed connection.)CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Richard H. Pratt A2 - John E. Evans, IV A2 - Herbert S. Levinson A2 - Shawn M. Turner A2 - Chawn Yaw Jeng A2 - Daniel Nabors A2 - Texas Transportation Institute TI - Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes Handbook, Third Edition: Chapter 16, Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities DO - 10.17226/22791 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22791/traveler-response-to-transportation-system-changes-handbook-third-edition-chapter-16-pedestrian-and-bicycle-facilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 95: Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes Handbook, Third Edition; Chapter 16, Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities examines pedestrian and bicyclist behavior and travel demand outcomes in a relatively broad sense.The report covers traveler response to non-motorized transportation (NMT) facilities both in isolation and as part of the total urban fabric, along with the effects of associated programs and promotion. The report looks not only at transportation outcomes, but also recreational and public health outcomes.TCRP Report 95, Chapter 16 focuses on the travel behavior and public health implications of pedestrian/bicycle area-wide systems; NMT-link facilities such as sidewalks, bicycle lanes, and on-transit accommodation of bicycles; and node-specific facilities such as street-crossing treatments, bicycle parking, and showers.The report also includes discussion of the implications of pedestrian and bicycle “friendly” neighborhoods, policies, programs, and promotion.The report is complemented by illustrative photographs provided as a “Photo Gallery” at the conclusion of the report. In addition, PowerPoint slides of the photographs are available for download..The Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes Handbook consists of these Chapter 1 introductory materials and 15 stand-alone published topic area chapters. Each topic area chapter provides traveler response findings including supportive information and interpretation, and also includes case studies and a bibliography consisting of the references utilized as sources. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Renewable Fuel Standard: Potential Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy SN - DO - 10.17226/13105 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13105/renewable-fuel-standard-potential-economic-and-environmental-effects-of-us PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate. Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/23551 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23551/pathways-to-urban-sustainability-challenges-and-opportunities-for-the-united PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Cities have experienced an unprecedented rate of growth in the last decade. More than half the world’s population lives in urban areas, with the U.S. percentage at 80 percent. Cities have captured more than 80 percent of the globe’s economic activity and offered social mobility and economic prosperity to millions by clustering creative, innovative, and educated individuals and organizations. Clustering populations, however, can compound both positive and negative conditions, with many modern urban areas experiencing growing inequality, debility, and environmental degradation. The spread and continued growth of urban areas presents a number of concerns for a sustainable future, particularly if cities cannot adequately address the rise of poverty, hunger, resource consumption, and biodiversity loss in their borders. Intended as a comparative illustration of the types of urban sustainability pathways and subsequent lessons learned existing in urban areas, this study examines specific examples that cut across geographies and scales and that feature a range of urban sustainability challenges and opportunities for collaborative learning across metropolitan regions. It focuses on nine cities across the United States and Canada (Los Angeles, CA, New York City, NY, Philadelphia, PA, Pittsburgh, PA, Grand Rapids, MI, Flint, MI, Cedar Rapids, IA, Chattanooga, TN, and Vancouver, Canada), chosen to represent a variety of metropolitan regions, with consideration given to city size, proximity to coastal and other waterways, susceptibility to hazards, primary industry, and several other factors. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy SN - DO - 10.17226/1807 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1807/restoration-of-aquatic-ecosystems-science-technology-and-public-policy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - Aldo Leopold, father of the "land ethic," once said, "The time has come for science to busy itself with the earth itself. The first step is to reconstruct a sample of what we had to begin with." The concept he expressed—restoration—is defined in this comprehensive new volume that examines the prospects for repairing the damage society has done to the nation's aquatic resources: lakes, rivers and streams, and wetlands. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems outlines a national strategy for aquatic restoration, with practical recommendations, and features case studies of aquatic restoration activities around the country. The committee examines: Key concepts and techniques used in restoration. Common factors in successful restoration efforts. Threats to the health of the nation's aquatic ecosystems. Approaches to evaluation before, during, and after a restoration project. The emerging specialties of restoration and landscape ecology. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries SN - DO - 10.17226/4766 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4766/wetlands-characteristics-and-boundaries PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - "Wetlands" has become a hot word in the current environmental debate. But what does it signify? In 1991, proposed changes in the legal definities of wetlands stirred controversy and focused attention on the scientific and economic aspects of their management. This volume explores how to define wetlands. The committee—whose members were drawn from academia, government, business, and the environmental community—builds a rational, scientific basis for delineating wetlands in the landscape and offers recommendations for further action. Wetlands also discusses the diverse hydrological and ecological functions of wetlands, and makes recommendations concerning so-called controversial areas such as permafrost wetlands, riparian ecosystems, irregularly flooded sites, and agricultural wetlands. It presents criteria for identifying wetlands and explores the problems of applying those criteria when there are seasonal changes in water levels. This comprehensive and practical volume will be of interest to environmental scientists and advocates, hydrologists, policymakers, regulators, faculty, researchers, and students of environmental studies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Elizabeth Ashby A2 - Anna Nicholson A2 - Tamara Haag TI - The Role of Plant Agricultural Practices on Development of Antimicrobial Resistant Fungi Affecting Human Health: Proceedings of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26833 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26833/the-role-of-plant-agricultural-practices-on-development-of-antimicrobial-resistant-fungi-affecting-human-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Antifungal use in plant agriculture is a widespread practice necessary to safeguard food safety and security. While the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health concern, knowledge gaps exist surrounding antifungal resistance, the connection to plant agriculture, and its implications for human health. The National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop series in June 2022 exploring the role of plant agricultural practices in AMR development and implications for human health, with a focus on plant crop production. Sessions explored the magnitude of environmentally induced/selected antifungal resistance connected to plant agriculture, agricultural practices that may contribute to AMR in human pathogens, and strategies for surveillance and mitigation.This Proceedings document summarizes workshop discussions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond SN - DO - 10.17226/11820 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11820/earth-science-and-applications-from-space-national-imperatives-for-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Natural and human-induced changes in Earth's interior, land surface, biosphere, atmosphere, and oceans affect all aspects of life. Understanding these changes requires a range of observations acquired from land-, sea-, air-, and space-based platforms. To assist NASA, NOAA, and USGS in developing these tools, the NRC was asked to carry out a "decadal strategy" survey of Earth science and applications from space that would develop the key scientific questions on which to focus Earth and environmental observations in the period 2005-2015 and beyond, and present a prioritized list of space programs, missions, and supporting activities to address these questions. This report presents a vision for the Earth science program; an analysis of the existing Earth Observing System and recommendations to help restore its capabilities; an assessment of and recommendations for new observations and missions for the next decade; an examination of and recommendations for effective application of those observations; and an analysis of how best to sustain that observation and applications system. ER -