TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carol Berkower TI - Reflections on the National Science Foundation's Understanding the Rules of Life Program: Proceedings of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/27020 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27020/reflections-on-the-national-science-foundations-understanding-the-rules-of-life-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - In 2016, the National Science Foundation (NSF) established a five-year program on Understanding the Rules of Life (URoL) to identify generalizable rules that govern biological systems at micro and macro levels. At the request of NSF, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a series of workshops to explore the achievements of the URoL program. Presenters and participants discussed integration of multi-disciplinary, systems-level approaches, broader implications for studying highly complex systems, future scientific questions and future societal needs, and the production of generalizable rules that apply to different fields and scales. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Options for a National Plan for Smart Manufacturing SN - DO - 10.17226/27260 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27260/options-for-a-national-plan-for-smart-manufacturing PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Smart manufacturing technologies - from advanced sensors to new computing capabilities - have the potential to greatly improve the productivity, energy efficiency, and sustainability of the U.S. manufacturing sector. Successfully implementing these technologies is essential for ensuring U.S. competitiveness and providing new job opportunities for the U.S. workforce. Options for a National Plan for Smart Manufacturing explores promising technologies transforming the manufacturing sector and identifies the research and resources needed to accelerate smart manufacturing adoption industry wide. This report also identifies critical needs for education and workforce development for smart manufacturing and makes actionable recommendations to support and train the next-generation manufacturing workforce. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Caroline Sferrazza TI - Family Planning, Women's Empowerment, and Population and Societal Impacts: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26023 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26023/family-planning-womens-empowerment-and-population-and-societal-impacts-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Over the past several decades, fertility rates have fallen substantially in low- and middle-income countries, and efforts to limit fertility, primarily through the implementation of family planning programs, have become increasingly widespread. Although there is a substantial scholarly literature on the determinants of contraceptive use and other measures to limit fertility and on the resulting differentials in fertility, relatively little is known about the role played by women's empowerment as both a determinant and a consequence of fertility decline. In addition, there continues to be little consensus about the link between fertility decline and broader societal impacts, including economic development. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop, "Family Planning, Women's Empowerment, and Population and Societal Impacts," in September 2020. This event brought together experts and stakeholders to discuss conceptual, methodological, and policy issues regarding the relationships among family planning, women's empowerment, fertility decline, and population and societal impacts. The discussion was intended to inform research and policy focused on the issues of women's roles and empowerment and on longstanding questions surrounding the determinants and consequences of fertility reduction behavior. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Returns to Federal Investments in the Innovation System: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/24905 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24905/returns-to-federal-investments-in-the-innovation-system-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Through grants, contracts, and loans, the federal government invests over $140 billion annually in research and development. Most economists agree that public support for research and development is essential given that the private sector—unable to internalize the social benefits—will underinvest in the creation of knowledge that may lead to innovation. Critics have questioned the adequacy of the return on this public investment, arguing that government investment is ineffective, inefficient, and may simply crowd out private investment. Overlaying these issues are questions about the broader impacts of these federal investments on inequality—that is, the distribution of gains from the fruits of innovation. On December 15, 2016, the Innovation Policy Forum of the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy held a workshop designed to gather leading researchers to explore the returns to federal investments in the innovation system, which include economic growth, job creation, as well as improved health and quality of life. The workshop was structured into four panels investigating social returns to: (1) federal investments in basic research; (2) federal support to private-sector innovation (which include research and expenditure (R&E) tax credits, small business support, prizes, and the patent system, among other policies); (3) public investments in human capital and supporting infrastructure such as digital infrastructure; and (4) the relationship between innovation, inequality, and social mobility. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers: A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies SN - DO - 10.17226/9831 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9831/enhancing-the-postdoctoral-experience-for-scientists-and-engineers-a-guide PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The concept of postdoctoral training came to science and engineering about a century ago. Since the 1960s, the performance of research in the United States has increasingly relied on these recent PhDs who work on a full-time, but on a temporary basis, to gain additional research experience in preparation for a professional research career. Such experiences are increasingly seen as central to careers in research, but for many, the postdoctoral experience falls short of expectations. Some postdocs indicate that they have not received the recognition, standing or compensation that is commensurate with their experience and skills. Is this the case? If so, how can the postdoctoral experience be enhanced for the over 40,000 individuals who hold these positions at university, government, and industry laboratories? This new book offers its assessment of the postdoctoral experience and provides principles, action points, and recommendations for enhancing that experience. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David Weisburd A2 - Malay K. Majmundar TI - Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities SN - DO - 10.17226/24928 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24928/proactive-policing-effects-on-crime-and-communities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term "proactive policing" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. Proactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Elizabeth Stallman Brown A2 - Laurence Yeung A2 - Keegan Sawyer TI - Sustainable Infrastructures for Life Science Communication: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18728 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18728/sustainable-infrastructures-for-life-science-communication-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Education AB - Advances in the life sciences - from the human genome to biotechnology to personalized medicine and sustainable communities - have profound implications for the well-being of society and the natural world. Improved public understanding of such scientific advances has the potential to benefit both individuals and society through enhanced quality of life and environmental protection, improved K-12 and undergraduate science education, greater understanding of human connections to the natural world, and more sustainable policies and regulations. Yet few systems of support exist to help life scientist communicators share their research with a broad range of public audiences, or engage the public in discussions about their work. Sustainable Infrastructures for Life Science Communication is the summary of a two-part workshop convened in December 2013 and January 2014 by the National Research Council Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences to identify infrastructure-related barriers that inhibit or prohibit life scientists from communicating about their work and characteristics of infrastructure that facilitate or encourage scientists to engage with public audiences. The workshop featured both formal presentations and panel discussions among participants from academia, industry, journalism, the federal government, and nonprofit organizations. The presentations highlighted the motivations of and challenges to life scientist communicators, theoretical approaches to science communication, examples of different types of infrastructure to support science communication, and the need for building more sustainable science communication infrastructures. This report considers communication infrastructure across a range of life science institutions, including federal agencies, academia, industry, and nonprofit organizations and explores novel approaches to facilitate effective science communication. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report Series: Committee on Solar and Space Physics: Heliophysics Science Centers SN - DO - 10.17226/24803 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24803/report-series-committee-on-solar-and-space-physics-heliophysics-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The newly constituted Committee on Solar and Space Physics (CSSP) has been tasked with monitoring the progress of recommendations from the 2013 decadal survey Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society. The committee held its first meeting as part of Space Science Week in Washington, D.C., on March 28-30, 2017. In advance of the meeting, and in response to discussions with the leadership of the Heliophysics Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Geospace Section of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Science, the committee identified the decadal survey’s recommendation to create NASA-NSF heliophysics science centers (HSCs) as a timely topic for discussion. This report provides a set of options for NASA and NSF to consider for the creation of HSCs, including how to make the HSCs unique from other research elements and strategies for implementation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Barbara Natalizio A2 - Thomas Rudin TI - Revitalizing the University-Industry-Government Partnership: Creating New Opportunities for the 21st Century: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/25080 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25080/revitalizing-the-university-industry-government-partnership-creating-new-opportunities-for-the-21st-century PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Education AB - Strengthening the long-standing university-industry-government partnership is necessary to safeguard continued American leadership in research and innovation to support America’s prosperity, security, and national goals. On November 15, 2017, more than 300 educators, researchers, business and government leaders, and others gathered for a day-long series of discussions on revitalizing this historical partnership. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Beyond Patents: Assessing the Value and Impact of Research Investments: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/24920 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24920/beyond-patents-assessing-the-value-and-impact-of-research-investments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Companies know exactly what they spend on research, but knowing exactly what they get for their money is a more difficult question to answer. Without a good way to measure value, research can be viewed as a cost that can be cut to boost near-term earnings. The number of patents is one metric for measuring the value of research, but that information is not necessarily useful without knowing the business value of those patents in the marketplace. What other metrics serve to highlight the value of research and innovation? On June 27 and 28, 2017, the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable held a meeting to explore these issues. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the meeting. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the Science Proposed for the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) SN - DO - 10.17226/13204 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13204/an-assessment-of-the-science-proposed-for-the-deep-underground-science-and-engineering-laboratory-dusel PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - According to the big bang theory, our Universe began in a state of unimaginably high energy and density, contained in a space of subatomic dimensions. At that time, unlike today, the fundamental forces of nature were presumably unified and the particles present were interacting at energies not attainable by present-day accelerators. Underground laboratories provide the conditions to investigate processes involving rare phenomena in matter and to detect the weak effects of highly elusive particles by replicating similar environments to those once harnessed during the earliest states of the Earth. These laboratories now appear to be the gateway to understanding the physics of the grand unification of the forces of nature. Built to shield extremely sensitive detectors from the noise of their surroundings and the signals associated with cosmic rays, underground facilities have been established during the last 30 years at a number of sites worldwide. To date, the United States' efforts to develop such facilities have been modest and consist primarily of small underground laboratories. However, the U.S. underground community has pushed for larger underground facilities on the scale of major laboratories in other countries. An Assessment of the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) addresses this matter by evaluating the major physics questions and experiments that could be explored with the proposed DUSEL. Measuring the potential impact, this assessment also examines the broader effects of the DUSEL in regards to education and public outreach, and evaluates the need associated with developing U.S. programs similar to science programs in other regions of the world. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Steve Olson A2 - David A. Butler TI - Extraordinary Engineering Impacts on Society: Proceedings of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/26847 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26847/extraordinary-engineering-impacts-on-society-proceedings-of-a-symposium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - On August 18-19, 2022, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) held a symposium to explore how support of fundamental engineering and engineering education research by the National Science Foundation (NSF) has led to positive societal and economic impacts. The symposium - which was sponsored by the NSF Directorate for Engineering - was held to provide input to the NAE Committee on Extraordinary Engineering Impacts on Society as part of a larger effort to develop clear, compelling narratives for the public about the sources and effects of engineering innovations. Speakers at the symposium shared their personal stories and provided insights on how engineers influence not only technology and the national infrastructure but the economy, population health, manufacturing, disaster resilience, and many other aspects of daily life. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the symposium. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anna Nicholson A2 - Claire Giammaria A2 - Justin Snair TI - Preparing for a Rapid Response to Major Marine Oil Spills: Protecting and Assessing the Health and Well-Being of Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/24924 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24924/preparing-for-a-rapid-response-to-major-marine-oil-spills PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - On August 2–3, 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop titled Preparing for a Rapid Response to Major Offshore Oil Spills: A Workshop on Research Needs to Protect the Health and Well-Being of Communities. Its objectives were to explore research needs and other opportunities for improving public health preparedness, response, and protection related to oil spills; consider how to work within and how to complement the existing oil spill response framework to improve the protection of community health and well-being; to inform discussions about how the Gulf Research Program and other divisions of the National Academies can support these efforts; and to foster connections among public health, oil spill practitioners, disaster research communities, and leaders from communities affected by oil spills. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Bridget K. B. Avila TI - Integrating Research and Education: Biocomplexity Investigators Explore the Possibilities: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/10627 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10627/integrating-research-and-education-biocomplexity-investigators-explore-the-possibilities-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The workshop summary provides guidance for researchers applying to the National Science Foundation (NSF) for funding. New NSF guidelines require applications to address the "broader impact" of the proposed research. Presentations at the workshop provided ideas on how to do this by engaging in undergraduate education, K-12 education or public outreach via museums or journalists. The workshop summary discusses issues to consider in choosing an appropriate collaborator for the education or outreach component of the project and how to build in methods for assessing the success of the project. It also provides lists of resources helpful in writing education proposals and discusses the similarities between research in education and scientific research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Allie Boman TI - Reproductive Health, Equity, and Society: Exploring Data Challenges and Needs in the Wake of the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Decision: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/27523 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27523/reproductive-health-equity-and-society-exploring-data-challenges-and-needs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In the 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Womens Health Organization decision, the U.S. Supreme Court removed the constitutional right to abortion by overturning Roe v. Wade, challenging and restricting the access and quality of Americans reproductive health care. In October 2023, the National Academies hosted a hybrid public workshop discussing new partnerships and methodologies in data generation, data integrity, data-sharing, and patient privacy needed to enable the health care and policymaking communities to understand the effects of resulting policies across the United States. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Glen Weisbrod A2 - Naomi Stein A2 - Chandler Duncan A2 - Adam Blair TI - Practices for Evaluating the Economic Impacts and Benefits of Transit DO - 10.17226/24768 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24768/practices-for-evaluating-the-economic-impacts-and-benefits-of-transit PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 128: Practices for Evaluating the Economic Impacts and Benefits of Transit provides state-of-the-practice information for transit agencies to help them in incorporating economic benefits and impacts into their decision-making processes, which may lead to more sustainable funding solutions for transit agencies. The report describes the methods used for assessing transit economic impacts and benefits, the types of effects that are covered by these methods, and the ways that agencies are using the information obtained for planning, prioritizing, funding, and stakeholder support. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Effective Chemistry Communication in Informal Environments SN - DO - 10.17226/21790 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21790/effective-chemistry-communication-in-informal-environments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Education AB - Chemistry plays a critical role in daily life, impacting areas such as medicine and health, consumer products, energy production, the ecosystem, and many other areas. Communicating about chemistry in informal environments has the potential to raise public interest and understanding of chemistry around the world. However, the chemistry community lacks a cohesive, evidence-based guide for designing effective communication activities. This report is organized into two sections. Part A: The Evidence Base for Enhanced Communication summarizes evidence from communications, informal learning, and chemistry education on effective practices to communicate with and engage publics outside of the classroom; presents a framework for the design of chemistry communication activities; and identifies key areas for future research. Part B: Communicating Chemistry: A Framework for Sharing Science is a practical guide intended for any chemists to use in the design, implementation, and evaluation of their public communication efforts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Rachelle Hollander A2 - Carol R. Arenberg TI - Ethics Education and Scientific and Engineering Research: What's Been Learned? What Should Be Done? Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12695 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12695/ethics-education-and-scientific-and-engineering-research-whats-been-learned PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Increasing complexity and competitiveness in research environments, the prevalence of interdisciplinary and international involvement in research projects, and the close coupling of commerce and academia have created an ethically challenging environment for young scientists and engineers. For the past several decades, federal research agencies have supported projects to meet the need for mentoring and ethics training in graduate education in research, often called training in the responsible conduct of research. Recently, these agencies have supported projects to identify ethically problematic behaviors and assess the efficacy of ethics education in addressing them. With support from the National Science Foundation, the National Academy of Engineering Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society held the workshop "Ethics Education and Scientific and Engineering Research: What's Been Learned? What Should Be Done?" on August 25 and 26, 2008. The workshop, summarized in this volume, discussed the social environment of science and engineering education; the need for ethics education for graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in science and engineering; models for effective programs; and assessment of approaches to ethics education, among other topics. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2010 SN - DO - 10.17226/13009 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13009/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-manufacturing-engineering-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The mission of the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory (MEL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is to promote innovation and the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturing through measurement science, measurement services, and critical technical contributions to standards. The MEL is organized in five divisions: Intelligent Systems, Manufacturing Metrology, Manufacturing Systems Integration, Precision Engineering, and Fabrication Technology. A panel of experts appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) assessed the first four divisions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Molly Checksfield TI - Challenging Questions about Epidemiology, Care, and Caregiving for People with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias and Their Families: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/25706 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25706/challenging-questions-about-epidemiology-care-and-caregiving-for-people-with-alzheimers-disease-and-related-dementias-and-their-families PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - On October 17, 2019, the Committee on Developing a Behavioral and Social Science Research Agenda on Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias hosted a public workshop in Washington, D.C., as part of the study "Developing a Behavioral and Social Science Research Agenda on Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias." The workshop included six presentations by six authors of papers commissioned by the committee; these presentations were followed by a panel on measuring the effects of caregiving, including discussants who serve on the advisory panel to the committee. This Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief summarizes the key points made by the workshop participants during the presentations and discussions. ER -