@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition", isbn = "978-0-309-06354-8", abstract = "The American feed industry manufactures tons of dietary supplements and additives each year for inclusion in the diets of food-producing animals. Some scientists have suggested that chromium should be a key ingredient in nutritional supplements. Controversy exists, however, over whether chromium sources should be approved as feed additives and whether enough data exist to establish dietary requirements. Chromium use has been suggested to have positive impacts on farm profitability, and many animal health benefits have been attributed to chromium supplementation, including increased longevity; enhanced reproduction; decreased incidence of metabolic disorders, stress effects, and disease; reduced need for antibiotic usage; improved immune response; and lean carcass quality.\nThis book addresses recent research on chromium in animal diets; metabolic interactions between chromium and other nutrients; assessments of form and species interactions; supplementation effects; bioavailability of chromium forms and sources; and effects of diet composition, stressors, and animal physiological status on chromium utilization. It also provides recommendations on the essentiality of dietary chromium in domestic animal species and guidelines for use of dietary chromium.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5778/the-role-of-chromium-in-animal-nutrition", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Science Breakthroughs to Advance Food and Agricultural Research by 2030", isbn = "978-0-309-47392-7", abstract = "For nearly a century, scientific advances have fueled progress in U.S. agriculture to enable American producers to deliver safe and abundant food domestically and provide a trade surplus in bulk and high-value agricultural commodities and foods. Today, the U.S. food and agricultural enterprise faces formidable challenges that will test its long-term sustainability, competitiveness, and resilience. On its current path, future productivity in the U.S. agricultural system is likely to come with trade-offs. The success of agriculture is tied to natural systems, and these systems are showing signs of stress, even more so with the change in climate. \n\nMore than a third of the food produced is unconsumed, an unacceptable loss of food and nutrients at a time of heightened global food demand. Increased food animal production to meet greater demand will generate more greenhouse gas emissions and excess animal waste. The U.S. food supply is generally secure, but is not immune to the costly and deadly shocks of continuing outbreaks of food-borne illness or to the constant threat of pests and pathogens to crops, livestock, and poultry. U.S. farmers and producers are at the front lines and will need more tools to manage the pressures they face.\n\nScience Breakthroughs to Advance Food and Agricultural Research by 2030 identifies innovative, emerging scientific advances for making the U.S. food and agricultural system more efficient, resilient, and sustainable. This report explores the availability of relatively new scientific developments across all disciplines that could accelerate progress toward these goals. It identifies the most promising scientific breakthroughs that could have the greatest positive impact on food and agriculture, and that are possible to achieve in the next decade (by 2030).", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25059/science-breakthroughs-to-advance-food-and-agricultural-research-by-2030", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Strengthening and Sustaining a Network of Public and Animal Health Clinical Laboratories in Pakistan: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-48572-2", abstract = "As part of a multiyear project to promote a cooperative relationship between U.S. and Pakistani human and animal health and infectious disease experts, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, together with the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, convened a bilateral workshop in Islamabad, Pakistan, to promote best practices in and improved communications, cooperation, and coordination among public, private, military, and animal health clinical laboratories in Pakistan. The workshop, \"Strengthening and Sustaining a Network of Public and Animal Health Clinical Laboratories in Pakistan,\" was held on September 27-29, 2016.\nPakistani life science, public health, veterinary, and clinical laboratory experts, graduate students from Pakistani institutions of higher learning, and U.S. scientists\/clinicians met at the workshop to explore questions facing human and animal health policy makers in Pakistan. This publication summarizes presentations and discussions of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25288/strengthening-and-sustaining-a-network-of-public-and-animal-health-clinical-laboratories-in-pakistan", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", title = "The Use of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks", isbn = "978-0-309-05434-8", abstract = "The use of drugs in food animal production has resulted in benefits throughout the food industry; however, their use has also raised public health safety concerns.\nThe Use of Drugs in Food Animals provides an overview of why and how drugs are used in the major food-producing animal industries\u2014poultry, dairy, beef, swine, and aquaculture. The volume discusses the prevalence of human pathogens in foods of animal origin. It also addresses the transfer of resistance in animal microbes to human pathogens and the resulting risk of human disease.\nThe committee offers analysis and insight into these areas:\n\n Monitoring of drug residues. The book provides a brief overview of how the FDA and USDA monitor drug residues in foods of animal origin and describes quality assurance programs initiated by the poultry, dairy, beef, and swine industries.\n Antibiotic resistance. The committee reports what is known about this controversial problem and its potential effect on human health.\n\nThe volume also looks at how drug use may be minimized with new approaches in genetics, nutrition, and animal management.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5137/the-use-of-drugs-in-food-animals-benefits-and-risks", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities", isbn = "978-0-309-07850-4", abstract = "Authored by an integrated committee of plant and animal scientists, this review of newer molecular genetic techniques and traditional research methods is presented as a compilation of high-reward opportunities for agricultural research. Directed to the Agricultural Research Service and the agricultural research community at large, the volume discusses biosciences research in genetic engineering, animal science, plant science, and plant diseases and insect pests. An optimal climate for productive research is discussed.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13/new-directions-for-biosciences-research-in-agriculture-high-reward-opportunities", year = 1985, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Gillian J. Buckley and Guy H. Palmer", title = "Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine", isbn = "978-0-309-26945-2", abstract = "Antimicrobial resistance is a health problem that threatens to undermine almost a century of medical progress. Moreover, it is a global problem that requires action both in the United States and internationally.\nCombating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine discusses ways to improve detection of resistant infections in the United States and abroad, including monitoring environmental reservoirs of resistance. This report sets out a strategy for improving stewardship and preventing infections in humans and animals. The report also discusses the strength of the pipeline for new antimicrobial medicines and steps that could be taken to bring a range of preventive and therapeutic products for humans and animals to the market.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26350/combating-antimicrobial-resistance-and-protecting-the-miracle-of-modern-medicine", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Ceci Mundaca-Shah and V. Ayano Ogawa and Anna Nicholson", title = "Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Approach to a Global Threat: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-46652-3", abstract = "As of 2017, the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance continues unabated around the world, leaving devastating health and economic outcomes in its wake. Those consequences will multiply if collaborative global action is not taken to address the spread of resistance. Major drivers of antimicrobial resistance in humans have been accelerated by inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing in health care practices; the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in livestock; and the promulgation of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment.\n\nTo explore the issue of antimicrobial resistance, the Forum of Microbial Threats planned a public workshop. Participants explored issues of antimicrobial resistance through the lens of One Health, which is a collaborative approach of multiple disciplines - working locally, nationally, and globally - for strengthening systems to counter infectious diseases and related issues that threaten human, animal, and environmental health, with an end point of improving global health and achieving gains in development. They also discussed immediate and short-term actions and research needs that will have the greatest effect on reducing antimicrobial resistance, while taking into account the complexities of bridging different sectors and disciplines to address this global threat. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24914/combating-antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-approach-to-a-global", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", title = "Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences", isbn = "978-0-309-10032-8", abstract = "Biomedical advances have made it possible to identify and manipulate features of living organisms in useful ways\u2014leading to improvements in public health, agriculture, and other areas. The globalization of scientific and technical expertise also means that many scientists and other individuals around the world are generating breakthroughs in the life sciences and related technologies. The risks posed by bioterrorism and the proliferation of biological weapons capabilities have increased concern about how the rapid advances in genetic engineering and biotechnology could enable the production of biological weapons with unique and unpredictable characteristics. Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of Life Sciences examines current trends and future objectives of research in public health, life sciences, and biomedical science that contain applications relevant to developments in biological weapons 5 to 10 years into the future and ways to anticipate, identify, and mitigate these dangers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11567/globalization-biosecurity-and-the-future-of-the-life-sciences", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Stacey Knobler and Adel Mahmoud and Stanley Lemon and Alison Mack and Laura Sivitz and Katherine Oberholtzer", title = "Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-09154-1", abstract = "The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in late 2002 and 2003\nchallenged the global public health community to confront a novel epidemic that\nspread rapidly from its origins in southern China until it had reached more than 25\nother countries within a matter of months. In addition to the number of patients\ninfected with the SARS virus, the disease had profound economic and political repercussions\nin many of the affected regions. Recent reports of isolated new SARS cases\nand a fear that the disease could reemerge and spread have put public health officials\non high alert for any indications of possible new outbreaks. This report examines\nthe response to SARS by public health systems in individual countries, the biology\nof the SARS coronavirus and related coronaviruses in animals, the economic and\npolitical fallout of the SARS epidemic, quarantine law and other public health measures\nthat apply to combating infectious diseases, and the role of international organizations\nand scientific cooperation in halting the spread of SARS. The report provides\nan illuminating survey of findings from the epidemic, along with an assessment of\nwhat might be needed in order to contain any future outbreaks of SARS or other\nemerging infections.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10915/learning-from-sars-preparing-for-the-next-disease-outbreak-workshop", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "(NAS Colloquium) Virulence and Defense in Host--Pathogen Interactions: Common Features Between Plants and Animals", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10099/nas-colloquium-virulence-and-defense-in-host-pathogen-interactions-common", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease", isbn = "978-0-309-08611-0", abstract = "Johne's Disease is a chronic, progressive intestinal disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) that affects primarily ruminant animals. In recent decades there has been growing concern over the lack of effective control of this disease and questions have arisen regarding the possibility that Map infection could be a cause of some cases of Crohn's disease in humans. This report presents a broad outline of the steps that should be taken to control Johne's disease, reduce the spread of Map, and minimize effects of the disease in animals. The report also describes the weaknesses of our current research agenda and provides recommendations for a new research strategy to resolve the question of whether there is a link between Johne's and Crohn's diseases.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10625/diagnosis-and-control-of-johnes-disease", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process", isbn = "978-0-309-30414-6", abstract = "The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) is a program within the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that is responsible for developing toxicologic assessments of environmental contaminants. An IRIS assessment contains hazard identifications and dose-response assessments of various chemicals related to cancer and noncancer outcomes. Although the program was created to increase consistency among toxicologic assessments within the agency, federal, state, and international agencies and other organizations have come to rely on IRIS assessments for setting regulatory standards, establishing exposure guidelines, and estimating risks to exposed populations. Over the last decade, the National Research Council (NRC) has been asked to review some of the more complex and challenging IRIS assessments, including those of formaldehyde, dioxin, and tetrachloroethylene. In 2011, an NRC committee released its review of the IRIS formaldehyde assessment. Like other NRC committees that had reviewed IRIS assessments, the formaldehyde committee identified deficiencies in the specific assessment and more broadly in some of EPA's general approaches and specific methods. Although the committee focused on evaluating the IRIS formaldehyde assessment, it provided suggestions for improving the IRIS process and a roadmap for its revision in case EPA decided to move forward with changes to the process. Congress directed EPA to implement the report's recommendations and then asked the National Research Council to review the changes that EPA was making (or proposing to make) in response to the recommendations.\nReview of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process provides an overview of some general issues associated with IRIS assessments. This report then addresses evidence identification and evaluation for IRIS assessments and discusses evidence integration for hazard evaluation and methods for calculating reference values and unit risks. The report makes recommendations and considerations for future directions. Overall, Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System Process finds that substantial improvements in the IRIS process have been made, and it is clear that EPA has embraced and is acting on the recommendations in the NRC formaldehyde report. The recommendations of this report should be seen as building on the progress that EPA has already made. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18764/review-of-epas-integrated-risk-information-system-iris-process", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Eileen R. Choffnes and Alison Mack", title = "Emerging Viral Diseases: The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-31397-1", abstract = "In the past half century, deadly disease outbreaks caused by novel viruses of animal origin - Nipah virus in Malaysia, Hendra virus in Australia, Hantavirus in the United States, Ebola virus in Africa, along with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), several influenza subtypes, and the SARS (sudden acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses - have underscored the urgency of understanding factors influencing viral disease emergence and spread.\nEmerging Viral Diseases is the summary of a public workshop hosted in March 2014 to examine factors driving the appearance, establishment, and spread of emerging, re-emerging and novel viral diseases; the global health and economic impacts of recently emerging and novel viral diseases in humans; and the scientific and policy approaches to improving domestic and international capacity to detect and respond to global outbreaks of infectious disease. This report is a record of the presentations and discussion of the event. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18975/emerging-viral-diseases-the-one-health-connection-workshop-summary", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Livestock Disease Eradication: Evaluation of the Cooperative State-Federal Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Program", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9144/livestock-disease-eradication-evaluation-of-the-cooperative-state-federal-bovine", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", editor = "Alexandra Beatty and Kimberly Scott and Peggy Tsai", title = "Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-12818-6", abstract = "One of the biggest threats today is the uncertainty surrounding the emergence of a novel pathogen or the re-emergence of a known infectious disease that might result in disease outbreaks with great losses of human life and immense global economic consequences. Over the past six decades, most of the emerging infectious disease events in humans have been caused by zoonotic pathogens--those infectious agents that are transmitted from animals to humans.\nIn June 2008, the Institute of Medicine's and National Research Council's Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin convened a workshop. This workshop addressed the reasons for the transmission of zoonotic disease and explored the current global capacity for zoonotic disease surveillance.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12522/achieving-sustainable-global-capacity-for-surveillance-and-response-to-emerging-diseases-of-zoonotic-origin", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council", editor = "Alison K. Hottes and Benjamin Rusek and Fran Sharples", title = "Biosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-Containment Biological Laboratories: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-22575-5", abstract = "During July 10-13, 2011, 68 participants from 32 countries gathered in Istanbul, Turkey for a workshop organized by the United States National Research Council on Anticipating Biosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-containment Biological Laboratories. The United States Department of State's Biosecurity Engagement Program sponsored the workshop, which was held in partnership with the Turkish Academy of Sciences. The international workshop examined biosafety and biosecurity issues related to the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of high-containment biological laboratories- equivalent to United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention biological safety level 3 or 4 labs. Although these laboratories are needed to characterize highly dangerous human and animal pathogens, assist in disease surveillance, and produce vaccines, they are complex systems with inherent risks.\nBiosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-Containment Biological Laboratories summarizes the workshop discussion, which included the following topics:\n\n Technological options to meet diagnostic, research, and other goals;\n Laboratory construction and commissioning;\n Operational maintenance to provide sustainable capabilities, safety, and security; and\n Measures for encouraging a culture of responsible conduct.\n\nWorkshop attendees described the history and current challenges they face in their individual laboratories. Speakers recounted steps they were taking to improve safety and security, from running training programs to implementing a variety of personnel reliability measures. Many also spoke about physical security, access controls, and monitoring pathogen inventories. Workshop participants also identified tensions in the field and suggested possible areas for action.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13315/biosecurity-challenges-of-the-global-expansion-of-high-containment-biological-laboratories", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Emerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia", isbn = "978-0-309-12494-2", abstract = "Increased agricultural productivity is a major stepping stone on the path out of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, but farmers there face tremendous challenges improving production. Poor soil, inefficient water use, and a lack of access to plant breeding resources, nutritious animal feed, high quality seed, and fuel and electricity-combined with some of the most extreme environmental conditions on Earth-have made yields in crop and animal production far lower in these regions than world averages. \nEmerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia identifies sixty emerging technologies with the potential to significantly improve agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Eighteen technologies are recommended for immediate development or further exploration. Scientists from all backgrounds have an opportunity to become involved in bringing these and other technologies to fruition. The opportunities suggested in this book offer new approaches that can synergize with each other and with many other activities to transform agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12455/emerging-technologies-to-benefit-farmers-in-sub-saharan-africa-and-south-asia", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases", isbn = "978-0-309-09259-3", abstract = "The confirmed case of \"mad cow\" disease (BSE) in June 2005 illustrates the economic impact of disease outbreaks, as additional countries closed their markets to U.S. beef and beef products. Emerging diseases also threaten public health--11 out of 12 of the major global disease outbreaks over the last decade were from zoonotic agents (that spread from animals to humans). \n\nAnimal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases finds that, in general, the U.S. animal health framework has been slow to take advantage of state-of-the-art technologies being used now to protect public health; better diagnostic tests for identifying all animal diseases should be made a priority. The report also recommends that the nation establish a high-level, authoritative, and accountable coordinating mechanism to engage and enhance partnerships among local, state, and federal agencies, and the private sector.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11365/animal-health-at-the-crossroads-preventing-detecting-and-diagnosing-animal", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", editor = "Gerald T. Keusch and Marguerite Pappaioanou and Mila C. González and Kimberly A. Scott and Peggy Tsai", title = "Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases", isbn = "978-0-309-13734-8", abstract = "H1N1 (\"swine flu\"), SARS, mad cow disease, and HIV\/AIDS are a few examples of zoonotic diseases-diseases transmitted between humans and animals. Zoonotic diseases are a growing concern given multiple factors: their often novel and unpredictable nature, their ability to emerge anywhere and spread rapidly around the globe, and their major economic toll on several disparate industries.\n\nInfectious disease surveillance systems are used to detect this threat to human and animal health. By systematically collecting data on the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans and animals, investigators can track the spread of disease and provide an early warning to human and animal health officials, nationally and internationally, for follow-up and response. Unfortunately, and for many reasons, current disease surveillance has been ineffective or untimely in alerting officials to emerging zoonotic diseases.\n\nSustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases assesses some of the disease surveillance systems around the world, and recommends ways to improve early detection and response. The book presents solutions for improved coordination between human and animal health sectors, and among governments and international organizations.\n\nParties seeking to improve the detection and response to zoonotic diseases\u2014including U.S. government and international health policy makers, researchers, epidemiologists, human health clinicians, and veterinarians\u2014can use this book to help curtail the threat zoonotic diseases pose to economies, societies, and health.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12625/sustaining-global-surveillance-and-response-to-emerging-zoonotic-diseases", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Workforce Needs in Veterinary Medicine", isbn = "978-0-309-25744-2", abstract = "The U.S. veterinary medical profession contributes to society in diverse ways, from developing drugs and protecting the food supply to treating companion animals and investigating animal diseases in the wild. In a study of the issues related to the veterinary medical workforce, including demographics, workforce supply, trends affecting job availability, and capacity of the educational system to fill future demands, a National Research Council committee found that the profession faces important challenges in maintaining the economic sustainability of veterinary practice and education, building its scholarly foundations, and evolving veterinary service to meet changing societal needs.\n\nMany concerns about the profession came into focus following the outbreak of West Nile fever in 1999, and the subsequent outbreaks of SARS, monkeypox, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, highly pathogenic avian influenza, H1N1 influenza, and a variety of food safety and environmental issues heightened public concerns. They also raised further questions about the directions of veterinary medicine and the capacity of public health service the profession provides both in the United States and abroad.\n\nTo address some of the problems facing the veterinary profession, greater public and private support for education and research in veterinary medicine is needed. The public, policymakers, and even medical professionals are frequently unaware of how veterinary medicine fundamentally supports both animal and human health and well-being. This report seeks to broaden the public's understanding and attempts to anticipate some of the needs and measures that are essential for the profession to fulfill given its changing roles in the 21st century.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13413/workforce-needs-in-veterinary-medicine", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }