@BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women", isbn = "978-0-309-06091-2", abstract = "The incidence of stress fractures of the lower extremities during U.S. military basic training is significantly higher among female military recruits than among male recruits. The prevalence of this injury has a marked impact on the health of service personnel and imposes a significant financial burden on the military by delaying completion of the training of new recruits. In addition to lengthening training time, increasing program costs, and delaying military readiness, stress fractures may share their etiology with the longer-term risk of osteoporosis.\nAs part of the Defense Women's Health Research Program, this book evaluates the impact of diet, genetic predisposition, and physical activity on bone mineral and calcium status in young servicewomen. It makes recommendations for reducing stress fractures and improving overall bone health through nutrition education and monitored physical training programs. The book also makes recommendations for future research to evaluate more fully the effects of fitness levels, physical activities, and other factors on stress fracture risk and bone health.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6295/reducing-stress-fracture-in-physically-active-military-women", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Monitoring Metabolic Status: Predicting Decrements in Physiological and Cognitive Performance", isbn = "978-0-309-09159-6", abstract = "The U.S. military\u2019s concerns about the individual combat service member\u2019s ability to avoid performance degradation, in conjunction with the need to maintain both mental and physical capabilities in highly stressful situations, have led to and interest in developing methods by which commanders can monitor the status of the combat service members in the field. This report examines appropriate biological markers, monitoring technologies currently available and in need of development, and appropriate algorithms to interpret the data obtained in order to provide information for command decisions relative to the physiological \u201creadiness\u201d of each combat service member. More specifically, this report also provides responses to questions posed by the military relative to monitoring the metabolic regulation during prolonged, exhaustive efforts, where nutrition\/hydration and repair mechanisms may be mismatched to intakes and rest, or where specific metabolic derangements are present. \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10981/monitoring-metabolic-status-predicting-decrements-in-physiological-and-cognitive-performance", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride", isbn = "978-0-309-06403-3", abstract = "Since 1941, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulation RDAs reviewed and expanded its approach\u2014the result: Dietary Reference Intakes.\nThis new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease.\nThe first volume of Dietary Reference Intakes includes calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. The second book in the series presents information about thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline.\nBased on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age group\u2014from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much. Representing a new paradigm for the nutrition community, Dietary Reference Intakes encompasses:\n\n Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). These are used to set Recommended Dietary Allowances.\n Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Intakes that meet the RDA are likely to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all individuals in a life-stage and gender group.\n Adequate Intakes (AIs). These are used instead of RDAs when an EAR cannot be calculated. Both the RDA and the AI may be used as goals for individual intake.\n Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people.\n\nThis new framework encompasses both essential nutrients and other food components thought to pay a role in health, such as dietary fiber. It incorporates functional endpoints and examines the relationship between dose and response in determining adequacy and the hazards of excess intake for each nutrient.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5776/dietary-reference-intakes-for-calcium-phosphorus-magnesium-vitamin-d-and-fluoride", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards", isbn = "978-0-309-10128-8", abstract = "Most people associate fluoride with the practice of intentionally adding fluoride to public drinking water supplies for the prevention of tooth decay. However, fluoride can also enter public water systems from natural sources, including runoff from the weathering of fluoride-containing rocks and soils and leaching from soil into groundwater. Fluoride pollution from various industrial emissions can also contaminate water supplies. In a few areas of the United States fluoride concentrations in water are much higher than normal, mostly from natural sources. Fluoride is one of the drinking water contaminants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because it can occur at these toxic levels. In 1986, the EPA established a maximum allowable concentration for fluoride in drinking water of 4 milligrams per liter, a guideline designed to prevent the public from being exposed to harmful levels of fluoride. Fluoride in Drinking Water reviews research on various health effects from exposure to fluoride, including studies conducted in the last 10 years.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11571/fluoride-in-drinking-water-a-scientific-review-of-epas-standards", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Immunodeficient Rodents: A Guide to Their Immunobiology, Husbandry, and Use", isbn = "978-0-309-09287-6", abstract = "This volume is an indispensable reference on the nature of immune defects in rodents and the special techniques necessary to maintain and breed them. The authors describe 64 inbred, hybrid, and mutant strains of rodents, each with some immune defect; explain mechanisms for ensuring genetic purity; and provide a standardized nomenclature for different varieties. Subsequent sections summarize and provide references on the genetics, pathophysiology, husbandry, and reproduction of each of the various strains as well as sound advice on planning for the selection, transportation, housing, and maintenance of these animals.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1051/immunodeficient-rodents-a-guide-to-their-immunobiology-husbandry-and-use", year = 1989, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books: A Letter Report", abstract = "Planning for long-duration space flights requires consideration of complex disease prevention, behavioral health, and clinical treatment issues-issues resulting from the hazards of the space environment and from limitations to in-mission medical care. These research and development needs have prompted NASA to seek and coordinate assessment from both national and international space medicine practice as well as biomedical research communities. Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books: A Letter Report examines NASA's plans to assemble the available evidence on human health risks of spaceflight and moves forward in identifying and addressing gaps in research. Recommendations to strengthen the content, composition, and dissemination of the evidence books are intended to improve future versions of these critical documents. These evidence books should be the continuously updated knowledge base of best evidence regarding risks to human health associated with spaceflight, particularly spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit and of long duration. Such a knowledge base will serve the interests of mission planners, researchers, and ultimately the individuals who accept those risks in their role as space travelers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12261/review-of-nasas-human-research-program-evidence-books-a-letter", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Mineral Requirements for Military Personnel: Levels Needed for Cognitive and Physical Performance During Garrison Training", isbn = "978-0-309-10126-4", abstract = "The U.S. Army Health Risk Appraisal group surveyed 400,000 active duty U.S. Army personnel in the late 1990s to determine whether or not those personnel met the dietary objectives of Healthy People 2000 (HP2000), a national agenda for health promotion and disease prevention. As reported by Yore et al. (2000), Army personnel generally did not meet the HP2000 goals for nutrition even though significant progress had been made during 1991-1998. Although the specific aspects of diet that would be relevant to this Committee on Mineral Requirements for Cognitive and Physical Performance of Military Personnel are lacking, the findings from this survey suggest that there are dietary problems in the military population. The potential for adverse effects of marginal mineral deficiencies among soldiers engaged in training or military operations and the prospect of improving military performance through mineral intakes have spurred the military's interest in this area of nutrition. \n\nMineral Requirements for Military Personnel provides background information on the current knowledge regarding soldiers' eating behaviors as well as on the physical and mental stress caused by military garrison training or operations. This report also offers facts on the mineral content of rations and its intake by military personnel and addresses the potential effects of nutrient deficiencies due to inadequate intake or higher requirements during military operations. Mineral Requirements for Military Personnel provides information and recommendations on the development and uses of MDRIs and a description of strategies to increase intake of specific minerals, whether via usual foods, fortification, or supplementation. This report features a description of the metabolism and needs for selected minerals by military personnel under garrison training, recommendations on mineral intake levels, and an assessment of mineral level adequacy in operational rations. This report also includes a prioritization of the research needed to answer information gaps and details of study designs required to gain such information. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11610/mineral-requirements-for-military-personnel-levels-needed-for-cognitive-and", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships", isbn = "978-0-309-08308-9", abstract = "The Committee on Examination of the Evolving Science for Dietary Supplements of the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board was directed to review, retrospectively, selected case studies of diet and health relationships that were relevant to dietary supplements and identified as important in the National Research Council report, Diet and Health: Implications for Chronic Disease Risk (D&H) (NRC, 1989). It was then to determine the extent to which subsequent scientific evidence from the peerreviewed literature used in published reports from the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) series (IOM, 1997, 1998, 2000a, 2001) either agreed with the preliminary evidence used to support the relationship identified originally in the 1989 review or significantly modified the original hypotheses and preliminary conclusions. The committee's analysis was to include characteristics of research with apparent high probability of predicting future confirmation by new science in support of a diet and health relationship. It also was to consider characteristics of information useful to consumers that would allow them to make scientifically informed judgments about the role that a specific food component or nutrient plays in health.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10379/evolution-of-evidence-for-selected-nutrient-and-disease-relationships", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century", isbn = "978-0-309-06047-9", abstract = "Construction of the international space station, scheduled to start in late 1998, ushers in a new era for laboratory sciences in space. This is especially true for space life sciences, which include not only the use of low gravity as an experimental parameter to study fundamental biological processes but also the study of the serious physiological changes that occur in astronauts as they remain in space for increasingly longer missions.\nThis book addresses both of these aspects and provides a comprehensive review of ground-based and space research in eleven disciplines, ranging from bone physiology to plant biology. It also offers detailed, prioritized recommendations for research during the next decade, which are expected to have a considerable impact on the direction of NASA's research program. The volume is also a valuable reference tool for space and life scientists.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6282/a-strategy-for-research-in-space-biology-and-medicine-in-the-new-century", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants: Volume 2", isbn = "978-0-309-10379-4", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11778/spacecraft-water-exposure-guidelines-for-selected-contaminants-volume-2", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "A. Catharine Ross and Christine L. Taylor and Ann L. Yaktine and Heather B. Del Valle", title = "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D", isbn = "978-0-309-16394-1", abstract = "Calcium and vitamin D are essential nutrients for the human body. Establishing the levels of these nutrients that are needed by the North American population is based on the understanding of the health outcomes that calcium and vitamin D affect. It is also important to establish how much of each nutrient may be \"too much.\"\nDietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D provides reference intake values for these two nutrients. The report updates the DRI values defined in Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, the 1997 study from the Institute of Medicine. This 2011 book provides background information on the biological functions of each nutrient, reviews health outcomes that are associated with the intake of calcium and vitamin D, and specifies Estimated Average Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for both. It also identifies Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, which are levels above wish the risk for harm may increase. The book includes an overview of current dietary intake in the U.S. and Canada, and discusses implications of the study. A final chapter provides research recommendations.\nThe DRIs established in this book incorporate current scientific evidence about the roles of vitamin D and calcium in human health and will serve as a valuable guide for a range of stakeholders including dietitians and other health professionals, those who set national nutrition policy, researchers, the food industry, and private and public health organizations and partnerships. \n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13050/dietary-reference-intakes-for-calcium-and-vitamin-d", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21636/guidelines-for-developing-spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-space-station-contaminants", year = 1992, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Engineering and National Academy of Engineering", title = "Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1997 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering", isbn = "978-0-309-05983-1", abstract = "Space may have been called the final frontier, but there are new frontiers to discover every day, and engineers are the ones exploring them. Through groundbreaking research and new technologies, engineers are able to go beyond traditional boundaries to do things that would have been all but impossible just a few years ago. This book, the most recent in a series of publications, describes new and emerging technologies and explains how they were developed and the benefits they will bring. It also offers highlights of the pioneering research and technological work being done by some of the country's emerging leaders in engineering. Topics include biomechanics, sensors and control for manufacturing processes, safety and security issues, decisionmaking tools for design and manufacturing, and intelligent transportation systems.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6041/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of NASA's Biomedical Research Program", isbn = "978-0-309-07126-0", abstract = "The 1998 Committee on Space Biology and Medicine (CSBM) report A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century assessed the known and potential effects of spaceflight on biological systems in general and on human physiology, behavior, and performance in particular, and recommended directions for research sponsored over the next decade by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The present follow-up report reviews specifically the overall content of the biomedical research programs supported by NASA in order to assess the extent to which current programs are consistent with recommendations of the Strategy report for biomedical research activities. In general, NASA programs concerned with fundamental gravitational biology are not considered here. The committee also notes that this report does not include an evaluation of NASA's response to the Strategy report, which had only recently been released at the initiation of this study.\nReview of NASA's Biomedical Research Program summarizes the committee's findings from its review of (1) NASA's biomedical research and (2) programmatic issues described in the Strategy report that are relevant to NASA's ability to implement research recommendations.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9950/review-of-nasas-biomedical-research-program", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Catharyn T. Liverman and Dan G. Blazer", title = "Testosterone and Aging: Clinical Research Directions", isbn = "978-0-309-09063-6", abstract = "Popular culture often equates testosterone with virility, strength, and the macho\nmale physique. Viewed by some as an \u201cantiaging tonic,\u201d testosterone\u2019s reputation\nand increased use by men of all ages in the United States have outpaced the scientific\nevidence about its potential benefits and risks. In particular there has been growing\nconcern about an increase in the number of middle-aged and older men using\ntestosterone and the lack of scientific data on the effect it may have on aging males.\nStudies of testosterone replacement therapy in older men have generally been of\nshort duration, involving small numbers of participants and often lacking adequate\ncontrols. Testosterone and Aging weighs the options of future research directions,\nexamines the risks and benefits of testosterone replacement therapy, assesses the\npotential public health impact of such therapy in the United States, and considers\nethical issues related to the conduct of clinical trials. Testosterone therapy remains an\nattractive option to many men even as speculation abounds regarding its potential.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10852/testosterone-and-aging-clinical-research-directions", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Life Sciences: Space Science in the Twenty-First Century -- Imperatives for the Decades 1995 to 2015", isbn = "978-0-309-03880-5", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/752/life-sciences-space-science-in-the-twenty-first-century-imperatives", year = 1988, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "John R. Ball and Charles H. Evans, Jr.", title = "Safe Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions", isbn = "978-0-309-07585-5", abstract = "Safe Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions sets forth a vision for space medicine as it applies to deep space voyage. As space missions increase in duration from months to years and extend well beyond Earth's orbit, so will the attendant risks of working in these extreme and isolated environmental conditions. Hazards to astronaut health range from greater radiation exposure and loss of bone and muscle density to intensified psychological stress from living with others in a confined space. Going beyond the body of biomedical research, the report examines existing space medicine clinical and behavioral research and health care data and the policies attendant to them. It describes why not enough is known today about the dangers of prolonged travel to enable humans to venture into deep space in a safe and sane manner. The report makes a number of recommendations concerning NASA's structure for clinical and behavioral research, on the need for a comprehensive astronaut health care system and on an approach to communicating health and safety risks to astronauts, their families, and the public.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10218/safe-passage-astronaut-care-for-exploration-missions", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era", isbn = "978-0-309-16384-2", abstract = "More than four decades have passed since a human first set foot on the Moon. Great strides have been made in our understanding of what is required to support an enduring human presence in space, as evidenced by progressively more advanced orbiting human outposts, culminating in the current International Space Station (ISS). However, of the more than 500 humans who have so far ventured into space, most have gone only as far as near-Earth orbit, and none have traveled beyond the orbit of the Moon. Achieving humans' further progress into the solar system had proved far more difficult than imagined in the heady days of the Apollo missions, but the potential rewards remain substantial.\nDuring its more than 50-year history, NASA's success in human space exploration has depended on the agency's ability to effectively address a wide range of biomedical, engineering, physical science, and related obstacles\u2014an achievement made possible by NASA's strong and productive commitments to life and physical sciences research for human space exploration, and by its use of human space exploration infrastructures for scientific discovery. The Committee for the Decadal Survey of Biological and Physical Sciences acknowledges the many achievements of NASA, which are all the more remarkable given budgetary challenges and changing directions within the agency. In the past decade, however, a consequence of those challenges has been a life and physical sciences research program that was dramatically reduced in both scale and scope, with the result that the agency is poorly positioned to take full advantage of the scientific opportunities offered by the now fully equipped and staffed ISS laboratory, or to effectively pursue the scientific research needed to support the development of advanced human exploration capabilities.\nAlthough its review has left it deeply concerned about the current state of NASA's life and physical sciences research, the Committee for the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space is nevertheless convinced that a focused science and engineering program can achieve successes that will bring the space community, the U.S. public, and policymakers to an understanding that we are ready for the next significant phase of human space exploration. The goal of this report is to lay out steps and develop a forward-looking portfolio of research that will provide the basis for recapturing the excitement and value of human spaceflight\u2014thereby enabling the U.S. space program to deliver on new exploration initiatives that serve the nation, excite the public, and place the United States again at the forefront of space exploration for the global good.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13048/recapturing-a-future-for-space-exploration-life-and-physical-sciences", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields", isbn = "978-0-309-05447-8", abstract = "Can the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) to which people are routinely exposed cause health effects? This volume assesses the data and draws conclusions about the consequences of human exposure to EMF. The committee examines what is known about three kinds of health effects associated with EMF: cancer, primarily childhood leukemia; reproduction and development; and neurobiological effects. This book provides a detailed discussion of hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization for each.\nPossible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields also discusses the tools available to measure exposure, common types of exposures, and what is known about the effects of exposure. The committee looks at correlations between EMF exposure and carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, neurobehavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, effects on melatonin and other neurochemicals, and effects on bone healing and stimulated cell growth.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5155/possible-health-effects-of-exposure-to-residential-electric-and-magnetic-fields", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate", isbn = "978-0-309-09169-5", abstract = "Dietary Reference Intakes\nfor Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate\nThe Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are quantitative estimates of nutrient\nintakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. This\nnew report, the sixth in a series of reports presenting dietary reference values\nfor the intakes of nutrients by Americans and Canadians, establishes\nnutrient recommendations on water, potassium, and salt for health maintenance\nand the reduction of chronic disease risk.\nDietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate\ndiscusses in detail the role of water, potassium, salt, chloride, and sulfate in\nhuman physiology and health. The major findings in this book include the\nestablishment of Adequate Intakes for total water (drinking water, beverages,\nand food), potassium, sodium, and chloride and the establishment of\nTolerable Upper Intake levels for sodium and chloride. The book makes\nresearch recommendations for information needed to advance the understanding\nof human requirements for water and electrolytes, as well as\nadverse effects associated with the intake of excessive amounts of water,\nsodium, chloride, potassium, and sulfate. This book will be an invaluable\nreference for nutritionists, nutrition researchers, and food manufacturers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10925/dietary-reference-intakes-for-water-potassium-sodium-chloride-and-sulfate", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }