TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lynne M. Holden A2 - Louis W. Sullivan A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - Supporting Black Students Through Their Science, Engineering, and Medicine Career Journeys: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/27339 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27339/supporting-black-students-through-their-science-engineering-and-medicine-career-journeys PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Increasing the number of Black men and Black women who enter the fields of science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) will benefit the social and economic health of the nation. On May 2-3, 2022 the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to highlight promising financial and supportive services and programs throughout various stages of career development. Sessions followed student progression through the major stages of education and career development, and identified policies and practices that aim to mitigate and alleviate long-standing barriers to the full participation of Black students in SEM at the K–12, undergraduate, and graduate and professional levels. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Gilda A. Barabino A2 - Theodore J. Corbin, Jr. A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - Understanding and Offsetting Financial Barriers for Black Students in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Programs, Partnerships, and Pathways: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26576 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26576/understanding-and-offsetting-financial-barriers-for-black-students-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The number of Black students in science, engineering, and medicine in the United States has remained disproportionately low over the past several decades. A number of reasons have been identified as contributing to these low numbers, including those related to finances. Financial considerations range from the most immediate - the ability of students to pay for their education and associated costs - to more structural concerns, such as inequities that created and have perpetuated a wealth gap between races and ethnic groups. On April 19-20, 2021, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a virtual public workshop to examine financial barriers for Black students in science, engineering, and medicine, explore existing educational programs to them, and engage stakeholders in conversations about partnerships and policies that span academia, industry, and philanthropy. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Olujimi Ajijola A2 - Charles R. Bridges, Jr. A2 - Lynne M. Holden A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - Educational Pathways for Black Students in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Exploring Barriers and Possible Interventions: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26391 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26391/educational-pathways-for-black-students-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Academic preparation is critical to increase Black representation in Science, Engineering, and Medicine, but so, too, are such interrelated factors as providing mentoring and role models in sufficient numbers, adequately funding school and community support services, and analyzing the intentional and unintentional consequences of a range of policies and practices. To address these issues, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop on September 2 and 3, 2020. Titled "Educational Pathways for Blacks in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Exploring Barriers and Possible Interventions," the workshop provided a platform to explore challenges and opportunities, beginning in the earliest years of life through K-12 schooling, undergraduate and postgraduate education, and into the workforce. Presenters throughout the workshop provided perspectives from research and from their own experiences to discuss the need for systemic solutions inside and outside of formal education institutions. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Evelynn Hammonds A2 - Shirley Malcom A2 - Vivian Pinn A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - Psychological Factors That Contribute to the Dearth of Black Students in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26691 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26691/psychological-factors-that-contribute-to-the-dearth-of-black-students-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Health and Medicine AB - Efforts over the last several decades to increase the participation and leadership of Black men and women in the scientific and medical workforce have had limited results. Despite many individual successes, the number of Black professionals in science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) fields has not reached a level that corresponds with African American representation in the country at large. Structural racism affects progress at all stages along the pathway - from young children through graduate and medical students through faculty and clinicians at all levels. Beyond entry into educational programs or recruitment into workplaces seeking to diversify, challenges persist to achieve equity and inclusion for Black males and females. Moreover, psychological barriers confound the engagement of Black men and women in SEM fields. To explore these issues and suggest solutions, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine launched the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine. Over the past 2 years, the Roundtable has convened workshops on K-12 education, the impact of COVID-19, financial burdens to pursuing SEM careers, and other topics. Sessions during each of these workshops identified psychological factors related to those specific topics. To have a more targeted discussion, the Roundtable convened a virtual workshop on September 14-15, 2021. As summarized in this proceedings, panelists and participants identified policies and practices that perpetuate these factors and explored solutions toward achieving and maintaining wellness, especially among students and young professionals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Randall C. Morgan, Jr. A2 - Joan Y. Reede A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - Mentoring of Black Graduate and Medical Students, Postdoctoral Scholars, and Early-Career Faculty in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26462 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26462/mentoring-of-black-graduate-and-medical-students-postdoctoral-scholars-and-early-career-faculty-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - On December 7 and 8, 2020, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop that examined how to strengthen mentoring and advising of Black students and professionals in science, engineering, and medicine. Presenters included faculty deans, social scientists who are experts in organizational and professional development, and program implementers. Throughout the workshop, individual presenters highlighted evaluation criteria used by successful pipeline programs, including statistics on recruitment, retention, and advancement; career and leadership accomplishments; and awards and publications. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lynne M. Holden A2 - Camara P. Jones A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - The State of Anti-Black Racism in the United States: Reflections and Solutions from the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26692 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26692/the-state-of-anti-black-racism-in-the-united-states-reflections-and-solutions-from-the-roundtable-on-black-men-and-black-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The mission of the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is to advance discussions on the barriers and opportunities encountered by Black students and professionals as they navigate the pathways from K-12 and postsecondary education to careers in science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) and highlight promising practices for increasing the representation, retention, and inclusiveness of Black men and Black women in SEM. This proceedings serves as a summary of the presentations and discussions from a capstone workshop, held virtually on December 6 and 7, 2021, to review how anti-Black racism had permeated across the topics covered by the Roundtable over the previous 2 years. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Linda S. Dix TI - Minorities: Their Underrepresentation and Career Differentials in Science and Engineering: Proceedings of a Workshop DO - 10.17226/18785 PY - 1987 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18785/minorities-their-underrepresentation-and-career-differentials-in-science-and-engineering PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alexandra Beatty A2 - M. R. C. Greenwood A2 - Robert L. Linn TI - Myths and Tradeoffs: The Role of Tests in Undergraduate Admissions SN - DO - 10.17226/9632 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9632/myths-and-tradeoffs-the-role-of-tests-in-undergraduate-admissions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - More than 8 million students enrolled in 4-year, degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the United States in 1996. The multifaceted system through which these students applied to and were selected by the approximately 2,240 institutions in which they enrolled is complex, to say the least; for students, parents, and advisers, it is often stressful and sometimes bewildering. This process raises important questions about the social goals that underlie the sorting of students, and it has been the subject of considerable controversy. The role of standardized tests in this sorting process has been one of the principal flashpoints in discussions of its fairness. Tests have been cited as the chief evidence of unfairness in lawsuits over admissions decisions, criticized as biased against minorities and women, and blamed for the fierce competitiveness of the process. Yet tests have also been praised for their value in providing a common yardstick for comparing students from diverse schools with different grading standards. Myths and Tradeoffs identifies and corrects some persistent myths about standardized admissions tests and highlight some of the specific tradeoffs that decisions about the uses of tests entail; presents conclusions and recommendations about the role of tests in college admissions; and lays out several issues about which information would clearly help decision makers, but about which the existing data are either insufficient or need synthesis and interpretation. This report will benefit a broad audience of college and university officials, state and other officials and lawmakers, and others who are wrestling with decisions about admissions policies, definitions of merit, legal actions, and other issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Layne Scherer TI - Addressing Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Anti-Racism in 21st Century STEMM Organizations: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26294 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26294/addressing-diversity-equity-inclusion-and-anti-racism-in-21st-century-stemm-organizations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Committee on Addressing Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Anti-Racism in 21st Century STEMM Organizations convened a national summit in July 2021 that highlighted how racism operates at different levels in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) settings; reviewed policies and practices for confronting systemic racism; and explored ways to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEMM settings. The 2-day, public webcast summit explored the empirical and experiential evidence related to the ways in which systemic racism and other barriers impede STEMM careers for historically marginalized racial/ethnic groups, and explored ways to address these barriers, including strategies undertaken by stakeholder communities. In this summit, speakers discussed how diversity, equity, inclusion, and anti-racism impact STEMM organizations. The workshop presentations focused on issues related to the history of racism in the United States, the lasting legacy of biased policies in the nation, and the research on practices to address systemic and structural racism in STEMM organizations. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of summit. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Paula Whitacre TI - Developing Human Capital to Support U.S. Innovation Capacity: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/27042 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27042/developing-human-capital-to-support-us-innovation-capacity-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Education AB - Domestic and international competition for STEM talent is driving institutions across the research and innovation landscape to consider new policies and partnerships for building and managing STEM knowledge and skills. New levels of investment in human capital to increase U.S. innovation capacity and competitiveness will require coordination and collaboration among academic institutions, workforce development programs, labor organizations, companies, and funders of research and education. On October 18-19, 2022, the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable convened a workshop for its membership and invited guests to consider the strategic priority of human capital investment in preparing the future workforce and supporting national innovation capacity. The workshop discussions examined the state of U.S. workforce preparation and considered trends in supply and demand for human capital to meet the needs of a transforming research enterprise. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Holly Rhodes TI - The Criminal Justice System and Social Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/25247 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25247/the-criminal-justice-system-and-social-exclusion-race-ethnicity-and-gender PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in April 2018 to examine how the criminal justice system affects the fundamental status of people as members of society and to consider next steps for research, practice, and policy for the field. The goal of the workshop was to find common ground to work toward a criminal justice system that avoids social exclusion and instead reflects the principles of citizenship and social justice with a fair distribution of rights, resources and opportunities. The workshop was specifically designed to explore the reasons for the disparate experiences of individuals involved with the criminal justice system by race, ethnicity, and gender, the mechanisms that cause them to persist, and what can be done through policy and practice to minimize those differences. Participants—including researchers, policy makers, and advocates for victims and offenders—discussed issues in five areas: (1) the role of criminal justice in social exclusion; (2) patterns of inequality in criminal justice; (3) collateral sanctions of the criminal justice system; (4) special concerns for youth and young adult populations; and (5) next steps for research, policy, and practice. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Gilda A. Barabino A2 - Susan T. Fiske A2 - Layne A. Scherer A2 - Emily A. Vargas TI - Advancing Antiracism, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEMM Organizations: Beyond Broadening Participation SN - DO - 10.17226/26803 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26803/advancing-antiracism-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-in-stemm-organizations-beyond PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Individuals from minoritized racial and ethnic groups continue to face systemic barriers that impede their ability to access, persist, and thrive in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) higher education and workforce. Without actively dismantling policies and practices that disadvantage people from minoritized groups, STEMM organizations stand to lose much needed talent and innovation as well as the ideas that come from having a diverse workforce. A new report from the Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences examines the backdrop of systemic racism in the United States that has harmed and continues to harm people from minoritized groups, which is critical for understanding the unequal representation in STEMM. The report outlines actions that top leaders and gatekeepers in STEMM organizations, such as presidents and chief executive officers, can take to foster a culture and climate of antiracism, diversity, equity, and inclusion that is genuinely accessible and supportive to all. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Gerald David Jaynes A2 - Robin M. Williams, Jr. TI - A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society SN - DO - 10.17226/1210 PY - 1989 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1210/a-common-destiny-blacks-and-american-society PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - "[A] collection of scholars [has] released a monumental study called A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. It offers detailed evidence of the progress our nation has made in the past 50 years in living up to American ideals. But the study makes clear that our work is far from over." —President Bush, Remarks by the president to the National Urban League Conference The product of a four-year, intensive study by distinguished experts, A Common Destiny presents a clear, readable "big picture" of blacks' position in America. Drawing on historical perspectives and a vast amount of data, the book examines the past 50 years of change and continuity in the status of black Americans. By studying and comparing black and white age cohorts, this volume charts the status of blacks in areas such as education, housing, employment, political participation and family life. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Timothy Ready A2 - Christopher Edley, Jr. A2 - Catherine E. Snow TI - Achieving High Educational Standards for All: Conference Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10256 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10256/achieving-high-educational-standards-for-all-conference-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This volume summarizes a range of scientific perspectives on the important goal of achieving high educational standards for all students. Based on a conference held at the request of the U.S. Department of Education, it addresses three questions: What progress has been made in advancing the education of minority and disadvantaged students since the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision nearly 50 years ago? What does research say about the reasons of successes and failures? What are some of the strategies and practices that hold the promise of producing continued improvements? The volume draws on the conclusions of a number of important recent NRC reports, including How People Learn, Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children, Eager to Learn, and From Neurons to Neighborhoods, among others. It includes an overview of the conference presentations and discussions, the perspectives of the two co-moderators, and a set of background papers on more detailed issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Howard H. Garrison A2 - Prudence W. Brown TI - Minority Access to Research Careers: An Evaluation of the Honors Undergraduate Research Training Program DO - 10.17226/18471 PY - 1985 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18471/minority-access-to-research-careers-an-evaluation-of-the-honors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Sarah Carter A2 - Vern Dunn A2 - Steven Kendall A2 - Anne-Marie Mazza TI - The Science of Implicit Bias: Implications for Law and Policy: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26191 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26191/the-science-of-implicit-bias-implications-for-law-and-policy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - On March 22-23, 2021, an ad hoc planning committee under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Committee on Science, Technology, and Law hosted a virtual workshop titled The Science of Implicit Bias: Implications for Law and Policy. Implicit bias has been commonly defined as any unconscious or unacknowledged preferences that can affect a person's beliefs or behaviors, and in particular, an unconscious favoritism toward or prejudice against people of a certain race, gender, or group that influences one's own actions or perceptions. The methods for identifying the presence and degree of an individual's implicit bias, the presence of implicit bias throughout society, and the successes or failures of attempts to mitigate implicit bias are topics of much scientific inquiry, with ramifications for law and policy as well as a multitude of organizational settings. The ways in which implicit bias reflects or contributes to structural and systemic racism in the U.S. remains an open and urgent question. The workshop, organized by the Committee on the Science of Implicit Bias: Implications for Law and Policy, was convened to better understand the state of the science on this topic in the context of critical and ongoing discussions about racism in the United States. racism in the U.S. Funding for the workshop was provided by the Ford Foundation.  ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Inner-City Poverty in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/1539 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1539/inner-city-poverty-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This volume documents the continuing growth of concentrated poverty in central cities of the United States and examines what is known about its causes and effects. With careful analyses of policy implications and alternative solutions to the problem, it presents: A statistical picture of people who live in areas of concentrated poverty. An analysis of 80 persistently poor inner-city neighborhoods over a 10-year period. Study results on the effects of growing up in a "bad" neighborhood. An evaluation of how the suburbanization of jobs has affected opportunities for inner-city blacks. A detailed examination of federal policies and programs on poverty. Inner-City Poverty in the United States will be a valuable tool for policymakers, program administrators, researchers studying urban poverty issues, faculty, and students. ER - TY - BOOK TI - The National Scholars Program - SUMMARY: Excellence with Diversity for the Future DO - 10.17226/9851 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9851/the-national-scholars-program-summary-excellence-with-diversity-for-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - An American Crisis: The Growing Absence of Black Men in Medicine and Science: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25130 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25130/an-american-crisis-the-growing-absence-of-black-men-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Black men are increasingly underrepresented in medical schools and in the medical profession. A diverse workforce is a key attribute of quality healthcare and research suggests that a diverse workforce may help to advance cultural competency and increase access to high-quality health care, especially for underserved populations. Conversely, lack of diversity in the health workforce threatens health care quality and access and contributes to health disparities. In this way, the growing absence of Black men in medicine is especially troubling, because their absence in medicine may have adverse consequences for health care access, quality, and outcomes among Black Americans and Americans overall. To better understand the factors that contribute to the low participation of Black men in the medical profession, facilitate discussion of current strategies used to increase their participation in medical education, and explore new strategies along the educational and professional pipeline that may have potential to increase participation in medicine, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Cobb Institute jointly convened a 2-day workshop in November 2017, in Washington, DC. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Office of Diversity and Inclusion Annual Report 2022–2023: Turning Vision into Action to Implement Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives DO - 10.17226/27200 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27200/office-of-diversity-and-inclusion-annual-report-2022-2023-turning PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The second annual report of the Office of Diversity and Inclusion highlights the milestones, projects, and activities achieved in 2022–2023 and outlines goals for the upcoming year. The annual report details how the National Academies have implemented diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives across the organization, including creating a DEI Action Plan and accountability mechanisms. ER -