TY - BOOK TI - International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research DO - 10.17226/9444 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9444/international-benchmarking-of-us-immunology-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Stephen A. Merrill A2 - Michael McGeary TI - Using Human Resource Data to Track Innovation: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/10475 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10475/using-human-resource-data-to-track-innovation-summary-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Despite the fact that technology is embodied in human as well as physical capital and that interactions among technically trained people are critical to innovation and technology diffusion, data on scientists, engineers and other professionals have not been adequately exploited to illuminate the productivity of and changing patterns in innovation. STEP convened a workshop to examine how data on qualifications and career paths, mobility, cross sector relationships, and the structure of work in firms could shed light on issues of research productivity, interactions among private and public sector institutions, and other aspects of innovation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Wesley M. Cohen A2 - Stephen A. Merrill TI - Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy SN - DO - 10.17226/10770 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10770/patents-in-the-knowledge-based-economy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Christopher Mackie TI - Advancing Concepts and Models for Measuring Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/23640 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23640/advancing-concepts-and-models-for-measuring-innovation-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Because of the role of innovation as a driver of economic productivity and growth and as a mechanism for improving people's well-being in other ways, understanding the nature,determinants, and impacts of innovation has become increasingly important to policy makers. To be effective, investment in innovation requires this understanding, which, in turn, requires measurement of the underlying inputs and subsequent outcomes of innovation processes. In May 2016, at the request of the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics of the National Science Foundation, the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop - bringing together academic researchers, private and public sector experts, and representatives from public policy agencies - to develop strategies for broadening and modernizing innovation information systems.This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the event. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Nathan Rosenberg A2 - Annetine C. Gelijns A2 - Holly Dawkins TI - Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry SN - DO - 10.17226/4819 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4819/sources-of-medical-technology-universities-and-industry PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Industry and Labor AB - Evidence suggests that medical innovation is becoming increasingly dependent on interdisciplinary research and on the crossing of institutional boundaries. This volume focuses on the conditions governing the supply of new medical technologies and suggest that the boundaries between disciplines, institutions, and the private and public sectors have been redrawn and reshaped. Individual essays explore the nature, organization, and management of interdisciplinary R&D in medicine; the introduction into clinical practice of the laser, endoscopic innovations, cochlear implantation, cardiovascular imaging technologies, and synthetic insulin; the division of innovating labor in biotechnology; the government- industry-university interface; perspectives on industrial R&D management; and the growing intertwining of the public and proprietary in medical technology. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - SBIR Program Diversity and Assessment Challenges: Report of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/11082 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11082/sbir-program-diversity-and-assessment-challenges-report-of-a-symposium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - In response to a Congressional mandate, the National Research Council conducted a review of the Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR) at the five federal agencies with SBIR programs with budgets in excess of $100 million (DOD, NIH, NASA, DOE, and NSF). The project was designed to answer questions of program operation and effectiveness, including the quality of the research projects being conducted under the SBIR program, the commercialization of the research, and the program's contribution to accomplishing agency missions. The first in a series to be published in response to the Congressional request, this report summarizes the presentations at a symposium convened at the beginning of the project. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the SBIR program’s operations at the five agencies responsible for 96 percent of the program’s operations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Risk and Innovation: The Role and Importance of Small, High-Tech Companies in the U.S. Economy SN - DO - 10.17226/5024 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5024/risk-and-innovation-the-role-and-importance-of-small-high PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Smaller, technically-oriented companies often assume types of risk (and an amount of risk) that is not often tolerated by large companies. In the United States both consumers and companies depend on smaller, high-tech companies to explore the commercial application of technology in potential, emerging, and small markets. This book, through comparison of six industries in which small companies play a critical role, explores the principal economic function of small, high-tech companies—to probe, explore, and sometimes develop the frontiers of the U.S. economy in search of unrecognized or otherwise ignored opportunities for economic growth and development. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Bronwyn H. Hall A2 - Stephen A. Merrill TI - Research and Development Data Needs: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/11250 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11250/research-and-development-data-needs-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Industry and Labor AB - This report contains the proceedings of a one-day workshop organized by the National Research Council’s Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP), in conjunction with a study by a panel of the NRC Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT). This combined activity was commissioned by the Science Resources Statistics Division (SRS) of the National Science Foundation (NSF) to recommend improvements in the Foundation’s portfolio of surveys of research and development spending by the federal government, state governments, private industry, the nation’s universities and colleges, and other nonprofit institutions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Putting Biotechnology to Work: Bioprocess Engineering SN - DO - 10.17226/2052 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2052/putting-biotechnology-to-work-bioprocess-engineering PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The ability of the United States to sustain a dominant global position in biotechnology lies in maintaining its primacy in basic life-science research and developing a strong resource base for bioprocess engineering and bioproduct manufacturing. This book examines the status of bioprocessing and biotechnology in the United States; current bioprocess technology, products, and opportunities; and challenges of the future and what must be done to meet those challenges. It gives recommendations for action to provide suitable incentives to establish a national program in bioprocess-engineering research, development, education, and technology transfer. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - A Review of the New Initiatives at the NASA Ames Research Center: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/10115 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10115/a-review-of-the-new-initiatives-at-the-nasa-ames-research-center PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics KW - Industry and Labor AB - NASA Ames Research Center, in the heart of Silicon Valley, is embarking on a program to develop a science and technology park bringing together leading companies and universities to capitalize on Ames’ exceptional mission and location. Other initiatives under consideration include the integration of SBIR grants with a planned on-site incubator, virtual collaboration, and possibly a new public venture capital program. The STEP Board was asked by the NASA Administrator to hold a one-day symposium to review these initiatives. This report includes commissioned research papers and a summary of the proceedings of the symposium organized in response to the NASA request. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Sarah H. Beachy A2 - Samuel G. Johnson A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Adam C. Berger TI - Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Genomic Science Translation: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18549 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18549/improving-the-efficiency-and-effectiveness-of-genomic-science-translation-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The process for translating basic science discoveries into clinical applications has historically involved a linear and lengthy progression from initial discovery to preclinical testing, regulatory evaluation and approval, and, finally, use in clinical practice. The low rate of translation from basic science to clinical application has been a source of frustration for many scientists, clinicians, investors, policy makers, and patients who hoped that investments in research would result in improved products and processes for patients. Some feel that the anticipated deliverables from the Human Genome Project have not yet materialized, and although understanding of human health and disease biology has increased, there has not been a concomitant increase in the number of approved drugs for patients over the past 10 years. Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Genomic Science Translation is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health in December 2012 to explore ways to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the translation of genomic science to clinical practice. The workshop convened academic researchers, industry representatives, policy makers, and patient advocates to explore obstacles to the translation of research findings to clinical practice and to identify opportunities to support improvement of the early stages of the process for translation of genetic discoveries. This report discusses the realignment of academic incentives, the detection of innovative ways to fund translational research, and the generation or identification of alternative models that accurately reflect human biology or disease to provide opportunities to work across sectors to advance the translation of genomic discoveries. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Experiments in International Benchmarking of US Research Fields SN - DO - 10.17226/9784 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9784/experiments-in-international-benchmarking-of-us-research-fields PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - How can the federal government gauge the overall health of scientific research—as a whole and in its parts—and determine whether national funding adequately supports national research objectives? It is feasible to monitor US performance with field-by-field peer assessments. This might be done through the establishment of independent panels consisting of researchers who work in a field, individuals who work in closely related fields, and research "users" who follow the field closely. Some of these individuals should be outstanding foreign scientists in the field being examined. This technique of comparative international assessments is also known as international benchmarking. Experiments in International Benchmarking of U.S. Research Fields evaluates the feasibility and utility of the benchmarking technique. In order to do this, the report internationally benchmarks three fields: mathematics, immunology, and materials science and engineering, then summarizes the results of these experiments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - The Small Business Innovation Research Program: Challenges and Opportunities SN - DO - 10.17226/9701 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9701/the-small-business-innovation-research-program-challenges-and-opportunities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Small businesses have increasingly been recognized as a source of innovation, and one way in which the Federal government encourages such innovation is through the Small Business Innovation Research program. SBIR sets aside 2.5 percent of federal agencies' R&D budgets for R&D grants to small business. Although the program's budget was nearly $1.2 billion in 1998, SBIR has been subject to relatively little outside review. As part of the STEP's ongoing project on Government-Industry Partnerships, the Board convened policymakers, academic researchers, and representatives from small business to discuss the program's history and rationale, review existing research, and identify areas for further research and program improvements. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Stephen Merrill TI - Measuring the Impacts of Federal Investments in Research: A Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13208 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13208/measuring-the-impacts-of-federal-investments-in-research-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Industry and Labor AB - The enactment of the America COMPETES Act in 2006 (and its reauthorization in 2010), the increase in research expenditures under the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), and President Obama's general emphasis on the contribution of science and technology to economic growth have all heightened interest in the role of scientific and engineering research in creating jobs, generating innovative technologies, spawning new industries, improving health, and producing other economic and societal benefits. Along with this interest has come a renewed emphasis on a question that has been asked for decades: Can the impacts and practical benefits of research to society be measured either quantitatively or qualitatively? On April 18-19, 2011, the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) and the Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy (COSEPUP) of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine, held a workshop to examine this question. The workshop sought to assemble the range of work that has been done in measuring research outcomes and to provide a forum to discuss its method. The workshop was motivated by a 2009 letter from Congressman Rush Holt (D-New Jersey). He asked the National Academies to look into a variety of complex and interconnected issues, such as the short-term and long-term economic and non-economic impact of federal research funding, factors that determine whether federally funded research discoveries result in economic benefits, and quantification of the impacts of research on national security, the environment, health, education, public welfare, and decision making. Measuring the Impacts of Federal Investments in Research provides the key observations and suggestions made by the speakers at the workshop and during the discussions that followed the formal presentations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - U.S.-Japan Technology Linkages in Biotechnology: Challenges for the 1990s SN - DO - 10.17226/1981 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1981/us-japan-technology-linkages-in-biotechnology-challenges-for-the-1990s PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - U.S.-Japan Technology Linkages in Biotechnology provides an assessment of the extent and nature of the rapidly expanding linkages between the United States and Japan in biotechnology. Through analysis of aggregate data and case studies, the book assesses the implications of these linkages for the competitiveness of the U.S. biotechnology industry and provides concrete suggestions on what can be done to ensure that the linkages bring benefits to the United States. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Safeguarding the Bioeconomy SN - DO - 10.17226/25525 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25525/safeguarding-the-bioeconomy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Research and innovation in the life sciences is driving rapid growth in agriculture, biomedical science, information science and computing, energy, and other sectors of the U.S. economy. This economic activity, conceptually referred to as the bioeconomy, presents many opportunities to create jobs, improve the quality of life, and continue to drive economic growth. While the United States has been a leader in advancements in the biological sciences, other countries are also actively investing in and expanding their capabilities in this area. Maintaining competitiveness in the bioeconomy is key to maintaining the economic health and security of the United States and other nations. Safeguarding the Bioeconomy evaluates preexisting and potential approaches for assessing the value of the bioeconomy and identifies intangible assets not sufficiently captured or that are missing from U.S. assessments. This study considers strategies for safeguarding and sustaining the economic activity driven by research and innovation in the life sciences. It also presents ideas for horizon scanning mechanisms to identify new technologies, markets, and data sources that have the potential to drive future development of the bioeconomy. ER - TY - BOOK TI - (NAS Colloquium) Science, Technology and the Economy DO - 10.17226/5707 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5707/nas-colloquium-science-technology-and-the-economy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology: Recent Experience and Future Directions SN - DO - 10.17226/18277 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18277/the-unique-us-russian-relationship-in-biological-science-and-biotechnology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - In the fall of 2010, the U.S. National Academies (consisting of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (in cooperation with the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences) initiated a joint study of U.S.-Russian bilateral engagement in the biological sciences and biotechnology (hereinafter collectively referred to as bioengagement). The U.S. Department of State and the Russian Academy of Sciences provided support for the study. The academies established a joint committee of 12 leading scientists from the two countries to assess bioengagement activities since 1996 and to provide recommendations as to collaborative efforts in the near future. The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology: Recent Experience and Future Directions summarizes the principal conclusions and recommendations of the study. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Best Practices in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives: Competing in the 21st Century SN - DO - 10.17226/18364 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18364/best-practices-in-state-and-regional-innovation-initiatives-competing-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Most of the policy discussion about stimulating innovation has focused on the federal level. This study focuses on the significant activity at the state level, with the goal of improving the public's understanding of key policy strategies and exemplary practices. Based on a series of workshops and conferences that brought together policymakers along with leaders of industry and academia in a select number of states, the study highlights a rich variety of policy initiatives underway at the state and regional level to foster knowledge based growth and employment. Perhaps what distinguishes this effort at the state level is most of all the high degree of pragmatism. Operating out of necessity, innovation policies at the state level often involve taking advantage of existing resources and recombining them in new ways, forging innovative partnerships among universities, industry and government organizations, growing the skill base, and investing in the infrastructure to develop new technologies and new industries. Many of these initiatives are being guided by leaders from the private sector and universities. The objective of Best Practices in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives: Competing in the 21st Century is not to do an empirical review of the inputs and outputs of various state programs. Nor is it to evaluate which programs are superior. Indeed, some of the notable successes, such as the Albany nanotechnology cluster, represent a leap of leadership, investment, and sustained commitment that has had remarkable results in an industry that is actively pursued by many countries. The study's goal is to illustrate the approaches taken by a variety of highly diverse states as they confront the increasing challenges of global competition for the industries and jobs of today and tomorrow. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Annetine C. Gelijns A2 - Holly V. Dawkins TI - Adopting New Medical Technology SN - DO - 10.17226/4417 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4417/adopting-new-medical-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - What information and decision-making processes determine how and whether an experimental medical technology becomes accepted and used? Adopting New Medical Technology reviews the strengths and weaknesses of present coverage and adoption practices, highlights opportunities for improving both the decision-making processes and the underlying information base, and considers approaches to instituting a much-needed increase in financial support for evaluative research. Essays explore the nature of technological change; the use of technology assessment in decisions by health care providers and federal, for-profit, and not-for-profit payers; the role of the courts in determining benefits coverage; strengthening the connections between evaluative research and coverage decision-making; manufacturers' responses to the increased demand for outcomes research; and the implications of health care reform for technology policy. ER -