TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Joan F. Lorden A2 - Charlotte V. Kuh A2 - James A. Voytuk TI - Research-Doctorate Programs in the Biomedical Sciences: Selected Findings from the NRC Assessment DO - 10.17226/13213 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13213/research-doctorate-programs-in-the-biomedical-sciences-selected-findings-from PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Research Doctorate Programs in the Biomedical Sciences: Selected Findings from the NRC Assessment examines data on the biomedical sciences programs to gather additional insight about the talent, training environment, outcomes, diversity, and international participation in the biomedical sciences workforce. This report supports an earlier publication, A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States, which analyzes data and rankings from more than 5,000 doctoral programs, 982 of which were in the biomedical sciences. Research Doctorate Programs in the Biomedical Sciences explores questions about degrees and completion rates as they relate to GRE scores, student funding, program facilities, diversity among faculty members, and other variables. The report examines 11 biomedical science fields including cell and developmental biology, genetics and genomics, microbiology, nutrition, and physiology, among others. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ronald Daniels A2 - Lida Beninson TI - The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through SN - DO - 10.17226/25008 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25008/the-next-generation-of-biomedical-and-behavioral-sciences-researchers-breaking PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has developed the world's preeminent system for biomedical research, one that has given rise to revolutionary medical advances as well as a dynamic and innovative business sector generating high-quality jobs and powering economic output and exports for the U.S. economy. However, there is a growing concern that the biomedical research enterprise is beset by several core challenges that undercut its vitality, promise, and productivity and that could diminish its critical role in the nation's health and innovation in the biomedical industry. Among the most salient of these challenges is the gulf between the burgeoning number of scientists qualified to participate in this system as academic researchers and the elusive opportunities to establish long-term research careers in academia. The patchwork of measures to address the challenges facing young scientists that has emerged over the years has allowed the U.S. biomedical enterprise to continue to make significant scientific and medical advances. These measures, however, have not resolved the structural vulnerabilities in the system, and in some cases come at a great opportunity cost for young scientists. These unresolved issues could diminish the nation's ability to recruit the best minds from all sectors of the U.S. population to careers in biomedical research and raise concerns about a system that may favor increasingly conservative research proposals over high-risk, innovative ideas. The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through evaluates the factors that influence transitions into independent research careers in the biomedical and behavioral sciences and offers recommendations to improve those transitions. These recommendations chart a path to a biomedical research enterprise that is competitive, rigorous, fair, dynamic, and can attract the best minds from across the country. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Sciences SN - DO - 10.17226/12983 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12983/research-training-in-the-biomedical-behavioral-and-clinical-research-sciences PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Education AB - Comprehensive research and a highly-trained workforce are essential for the improvement of health and health care both nationally and internationally. During the past 40 years the National Research Services Award (NRSA) Program has played a large role in training the workforce responsible for dramatic advances in the understanding of various diseases and new insights that have led to more effective and targeted therapies. In spite of this program, the difficulty obtaining jobs after the postdoc period has discouraged many domestic students from pursuing graduate postdoc training. In the United States, more than 50 percent of the postdoc workforce is made up of individuals who obtained their Ph.D.s from other countries. Indeed, one can make a strong argument that the influx of highly trained and creative foreigners has contributed greatly to U.S. science over the past 70 years. Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Sciences discusses a number of important issues, including: the job prospects for postdocs completing their training; questions about the continued supply of international postdocs in an increasingly competitive world; the need for equal, excellent training for all graduate students who receive NIH funding; and the need to increase the diversity of trainees. The book recommends improvements in minority recruiting, more rigorous and extensive training in the responsible conduct of research and ethics, increased emphasis on career development, more attention to outcomes, and the requirement for incorporating more quantitative thinking in the biomedical curriculum. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Johnson TI - Toward a Future of Environmental Health Sciences: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26639 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26639/toward-a-future-of-environmental-health-sciences-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - What could the future of environmental health sciences hold, and what steps might be taken now to guide the field's trajectory? To envision a future research enterprise that integrates environmental health sciences, biomedical science, prevention research, and disease-specific research across the continuum from fundamental discovery research through the application of this research to population health, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop titled Towards a Future of Environmental Health Sciences on April 26-27, 2022. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluation of the Markey Scholars Program SN - DO - 10.17226/11755 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11755/evaluation-of-the-markey-scholars-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Health and Medicine AB - One of five in a series evaluating the grant programs of the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, this report examines the Markey Scholars Awards in Biomedical Sciences. The Scholars program awarded more than $50 million to outstanding young investigators as postdoctorates and junior faculty. Using analysis of curriculum vitae, data on citations and grants, and interviews, the report examines the career outcomes of Scholars relative to those of individuals who applied for the Scholars award. The authoring committee concludes that the Scholars program was a success and provides a template for current programs designed to address the career transitions of young investigators. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Funding Biomedical Research Programs: Contributions of the Markey Trust SN - DO - 10.17226/11627 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11627/funding-biomedical-research-programs-contributions-of-the-markey-trust PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During an interval of 15 years, the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust spent over $500 million on four programs in the basic biomedical sciences that support the education and research of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, junior faculty, and senior researchers. The Markey Trust asked the NRC to evaluate these programs with two questions in mind: “Were these funds well spent?” and “What can others in the biomedical and philanthropic communities learn from the programs of the Markey Trust, both as an approach to funding biomedical research and as a model of philanthropy?” One of five resulting reports, this volume examines the Research Program Grants, which awarded $323 million to support investigators with a major commitment to the life sciences and to assist in the establishment, reorganization, or expansion of significant biomedical research centers or programs. Using information from Markey archives, materials from grant recipients, and site visits to a sample of institutional grant recipients, the authoring committee describes the impact that Markey grants made on the centers and programs funded by these grants, along with the unique aspects of the Markey approach to funding that may be applicable to other funders of biomedical research programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - George R. Reinhart TI - Enhancing Philanthropy's Support of Biomedical Scientists: Proceedings of a Workshop on Evaluation SN - DO - 10.17226/11646 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11646/enhancing-philanthropys-support-of-biomedical-scientists-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During an interval of 15 years, the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust spent over $500 million on four programs in the basic biomedical sciences that support the education and research of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, junior faculty, and senior researchers. The Markey Trust asked the NRC to evaluate these programs with two questions in mind: “Were these funds well spent?” and “What can others in the biomedical and philanthropic communities learn from the programs of the Markey Trust, both as an approach to funding biomedical research and as a model of philanthropy?” One of five resulting reports, this volume contains the proceedings of a workshop held in June 2005 to investigate methods used to evaluate funding of the biomedical scientists by philanthropic and public funders. In addition to the Markey Trust, representatives from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the American Heart Association, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and six other funders of biomedical scientists presented information on evaluation methodologies and outcomes. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Postdoctoral Training in the Biomedical Sciences: An Evaluation of NIGMS Postdoctoral Traineeship and Fellowship Programs DO - 10.17226/20085 PY - 1974 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20085/postdoctoral-training-in-the-biomedical-sciences-an-evaluation-of-nigms PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - George R. Reinhart TI - The Markey Scholars Conference: Proceedings SN - DO - 10.17226/11001 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11001/the-markey-scholars-conference-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Health and Medicine AB - This is the second of five reports to emerge from the evaluation of the Markey Trust. As part of this assessment, the NRC hosted a scientific conference for Markey Scholars and Visiting Fellows in Rio Grande, Puerto Rico on June 28-30, 2002. The purpose of the conference was to enable the Scholars and Fellows to share their research experiences, just as they did at the annual Scholars Conferences previously conducted by the Markey Trust. All of the attending Scholars and Fellows submitted abstracts of their poster sessions. Six scholars, along with other experts in the biomedical sciences, made formal presentations. These proceedings consist of shortened versions of the individual presentations and the poster session abstracts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Bridging the Bed-Bench Gap: Contributions of the Markey Trust SN - DO - 10.17226/10920 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10920/bridging-the-bed-bench-gap-contributions-of-the-markey-trust PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Since the 1970s there has been a serious gap between fundamental biological research and its clinical application. In response to this gap the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust instituted the General Organizational Grants program, which funded two types of awards to provide training that would bridge the bed-bench gap. These training awards fell into two categories: (1) those that provided significant opportunities for M.D.s to engage in basic research during and immediately following medical school and residency, and (2) those that provided significant clinical exposure for Ph.D.s while they were predoctoral or postdoctoral students. These grants were intended to close the widening gap between rapid advances in our understanding of the biological process and the translation of that knowledge into techniques for preventing diseases. This report examines the General Organizational Grant programs, identifies best practices, and provides observations for future philanthropic funders. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Effects of NIGMS Training Programs on Graduate Education in the Biomedical Sciences: An Evaluative Study of the Training Programs of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 1958-1967 DO - 10.17226/20271 PY - 1971 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20271/effects-of-nigms-training-programs-on-graduate-education-in-the-biomedical-sciences PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Addressing the Nation's Changing Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists SN - DO - 10.17226/9827 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9827/addressing-the-nations-changing-needs-for-biomedical-and-behavioral-scientists PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - As biomedical and behavioral research progresses into new areas, the number of scientists active in various fields rises and falls, and the health needs of the U.S. population evolve, it is important to ensure that the preparation of future investigators reflects these changes. This book addresses these topics by considering questions such as the following: What is the current supply of biomedical and behavioral scientists? How is future demand for scientists likely to be affected by factors such as advances in research, trends in the employment of scientists, future research funding, and changes in health care delivery? What are the best ways to prepare prospective investigators to meet future needs in scientific research? In the course of addressing these questions, this volume examines the number of investigators trained every year, patterns of hiring by universities and industry, and the age of the scientific workforce in different fields, and makes recommendations for the number of scientists that should be trained in the years ahead. This book also considers the diversity of the research workforce and the importance of providing prospective scientists with the skills to successfully collaborate with investigators in related fields, and offers suggestions for how government and universities should structure their research training programs differently in the future. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs SN - DO - 10.17226/11275 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11275/advancing-the-nations-health-needs-nih-research-training-programs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Education AB - The National Institutes of Health’s role in supporting research has long been recognized as a major factor in advancing the health needs in the nation and the world. The National Research Council was charged with the responsibility of periodically assessing the National Institutes of Health’s National Research Service Awards program, thus this book is the twelfth edition in the series. While the National Research Service Awards program now supports only a fraction of the training in the biomedical, clinical, behavioral, and social sciences, it sets a high standard for the training in all doctoral programs in these fields. Also included are the training needs of oral health, nursing, and health services research. This book has been broadly constructed to take into account the rapidly evolving national and international health care needs. The past and present are analyzed and predictions with regard to future needs are presented. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Sharyl J. Nass A2 - Bruce W. Stillman TI - Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Future Research SN - DO - 10.17226/10718 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10718/large-scale-biomedical-science-exploring-strategies-for-future-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The nature of biomedical research has been evolving in recent years. Technological advances that make it easier to study the vast complexity of biological systems have led to the initiation of projects with a larger scale and scope. In many cases, these large-scale analyses may be the most efficient and effective way to extract functional information from complex biological systems. Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Research looks at the role of these new large-scale projects in the biomedical sciences. Though written by the National Academies’ Cancer Policy Board, this book addresses implications of large-scale science extending far beyond cancer research. It also identifies obstacles to the implementation of these projects, and makes recommendations to improve the process. The ultimate goal of biomedical research is to advance knowledge and provide useful innovations to society. Determining the best and most efficient method for accomplishing that goal, however, is a continuing and evolving challenge. The recommendations presented in Large-Scale Biomedical Science are intended to facilitate a more open, inclusive, and accountable approach to large-scale biomedical research, which in turn will maximize progress in understanding and controlling human disease. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Susan M. Fitzpatrick A2 - John T. Bruer TI - Carving Our Destiny: Scientific Research Faces a New Millennium DO - 10.17226/9753 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9753/carving-our-destiny-scientific-research-faces-a-new-millennium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - This is a book for people who love and understand science and want to know more about contemporary research frontiers. The questions addressed are as fascinating as they are diverse: Is the human mind truly unique among the primates? Does "dark matter" really exist in the universe? What can the human genome tell us about our evolutionary history? These wide-ranging topics are brought together by virtue of their impact on our understanding of ourselves--and by the caliber of the authors: ten young scientists and scholars, reaching the height of their powers, who are especially talented in communicating their research findings to broad audiences. They were chosen to receive the prestigious Centennial Fellowships awarded in 1998 by the McDonnell Foundation, established and funded by the late aerospace pioneer James S. McDonnell. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Physics in a New Era: An Overview SN - DO - 10.17226/10118 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10118/physics-in-a-new-era-an-overview PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Physics at the beginning of the twenty-first century has reached new levels of accomplishment and impact in a society and nation that are changing rapidly. Accomplishments have led us into the information age and fueled broad technological and economic development. The pace of discovery is quickening and stronger links with other fields such as the biological sciences are being developed. The intellectual reach has never been greater, and the questions being asked are more ambitious than ever before. Physics in a New Era is the final report of the NRC’s six-volume decadal physics survey. The book reviews the frontiers of physics research, examines the role of physics in our society, and makes recommendations designed to strengthen physics and its ability to serve important needs such as national security, the economy, information technology, and education. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - George Casella A2 - Rongling Wu A2 - Sam S. Wu A2 - Scott T. Weidman TI - Making Sense of Complexity: Summary of the Workshop on Dynamical Modeling of Complex Biomedical Systems SN - DO - 10.17226/10356 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10356/making-sense-of-complexity-summary-of-the-workshop-on-dynamical PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - On April 26-28, 2001, the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications (BMSA) and the Board on Life Sciences of the National Research Council cosponsored a workshop on the dynamical modeling of complex biomedical systems. The workshop's goal was to identify some open research questions in the mathematical sciences whose solution would contribute to important unsolved problems in three general areas of the biomedical sciences: disease states, cellular processes, and neuroscience. The workshop drew a diverse group of over 80 researchers, who engaged in lively discussions.To convey the workshop's excitement more broadly, and to help more mathematical scientists become familiar with these very fertile interface areas, the BMSA appointed one of its members, George Casella, of the University of Florida, as rapporteur. He developed this summary with the help of two colleagues from his university, Rongling Wu and Sam S. Wu, assisted by Scott Weidman, BMSA director.This summary represents the viewpoint of its authors only and should not be taken as a consensus report of the BMSA or of the National Research Council. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - LeighAnne Olsen A2 - J. Michael McGinnis TI - Redesigning the Clinical Effectiveness Research Paradigm: Innovation and Practice-Based Approaches: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12197 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12197/redesigning-the-clinical-effectiveness-research-paradigm-innovation-and-practice-based PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Recent scientific and technological advances have accelerated our understanding of the causes of disease development and progression, and resulted in innovative treatments and therapies. Ongoing work to elucidate the effects of individual genetic variation on patient outcomes suggests the rapid pace of discovery in the biomedical sciences will only accelerate. However, these advances belie an important and increasing shortfall between the expansion in therapy and treatment options and knowledge about how these interventions might be applied appropriately to individual patients. The impressive gains made in Americans' health over the past decades provide only a preview of what might be possible when data on treatment effects and patient outcomes are systematically captured and used to evaluate their effectiveness. Needed for progress are advances as dramatic as those experienced in biomedicine in our approach to assessing clinical effectiveness. In the emerging era of tailored treatments and rapidly evolving practice, ensuring the translation of scientific discovery into improved health outcomes requires a new approach to clinical evaluation. A paradigm that supports a continual learning process about what works best for individual patients will not only take advantage of the rigor of trials, but also incorporate other methods that might bring insights relevant to clinical care and endeavor to match the right method to the question at hand. The Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven Health Care's vision for a learning healthcare system, in which evidence is applied and generated as a natural course of care, is premised on the development of a research capacity that is structured to provide timely and accurate evidence relevant to the clinical decisions faced by patients and providers. As part of the Roundtable's Learning Healthcare System series of workshops, clinical researchers, academics, and policy makers gathered for the workshop Redesigning the Clinical Effectiveness Research Paradigm: Innovation and Practice-Based Approaches. Participants explored cutting-edge research designs and methods and discussed strategies for development of a research paradigm to better accommodate the diverse array of emerging data resources, study designs, tools, and techniques. Presentations and discussions are summarized in this volume. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine TI - The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited SN - DO - 10.17226/18982 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18982/the-postdoctoral-experience-revisited PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited builds on the 2000 report Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers. That ground-breaking report assessed the postdoctoral experience and provided principles, action points, and recommendations to enhance that experience. Since the publication of the 2000 report, the postdoctoral landscape has changed considerably. The percentage of PhDs who pursue postdoctoral training is growing steadily and spreading from the biomedical and physical sciences to engineering and the social sciences. The average length of time spent in postdoctoral positions seems to be increasing. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited reexamines postdoctoral programs in the United States, focusing on how postdocs are being guided and managed, how institutional practices have changed, and what happens to postdocs after they complete their programs. This book explores important changes that have occurred in postdoctoral practices and the research ecosystem and assesses how well current practices meet the needs of these fledgling scientists and engineers and of the research enterprise. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited takes a fresh look at current postdoctoral fellows - how many there are, where they are working, in what fields, and for how many years. This book makes recommendations to improve aspects of programs - postdoctoral period of service, title and role, career development, compensation and benefits, and mentoring. Current data on demographics, career aspirations, and career outcomes for postdocs are limited. This report makes the case for better data collection by research institution and data sharing. A larger goal of this study is not only to propose ways to make the postdoctoral system better for the postdoctoral researchers themselves but also to better understand the role that postdoctoral training plays in the research enterprise. It is also to ask whether there are alternative ways to satisfy some of the research and career development needs of postdoctoral researchers that are now being met with several years of advanced training. Postdoctoral researchers are the future of the research enterprise. The discussion and recommendations of The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited will stimulate action toward clarifying the role of postdoctoral researchers and improving their status and experience. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Life-Cycle Decisions for Biomedical Data: The Challenge of Forecasting Costs SN - DO - 10.17226/25639 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25639/life-cycle-decisions-for-biomedical-data-the-challenge-of-forecasting PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Health and Medicine AB - Biomedical research results in the collection and storage of increasingly large and complex data sets. Preserving those data so that they are discoverable, accessible, and interpretable accelerates scientific discovery and improves health outcomes, but requires that researchers, data curators, and data archivists consider the long-term disposition of data and the costs of preserving, archiving, and promoting access to them. Life Cycle Decisions for Biomedical Data examines and assesses approaches and considerations for forecasting costs for preserving, archiving, and promoting access to biomedical research data. This report provides a comprehensive conceptual framework for cost-effective decision making that encourages data accessibility and reuse for researchers, data managers, data archivists, data scientists, and institutions that support platforms that enable biomedical research data preservation, discoverability, and use. ER -