%0 Book %E Eisner, Thomas %E Meinwald, Jerrold %T Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction %@ 978-0-309-05281-8 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4979/chemical-ecology-the-chemistry-of-biotic-interaction %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4979/chemical-ecology-the-chemistry-of-biotic-interaction %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 224 %X Chemical signals among organisms form "a vast communicative interplay, fundamental to the fabric of life," in the words of one expert. Chemical ecology is the the discipline that seeks to understand these interactions-to use biology in the search for new substances of potential benefit to humankind. This book highlights selected research areas of medicinal and agricultural importance. Leading experts review the chemistry of: Insect defense and its applications to pest control. Phyletic dominance—the survival success of insects. Social regulation, with ant societies as a model of multicomponent signaling systems. Eavesdropping, alarm, and deceit—the array of strategies used by insects to find and lure prey. Reproduction—from the gamete attraction to courtship nd sexual selection. The chemistry of intracellular immunosuppression. Topics also include the appropriation of dietary factors for defense and communication; the use of chemical signals in the marine environment; the role of the olfactory system in chemical analysis; and the interaction of polydnaviruses, endoparasites, and the immune system of the host. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Strassmann, Joan E. %E Queller, David C. %E Avise, John C. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T In the Light of Evolution: Volume V: Cooperation and Conflict %@ 978-0-309-21836-8 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13223/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-v-cooperation-and-conflict %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13223/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-v-cooperation-and-conflict %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 466 %X Biodiversity--the genetic variety of life--is an exuberant product of the evolutionary past, a vast human-supportive resource (aesthetic, intellectual, and material) of the present, and a rich legacy to cherish and preserve for the future. Two urgent challenges, and opportunities, for 21st-century science are to gain deeper insights into the evolutionary processes that foster biotic diversity, and to translate that understanding into workable solutions for the regional and global crises that biodiversity currently faces. A grasp of evolutionary principles and processes is important in other societal arenas as well, such as education, medicine, sociology, and other applied fields including agriculture, pharmacology, and biotechnology. The ramifications of evolutionary thought also extend into learned realms traditionally reserved for philosophy and religion. The central goal of the In the Light of Evolution (ILE) series is to promote the evolutionary sciences through state-of-the-art colloquia--in the series of Arthur M. Sackler colloquia sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences--and their published proceedings. Each installment explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. This book is the outgrowth of the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium "Cooperation and Conflict," which was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 7-8, 2011, at the Academy's Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California. It is the fifth in a series of colloquia under the general title "In the Light of Evolution." The current volume explores recent developments in the study of cooperation and conflict, ranging from the level of the gene to societies and symbioses. Humans can be vicious, but paradoxically we are also among nature's great cooperators. Even our great conflicts-wars-are extremely cooperative endeavors on each side. Some of this cooperation is best understood culturally, but we are also products of evolution, with bodies, brains, and behaviors molded by natural selection. How cooperation evolves has been one of the big questions in evolutionary biology, and how it pays or does not pay is a great intellectual puzzle. The puzzle of cooperation was the dominant theme of research in the early years of Darwin's research, whereas recent work has emphasized its importance and ubiquity. Far from being a rare trait shown by social insects and a few others, cooperation is both widespread taxonomically and essential to life. The depth of research on cooperation and conflict has increased greatly, most notably in the direction of small organisms. Although most of In the Light of Evolution V: Cooperation and Conflict is about the new topics that are being treated as part of social evolution, such as genes, microbes, and medicine, the old fundamental subjects still matter and remain the object of vigorous research. The first four chapters revisit some of these standard arenas, including social insects, cooperatively breeding birds, mutualisms, and how to model social evolution. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Avise, John C. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin %@ 978-0-309-13986-1 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12692/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-iii-two-centuries-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12692/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-iii-two-centuries-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Explore Science %P 430 %X Two Centuries of Darwin is the outgrowth of an Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 16-17, 2009. In the chapters of this book, leading evolutionary biologists and science historians reflect on and commemorate the Darwinian Revolution. They canvass modern research approaches and current scientific thought on each of the three main categories of selection (natural, artificial, and sexual) that Darwin addressed during his career. Although Darwin's legacy is associated primarily with the illumination of natural selection in The Origin, he also contemplated and wrote extensively about what we now term artificial selection and sexual selection. In a concluding section of this book, several science historians comment on Darwin's seminal contributions. Two Centuries of Darwin is the third book of the In the Light of Evolution series. Each installment in the series explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. The ILE series aims to interpret phenomena in various areas of biology through the lens of evolution and address some of the most intellectually engaging, as well as pragmatically important societal issues of our times. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Hey, Jody %E Fitch, Walter M. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T Systematics and the Origin of Species: On Ernst Mayr's 100th Anniversary %@ 978-0-309-09536-5 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11310/systematics-and-the-origin-of-species-on-ernst-mayrs-100th %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11310/systematics-and-the-origin-of-species-on-ernst-mayrs-100th %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 382 %X In December 2004, the National Academy of Sciences sponsored a colloquium on “Systematics and the Origin of Species” to celebrate Ernst Mayr’s 100th anniversary and to explore current knowledge concerning the origin of species. In 1942, Ernst Mayr, one of the twentieth century’s greatest scientists, published Systematics and the Origin of Species, a seminal book of the modern theory of evolution, where he advanced the significance of population variation in the understanding of evolutionary process and the origin of new species. Mayr formulated the transition from Linnaeus’s static species concept to the dynamic species concept of the modern theory of evolution and emphasized the species as a community of populations, the role of reproductive isolation, and the ecological interactions between species. In addition to a preceding essay by Edward O. Wilson, this book includes the 16 papers presented by distinguished evolutionists at the colloquium. The papers are organized into sections covering the origins of species barriers, the processes of species divergence, the nature of species, the meaning of “species,” and genomic approaches for understanding diversity and speciation. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Cela-Conde, Camilo J. %E Lombardo, Raúl Gutiérrez %E Avise, John C. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery %@ 978-0-309-29640-3 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18573/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-vii-the-human-mental %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18573/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-vii-the-human-mental %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 394 %X Humans possess certain unique mental traits. Self-reflection, as well as ethic and aesthetic values, is among them, constituting an essential part of what we call the human condition. The human mental machinery led our species to have a self-awareness but, at the same time, a sense of justice, willing to punish unfair actions even if the consequences of such outrages harm our own interests. Also, we appreciate searching for novelties, listening to music, viewing beautiful pictures, or living in well-designed houses. But why is this so? What is the meaning of our tendency, among other particularities, to defend and share values, to evaluate the rectitude of our actions and the beauty of our surroundings? What brain mechanisms correlate with the human capacity to maintain inner speech, or to carry out judgments of value? To what extent are they different from other primates' equivalent behaviors? In the Light of Evolution Volume VII aims to survey what has been learned about the human "mental machinery." This book is a collection of colloquium papers from the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium "The Human Mental Machinery," which was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 11-12, 2013. The colloquium brought together leading scientists who have worked on brain and mental traits. Their 16 contributions focus the objective of better understanding human brain processes, their evolution, and their eventual shared mechanisms with other animals. The articles are grouped into three primary sections: current study of the mind-brain relationships; the primate evolutionary continuity; and the human difference: from ethics to aesthetics. This book offers fresh perspectives coming from interdisciplinary approaches that open new research fields and constitute the state of the art in some important aspects of the mind-brain relationships. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone's Northern Range %@ 978-0-309-08345-4 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10328/ecological-dynamics-on-yellowstones-northern-range %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10328/ecological-dynamics-on-yellowstones-northern-range %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 198 %X Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone’s Northern Range discusses the complex management challenges in Yellowstone National Park. Controversy over the National Park Service’s approach of "natural regulation" has heightened in recent years because of changes in vegetation and other ecosystem components in Yellowstone's northern range. Natural regulation minimizes human impacts, including management intervention by the National Park Service, on the park ecosystem. Many have attributed these changes to increased size of elk and other ungulate herds. This report examines the evidence that increased ungulate populations are responsible for the changes in vegetation and that the changes represent a major and serious change in the Yellowstone ecosystem. According to the authors, any human intervention to protect species such as the aspen and those that depend on them should be prudently localized rather than ecosystem-wide. An ecosystem--wide approach, such as reducing ungulate populations, could be more disruptive. The report concludes that although dramatic ecological change does not appear to be imminent, approaches to dealing with potential human--caused changes in the ecosystem, including those related to climate change, should be considered now. The need for research and public education is also compelling. %0 Book %E Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L. %E Wilson, Don E. %E Wilson, Edward O. %T Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources %@ 978-0-309-05584-0 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4901/biodiversity-ii-understanding-and-protecting-our-biological-resources %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4901/biodiversity-ii-understanding-and-protecting-our-biological-resources %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 560 %X "The book before you...carries the urgent warning that we are rapidly altering and destroying the environments that have fostered the diversity of life forms for more than a billion years." With those words, Edward O. Wilson opened the landmark volume Biodiversity (National Academy Press, 1988). Despite this and other such alarms, species continue to vanish at a rapid rate, taking with them their genetic legacy and potential benefits. Many disappear before they can even be identified. Biodiversity II is a renewed call for urgency. This volume updates readers on how much we already know and how much remains to be identified scientifically. It explores new strategies for quantifying, understanding, and protecting biodiversity, including: New approaches to the integration of electronic data, including a proposal for a U.S. National Biodiversity Information Center. Application of techniques developed in the human genome project to species identification and classification. The Gap Analysis Program of the National Biological Survey, which uses layered satellite, climatic, and biological data to assess distribution and better manage biodiversity. The significant contribution of museum collections to identifying and categorizing species, which is essential for understanding ecological function and for targeting organisms and regions at risk. The book describes our growing understanding of how megacenters of diversity (e.g., rainforest insects, coral reefs) are formed, maintained, and lost; what can be learned from mounting bird extinctions; and how conservation efforts for neotropical primates have fared. It also explores ecosystem restoration, sustainable development, and agricultural impact. Biodiversity II reinforces the idea that the conservation of our biological resources is within reach as long as we pool resources; better coordinate the efforts of existing institutions—museums, universities, and government agencies—already dedicated to this goal; and enhance support for research, collections, and training. This volume will be important to environmentalists, biologists, ecologists, educators, students, and concerned individuals. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Mono Basin Ecosystem: Effects of Changing Lake Level %@ 978-0-309-03777-8 %D 1987 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1007/the-mono-basin-ecosystem-effects-of-changing-lake-level %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1007/the-mono-basin-ecosystem-effects-of-changing-lake-level %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 288 %X Mono Basin is a closed hydrologic basin spanning the border between California and Nevada. Los Angeles has been diverting streams since 1941 that normally would flow into Mono Lake. It has been predicted that continued diversion will have major ecological consequences for the natural resources of the Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area. This book studies the ecological risk assessment that considers the effects of water diversions on an inland saline lake. It examines the hydrology of the Mono Basin, investigates the lake's physical and chemical systems, studies the biological relationships, and predicts the effects of changes in lake levels on the ecosystem. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Development of Science-based Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Care: Proceedings of the November 2003 International Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09302-6 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11138/the-development-of-science-based-guidelines-for-laboratory-animal-care %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11138/the-development-of-science-based-guidelines-for-laboratory-animal-care %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Agriculture %P 262 %X The Development of Science-based Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Care is the summary of an international workshop held in Washington, DC, in November 2003 to bring together experts from around the world to discuss the available knowledge that can positively influence current and pending guidelines for laboratory animal care, identify gaps in that knowledge in order to encourage future research endeavors, and discuss the scientific evidence that can be used to assess the benefits and costs of various regulatory approaches affecting facilities, research, and animal welfare. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Biographical Memoirs: Volume 86 %@ 978-0-309-10369-5 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11429/biographical-memoirs-volume-86 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11429/biographical-memoirs-volume-86 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 408 %X Biographic Memoirs Volume 86 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. %0 Book %T (NAS Colloquium) The Future of Evolution %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10499/nas-colloquium-the-future-of-evolution %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10499/nas-colloquium-the-future-of-evolution %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 96 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects %@ 978-0-309-10834-8 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11935/environmental-impacts-of-wind-energy-projects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11935/environmental-impacts-of-wind-energy-projects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 394 %X The generation of electricity by wind energy has the potential to reduce environmental impacts caused by the use of fossil fuels. Although the use of wind energy to generate electricity is increasing rapidly in the United States, government guidance to help communities and developers evaluate and plan proposed wind-energy projects is lacking. Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects offers an analysis of the environmental benefits and drawbacks of wind energy, along with an evaluation guide to aid decision-making about projects. It includes a case study of the mid-Atlantic highlands, a mountainous area that spans parts of West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. This book will inform policy makers at the federal, state, and local levels. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies %@ 978-0-309-03645-0 %D 1986 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/645/ecological-knowledge-and-environmental-problem-solving-concepts-and-case-studies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/645/ecological-knowledge-and-environmental-problem-solving-concepts-and-case-studies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 400 %X This volume explores how the scientific tools of ecology can be used more effectively in dealing with a variety of complex environmental problems. Part I discusses the usefulness of such ecological knowledge as population dynamics and interactions, community ecology, life histories, and the impact of various materials and energy sources on the environment. Part II contains 13 original and instructive case studies pertaining to the biological side of environmental problems, which Nature described as "carefully chosen and extremely interesting." %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Striedter, Georg F. %E Avise, John C. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T In the Light of Evolution: Volume VI: Brain and Behavior %@ 978-0-309-26175-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13462/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-vi-brain-and-behavior %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13462/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-vi-brain-and-behavior %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 430 %X The central goal of the In the Light of Evolution (ILE) series is to promote the evolutionary sciences through state-of-the-art colloquia--in the series of Arthur M. Sackler colloquia sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences--and their published proceedings. Each installment explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. This book is the outgrowth of the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium "Brain and Behavior," which was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 20-21, 2012, at the Academy's Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, CA. It is the sixth in a series of Colloquia under the general title "In the Light of Evolution." Specifically, In Light of Evolution: Brain and Behavior focuses on the field of evolutionary neuroscience that now includes a vast array of different approaches, data types, and species. This volume is also available for purchase with the In the Light of Evolution six-volume set. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Avise, John C. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T In the Light of Evolution: Volume X: Comparative Phylogeography %@ 978-0-309-44422-4 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23542/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-x-comparative-phylogeography %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23542/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-x-comparative-phylogeography %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 432 %X Biodiversity--the genetic variety of life--is an exuberant product of the evolutionary past, a vast human-supportive resource (aesthetic, intellectual, and material) of the present, and a rich legacy to cherish and preserve for the future. Two urgent challenges, and opportunities, for 21st-century science are to gain deeper insights into the evolutionary processes that foster biotic diversity, and to translate that understanding into workable solutions for the regional and global crises that biodiversity currently faces. A grasp of evolutionary principles and processes is important in other societal arenas as well, such as education, medicine, sociology, and other applied fields including agriculture, pharmacology, and biotechnology. The ramifications of evolutionary thought also extend into learned realms traditionally reserved for philosophy and religion. The central goal of the In the Light of Evolution (ILE) series is to promote the evolutionary sciences through state-of-the-art colloquia--in the series of Arthur M. Sackler colloquia sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences--and their published proceedings. Each installment explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. This tenth and final edition of the In the Light of Evolution series focuses on recent developments in phylogeographic research and their relevance to past accomplishments and future research directions. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Olsen, LeighAnne %E Choffnes, Eileen R. %E Mack, Alison %T The Social Biology of Microbial Communities: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-26432-7 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13500/the-social-biology-of-microbial-communities-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13500/the-social-biology-of-microbial-communities-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 632 %X Beginning with the germ theory of disease in the 19th century and extending through most of the 20th century, microbes were believed to live their lives as solitary, unicellular, disease-causing organisms . This perception stemmed from the focus of most investigators on organisms that could be grown in the laboratory as cellular monocultures, often dispersed in liquid, and under ambient conditions of temperature, lighting, and humidity. Most such inquiries were designed to identify microbial pathogens by satisfying Koch's postulates.3 This pathogen-centric approach to the study of microorganisms produced a metaphorical "war" against these microbial invaders waged with antibiotic therapies, while simultaneously obscuring the dynamic relationships that exist among and between host organisms and their associated microorganisms—only a tiny fraction of which act as pathogens. Despite their obvious importance, very little is actually known about the processes and factors that influence the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities. Gaining this knowledge will require a seismic shift away from the study of individual microbes in isolation to inquiries into the nature of diverse and often complex microbial communities, the forces that shape them, and their relationships with other communities and organisms, including their multicellular hosts. On March 6 and 7, 2012, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore the emerging science of the "social biology" of microbial communities. Workshop presentations and discussions embraced a wide spectrum of topics, experimental systems, and theoretical perspectives representative of the current, multifaceted exploration of the microbial frontier. Participants discussed ecological, evolutionary, and genetic factors contributing to the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities; how microbial communities adapt and respond to environmental stimuli; theoretical and experimental approaches to advance this nascent field; and potential applications of knowledge gained from the study of microbial communities for the improvement of human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health and toward a deeper understanding of microbial diversity and evolution. The Social Biology of Microbial Communities: Workshop Summary further explains the happenings of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment %@ 978-0-309-06419-4 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6029/hormonally-active-agents-in-the-environment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6029/hormonally-active-agents-in-the-environment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 452 %X Some investigators have hypothesized that estrogens and other hormonally active agents found in the environment might be involved in breast cancer increases and sperm count declines in humans as well as deformities and reproductive problems seen in wildlife. This book looks in detail at the science behind the ominous prospect of "estrogen mimics" threatening health and well-being, from the level of ecosystems and populations to individual people and animals. The committee identifies research needs and offers specific recommendations to decision-makers. This authoritative volume: Critically evaluates the literature on hormonally active agents in the environment and identifies known and suspected toxicologic mechanisms and effects of fish, wildlife, and humans. Examines whether and how exposure to hormonally active agents occurs—in diet, in pharmaceuticals, from industrial releases into the environment—and why the debate centers on estrogens. Identifies significant uncertainties, limitations of knowledge, and weaknesses in the scientific literature. The book presents a wealth of information and investigates a wide range of examples across the spectrum of life that might be related to these agents. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Jones, Lyle V. %E Lindzey, Gardner %E Coggeshall, Porter E. %T An Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States: Biological Sciences %@ 978-0-309-03340-4 %D 1982 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9779/an-assessment-of-research-doctorate-programs-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9779/an-assessment-of-research-doctorate-programs-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 261