TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Oil in the Sea IV: Quick Guide for Practitioners and Researchers DO - 10.17226/27155 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27155/oil-in-the-sea-iv-quick-guide-for-practitioners-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - This booklet provides key insights from Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects, published in 2022, which benefited from significant advancements in scientific methods to detect the input and fates of oil in the sea, and from lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in 2010. Going beyond previous reports, Oil in the Sea IV includes analysis of human health impacts of oil in the sea, oil in the Arctic marine environment, and prevention and response efforts that can help to both reduce the amount of oil reaching the sea and minimize its effects. The booklet is meant to serve as a reference guide to all those involved in oil spill research and response. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Toward a New Era of Data Sharing: Summary of the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data DO - 10.17226/27520 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27520/toward-a-new-era-of-data-sharing-summary-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s: Highlights of a Decadal Survey DO - 10.17226/26933 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26933/pathways-to-discovery-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics-for-the-2020s PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Recent discoveries and emerging technologies in astronomy and astrophysics have sparked transformative new endeavors to understand the universe and our place in it. This booklet presents an ambitious vision for exploring the cosmos over the next decade and beyond. It outlines the investments needed to cultivate and sustain the people who drive innovation and discovery, the tools to carry out the science, and the research insights that will expand humanity’s horizons. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s SN - DO - 10.17226/26141 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26141/pathways-to-discovery-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics-for-the-2020s PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - We live in a time of extraordinary discovery and progress in astronomy and astrophysics. The next decade will transform our understanding of the universe and humanity's place in it. Every decade the U.S. agencies that provide primary federal funding for astronomy and astrophysics request a survey to assess the status of, and opportunities for the Nation's efforts to forward our understanding of the cosmos. Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s identifies the most compelling science goals and presents an ambitious program of ground- and space-based activities for future investment in the next decade and beyond. The decadal survey identifies three important science themes for the next decade aimed at investigating Earth-like extrasolar planets, the most energetic processes in the universe, and the evolution of galaxies. The Astro2020 report also recommends critical near-term actions to support the foundations of the profession as well as the technologies and tools needed to carry out the science. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ronald Daniels A2 - Lida Beninson TI - The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through SN - DO - 10.17226/25008 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25008/the-next-generation-of-biomedical-and-behavioral-sciences-researchers-breaking PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has developed the world's preeminent system for biomedical research, one that has given rise to revolutionary medical advances as well as a dynamic and innovative business sector generating high-quality jobs and powering economic output and exports for the U.S. economy. However, there is a growing concern that the biomedical research enterprise is beset by several core challenges that undercut its vitality, promise, and productivity and that could diminish its critical role in the nation's health and innovation in the biomedical industry. Among the most salient of these challenges is the gulf between the burgeoning number of scientists qualified to participate in this system as academic researchers and the elusive opportunities to establish long-term research careers in academia. The patchwork of measures to address the challenges facing young scientists that has emerged over the years has allowed the U.S. biomedical enterprise to continue to make significant scientific and medical advances. These measures, however, have not resolved the structural vulnerabilities in the system, and in some cases come at a great opportunity cost for young scientists. These unresolved issues could diminish the nation's ability to recruit the best minds from all sectors of the U.S. population to careers in biomedical research and raise concerns about a system that may favor increasingly conservative research proposals over high-risk, innovative ideas. The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through evaluates the factors that influence transitions into independent research careers in the biomedical and behavioral sciences and offers recommendations to improve those transitions. These recommendations chart a path to a biomedical research enterprise that is competitive, rigorous, fair, dynamic, and can attract the best minds from across the country. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Roman Space Telescope Observing Time Allocation Principles: Report Series—Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics SN - DO - 10.17226/26740 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26740/roman-space-telescope-observing-time-allocation-principles-report-series-committee PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The Roman Space Telescope will measurably advance knowledge of dark energy and exoplanet demographics. Locally, it will likely enhance understanding of the structure and substructure of the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, including a census of the predicted but elusive ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. At high redshift, it can provide information on the topology of reionization and the abundance of sources like active galactic nuclei and pair-instability supernovae. With a wavelength range of 0.48-2.3 μm, the Roman Wide Field Imager has the largest etendue of any existing or planned optical/infrared space observatory. The coronagraph technology demonstration instrument will pioneer new capabilities that will be the basis for future instruments capable of directly detecting and characterizing Earth-like planets around nearby stars. If the technology demonstration is successful, observations with the coronagraph could make substantial advances in the study of planetary and disk systems. At the request of NASA, this report reviews the Roman Space Telescope science program to set the appropriate mix of survey time devoted to the three Core Community Surveys (which address the weak lensing, baryon acoustic oscillations, supernovae, and microlensing programs in NWNH) relative to guest investigator-led observing programs during the primary 5-year mission. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Issues for Science and Engineering Researchers in the Digital Age SN - DO - 10.17226/10100 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10100/issues-for-science-and-engineering-researchers-in-the-digital-age PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report Series: Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics: Small Explorer Missions SN - DO - 10.17226/24808 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24808/report-series-committee-on-astronomy-and-astrophysics-small-explorer-missions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The 2010 astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey, New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics, laid out an exciting portfolio of recommended activities to guide the agencies’ research programs over the period 2012-2021. The newly constituted Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics (CAA) is tasked with monitoring the progress of the survey’s recommended priorities. The CAA met in conjunction with Space Science Week 2017 in Washington, D.C., on March 28- 30, 2017. This was the first meeting at which the CAA could produce a report, and in advance of that meeting, the CAA received a question from NASA about an upcoming Small Explorer (SMEX) mission call. This report addresses whether there may or may not be sufficient compelling science motivations for a SMEX-sized mission to justify a SMEX Announcement of Opportunity (AO) in 2018 or 2019 (as is currently planned). ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluation of the Implementation of WFIRST/AFTA in the Context of New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics SN - DO - 10.17226/18712 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18712/evaluation-of-the-implementation-of-wfirstafta-in-the-context-of-new-worlds-new-horizons-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Evaluation of the Implementation of WFIRST in the Context of New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics assesses whether the proposed Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets (AFTA) design reference mission described in the April 30, 2013 report of the AFTA Science Definition Team (SDT), WFIRST-2.4, is responsive to the overall strategy to pursue the science objectives of New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics, and in particular, the survey's top ranked, large-scale, space-based priority: the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). This report considers the versions of WFIRST-2.4 with and without the coronagraph, as described in the AFTA SDT report. The report compares the WFIRST mission described in New Worlds, New Horizons to the AFTA SDT WFIRST-2.4 design reference mission, with and without the coronagraph, on the basis of their science objectives, technical complexity, and programmatic rationale, including projected cost. This report gives an overview of relevant scientific, technical, and programmatic changes that have occurred since the release of New Worlds, New Horizons, and assesses the responsiveness of the WFIRST mission to the science and technology objectives of the New Worlds report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Panel Reports—New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics SN - DO - 10.17226/12982 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12982/panel-reports-new-worlds-new-horizons-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Every 10 years the National Research Council releases a survey of astronomy and astrophysics outlining priorities for the coming decade. The most recent survey, titled New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics, provides overall priorities and recommendations for the field as a whole based on a broad and comprehensive examination of scientific opportunities, infrastructure, and organization in a national and international context. Panel Reports—New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics is a collection of reports, each of which addresses a key sub-area of the field, prepared by specialists in that subarea, and each of which played an important role in setting overall priorities for the field. The collection, published in a single volume, includes the reports of the following panels: Cosmology and Fundamental Physics Galaxies Across Cosmic Time The Galactic Neighborhood Stars and Stellar Evolution Planetary Systems and Star Formation Electromagnetic Observations from Space Optical and Infrared Astronomy from the Ground Particle Astrophysics and Gravitation Radio, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Astronomy from the Ground The Committee for a Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics synthesized these reports in the preparation of its prioritized recommendations for the field as a whole. These reports provide additional depth and detail in each of their respective areas. Taken together, they form an essential companion volume to New Worlds, New Horizons: A Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics. The book of panel reports will be useful to managers of programs of research in the field of astronomy and astrophysics, the Congressional committees with jurisdiction over the agencies supporting this research, the scientific community, and the public. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report Series: Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics: Mission Concept Studies DO - 10.17226/25212 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25212/report-series-committee-on-astronomy-and-astrophysics-mission-concept-studies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics (CAA) is tasked with monitoring the progress of the recommended priorities of the astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and providing an independent, authoritative forum for identifying and discussing issues in astronomy and astrophysics between the research community, the federal government, and the interested public. This publication reviews NASA’s plans for delivering mission concept studies (large and medium) to the Decadal Survey Committee. The CAA assessed the appropriateness of NASA’s plans and provided findings for the purpose of improving the value of NASA’s preparations to the Decadal Survey Committee. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium SN - DO - 10.17226/9839 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9839/astronomy-and-astrophysics-in-the-new-millennium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In this new book, a distinguished panel makes recommendations for the nation's programs in astronomy and astrophysics, including a number of new initiatives for observing the universe. With the goal of optimum value, the recommendations address the role of federal research agencies, allocation of funding, training for scientists, competition and collaboration among space facilities, and much more. The book identifies the most pressing science questions and explains how specific efforts, from the Next Generation Space Telescope to theoretical studies, will help reveal the answers. Discussions of how emerging information technologies can help scientists make sense of the wealth of data available are also included. Astronomy has significant impact on science in general as well as on public imagination. The committee discusses how to integrate astronomical discoveries into our education system and our national life. In preparing the New Millennium report, the AASC made use of a series of panel reports that address various aspects of ground- and space-based astronomy and astrophysics. These reports provide in-depth technical detail. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millenium: An Overview summarizes the science goals and recommended initiatives in a short, richly illustrated, non-technical booklet. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium: An Overview DO - 10.17226/10314 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10314/astronomy-and-astrophysics-in-the-new-millennium-an-overview PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The report of the Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee (AASC), Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium, contains recommendations in priority order for new initiatives to realize the science goals of the field. It is the most recent in a series of surveys that are carried out once every ten years. In preparing the New Millennium report, the AASC made use of a series of panel reports that address various aspects of ground- and space-based astronomy and astrophysics. These reports provide in-depth technical detail. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics SN - DO - 10.17226/12951 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12951/new-worlds-new-horizons-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Driven by discoveries, and enabled by leaps in technology and imagination, our understanding of the universe has changed dramatically during the course of the last few decades. The fields of astronomy and astrophysics are making new connections to physics, chemistry, biology, and computer science. Based on a broad and comprehensive survey of scientific opportunities, infrastructure, and organization in a national and international context, New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics outlines a plan for ground- and space- based astronomy and astrophysics for the decade of the 2010's. Realizing these scientific opportunities is contingent upon maintaining and strengthening the foundations of the research enterprise including technological development, theory, computation and data handling, laboratory experiments, and human resources. New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics proposes enhancing innovative but moderate-cost programs in space and on the ground that will enable the community to respond rapidly and flexibly to new scientific discoveries. The book recommends beginning construction on survey telescopes in space and on the ground to investigate the nature of dark energy, as well as the next generation of large ground-based giant optical telescopes and a new class of space-based gravitational observatory to observe the merging of distant black holes and precisely test theories of gravity. New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics recommends a balanced and executable program that will support research surrounding the most profound questions about the cosmos. The discoveries ahead will facilitate the search for habitable planets, shed light on dark energy and dark matter, and aid our understanding of the history of the universe and how the earliest stars and galaxies formed. The book is a useful resource for agencies supporting the field of astronomy and astrophysics, the Congressional committees with jurisdiction over those agencies, the scientific community, and the public. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - A Performance Assessment of NASA's Astrophysics Program SN - DO - 10.17226/11828 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11828/a-performance-assessment-of-nasas-astrophysics-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - While a number of remarkable discoveries in astronomy and astrophysics have taken place over the past 20 years, many important questions remain. Continued progress in these fields will require NASA’s leadership. To help determine if NASA can meet this challenge, Congress, in the 2005 NASA Authorization Act, directed the agency to have "[t]he performance of each division in the Science directorate...reviewed and assessed by the National Academy of Sciences at 5-year intervals." In early 2006, NASA asked the NRC to conduct such an assessment for the agency’s Astrophysics Division. This report presents an assessment of how well NASA’s current program addresses the strategies, goals, and priorities outlined in previous Academy reports. The report provides an analysis of progress toward realizing these strategies, goals, and priorities; and a discussion of actions that could be taken to optimize the scientific value of the program in the context of current and forecasted resources. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium: Panel Reports SN - DO - 10.17226/9840 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9840/astronomy-and-astrophysics-in-the-new-millennium-panel-reports PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In preparing the report, Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millenium , the AASC made use of a series of panel reports that address various aspects of ground- and space-based astronomy and astrophysics. These reports provide in-depth technical detail. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millenium: An Overview summarizes the science goals and recommended initiatives in a short, richly illustrated, non-technical booklet. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Opportunities in Cosmic-Ray Physics and Astrophysics DO - 10.17226/9217 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9217/opportunities-in-cosmic-ray-physics-and-astrophysics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - U.S. Astronomy and Astrophysics: Managing an Integrated Program SN - DO - 10.17226/10190 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10190/us-astronomy-and-astrophysics-managing-an-integrated-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In its fiscal year 2002 budget summary document the Bush administration expressed concern—based in part on the findings and conclusions of two National Research Council studies—about recent trends in the federal funding of astronomy and astrophysics research. The President's budget blueprint suggested that now is the time to address these concerns and directed the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to establish a blue ribbon panel to (1) assess the organizational effectiveness of the federal research enterprise in astronomy and astrophysics, (2) consider the pros and cons of transferring NSF's astronomy responsibilities to NASA, and (3) suggest alternative options for addressing issues in the management and organization of astronomical and astrophysical research. NASA and NSF asked the National Research Council to carry out the rapid assessment requested by the President. This report, focusing on the roles of NSF and NASA, provides the results of that assessment. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Review of Progress in Astronomy and Astrophysics Toward the Decadal Vision: Letter Report DO - 10.17226/11230 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11230/review-of-progress-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics-toward-the-decadal-vision PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In the past few years, programmatic changes at NASA, issues raised by the NRC report, Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos: Eleven Science Questions for the New Century(CQC), and scientific and technological advances combined to prompt consideration of a reexamination of the overall science strategy set forth in Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium (AANM). Discussions followed between the Board on Physics and Astronomy and NASA and NSF that resulted in a request by the two agencies to prepare a short report addressing the points leading up to calls for the reexamination. The report was also to assess progress towards the vision set forth in the AANM and CQC studies. This letter report presents the result of that study. It reviews the context that led up to the request and the most exciting advances in astronomy and astrophysics and key technological developments since the AAMN report was published, and it provides an outlook for fulfilling the decadal vision of the two previous studies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Foundations of a Healthy and Vital Research Community for NASA Science SN - DO - 10.17226/26575 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26575/foundations-of-a-healthy-and-vital-research-community-for-nasa-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The U.S. space science community includes thousands of scientists across multiple disciplines that influence and are influenced by the many engineers, technicians, and support personnel that are part of the space research enterprise. Over one-third of NASA's budget is devoted to space science, and the agency currently operates over 50 space missions in the fields of astrophysics, Earth science, solar and space physics, planetary science, and the biological and physical sciences. The strength of NASA science lies with its people, both those who work directly for the agency and the thousands of researchers and professionals who are funded by NASA grants and contracts. At the request of NASA, this report examines the foundation for healthy and vital research communities. Foundations of a Healthy and Vital Research Community for NASA Science identifies the characteristics of a healthy and vital research community, defines implementable measures for assessing the health and vitality of a research community, describes the types of data that NASA should be collecting to enable future assessments of the health and vitality of the scientific work force, and recommends best practices to improve the health and vitality of NASA’s research communities. ER -