%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Reproducibility and Replicability in Science %@ 978-0-309-48616-3 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25303/reproducibility-and-replicability-in-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25303/reproducibility-and-replicability-in-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Surveys and Statistics %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 256 %X One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues related to reproducibility and replicability and to offer recommendations for improving rigor and transparency in scientific research. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science defines reproducibility and replicability and examines the factors that may lead to non-reproducibility and non-replicability in research. Unlike the typical expectation of reproducibility between two computations, expectations about replicability are more nuanced, and in some cases a lack of replicability can aid the process of scientific discovery. This report provides recommendations to researchers, academic institutions, journals, and funders on steps they can take to improve reproducibility and replicability in science. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Thurston, Anne F. %E Turner-Gottschang, Karen %E Reed, Linda A. %T China Bound, Revised: A Guide to Academic Life and Work in the PRC %@ 978-0-309-04932-0 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2111/china-bound-revised-a-guide-to-academic-life-and-work %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2111/china-bound-revised-a-guide-to-academic-life-and-work %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 272 %X Being prepared in China, says one researcher, can mean "the difference between a headache and a productive day." Acclaimed by readers, this friendly and practical volume—now updated with important new information—offers all the details academic visitors need to make long-term stays in China productive, comfortable, and fun. Academic opportunities have been revived in the years since the Tiananmen Square event, and the book opens with an overview of what we have learned from our academic exchanges with China, the opportunities now available, and resources for more information. To help visitors prepare for daily life, the book covers everything from how to obtain the correct travel documents to what kinds of snack foods are available in China, from securing accommodations to having the proper gift for your Chinese dinner host. Frank discussions on the research and academic environments in China will help students, investigators, and teachers from their initial assignment to a danwei, or work unit, to leaving the country with research materials intact. The book offers practical guidelines on working with Chinese academic institutions and research assistants, arranging work-related travel, managing working relationships, resolving language issues, and—perhaps most important—understanding Chinese attitudes and customs toward study, research, and work life. New material in this edition includes an expanded section on science and social science field work, with a discussion of computers: which ones work best in China, how to arrange to bring your computer in, where to find parts and supplies, how to obtain repairs, and more. Living costs, health issues, and addresses and fax numbers for important services are updated. Guidance is offered on currency, transportation, communications, bringing children into China, and other issues. Based on the first-hand reports of hundreds of academic visitors to China and original research by the authors, this book will be useful to anyone planning to live and work in China: students, researchers, and teachers and their visiting family members, as well as business professionals. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Automated Research Workflows for Accelerated Discovery: Closing the Knowledge Discovery Loop %@ 978-0-309-68652-5 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26532/automated-research-workflows-for-accelerated-discovery-closing-the-knowledge-discovery %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26532/automated-research-workflows-for-accelerated-discovery-closing-the-knowledge-discovery %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 136 %X The needs and demands placed on science to address a range of urgent problems are growing. The world is faced with complex, interrelated challenges in which the way forward lies hidden or dispersed across disciplines and organizations. For centuries, scientific research has progressed through iteration of a workflow built on experimentation or observation and analysis of the resulting data. While computers and automation technologies have played a central role in research workflows for decades to acquire, process, and analyze data, these same computing and automation technologies can now also control the acquisition of data, for example, through the design of new experiments or decision making about new observations. The term automated research workflow (ARW) describes scientific research processes that are emerging across a variety of disciplines and fields. ARWs integrate computation, laboratory automation, and tools from artificial intelligence in the performance of tasks that make up the research process, such as designing experiments, observations, and simulations; collecting and analyzing data; and learning from the results to inform further experiments, observations, and simulations. The common goal of researchers implementing ARWs is to accelerate scientific knowledge generation, potentially by orders of magnitude, while achieving greater control and reproducibility in the scientific process. Automated Research Workflows for Accelerated Discovery: Closing the Knowledge Discovery Loop examines current efforts to develop advanced and automated workflows to accelerate research progress, including wider use of artificial intelligence. This report identifies research needs and priorities in the use of advanced and automated workflows for scientific research. Automated Research Workflows for Accelerated Discovery is intended to create awareness, momentum, and synergies to realize the potential of ARWs in scholarly discovery. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Information Technology (IT)-Based Educational Materials: Workshop Report with Recommendations %@ 978-0-309-08974-6 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10768/information-technology-it-based-educational-materials-workshop-report-with-recommendations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10768/information-technology-it-based-educational-materials-workshop-report-with-recommendations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Engineering and Technology %P 58 %X In the last half-century, we have witnessed the birth and development of a new era: the information age. Information Technology (IT), the primary vehicle of the information age, has transformed the modern workplace and is pervasive in the development of new knowledge and wealth. IT has also dramatically influenced our capacity to educate. Yet, the application of IT in education has been disorganized and uneven. Pockets of innovation in localized environments are thriving, but the promise of open access, greatly enhanced teaching and learning, and large-scale use has not been realized. IT-Based Educational Materials: Workshop Report with Recommendations identifies critical components that support the development and use of IT-based educational materials. The report points to three high priority action areas that would produce a transitional strategy from our fragmented environment to an IT-transformed future in engineering education--Build Community; Create Organizational Enablers; and Coordinate Action. The report outlines six recommendations, including a call to establish a national laboratory to carry out evidenced-based investigations and other activities to insure interoperability and effective teaching and learning. The report stresses the need to pursue open architectures and to engage multidisciplinary researchers, including social scientists and others who address the transformation of faculty cultures. The report also discusses the need to engage users and developers of the IT-products in activities that are driven by student learning outcomes. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wooley, John C. %E Lin, Herbert S. %T Catalyzing Inquiry at the Interface of Computing and Biology %@ 978-0-309-09612-6 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11480/catalyzing-inquiry-at-the-interface-of-computing-and-biology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11480/catalyzing-inquiry-at-the-interface-of-computing-and-biology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Computers and Information Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 468 %X The remarkable growth of both computer science and biology in recent decades has drawn attention to their areas of intersection. Both fields have much in common; they are among the most rapidly changing fields of science, they both deal with very complex systems, and they both have profound implications for science and society. To examine the potential for greater interaction between the two fields, the National Research Council undertook a study looking at ways computational science can aid the development and understanding of biology and how the biological sciences might facilitate new and more powerful computational methods. This book presents an analysis of the potential synergies at the interface of the two fields and of ways to develop new collaborations between researchers in both areas to exploit those synergies. The book provides a large sample of well-documented examples of these interactions. The study concludes that the impact of computing on biology will be deep and profound and span virtually all areas of life science research. Computational biology will ultimately become part of the biological sciences. The impact of biology on computing is less certain, but could be substantial and should be pursued. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Preparing the Workforce for Digital Curation %@ 978-0-309-29694-6 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18590/preparing-the-workforce-for-digital-curation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18590/preparing-the-workforce-for-digital-curation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 104 %X The massive increase in digital information in the last decade has created new requirements for institutional and technological structures and workforce skills. Preparing the Workforce for Digital Curation focuses on education and training needs to meet the demands for access to and meaningful use of digital information, now and in the future. This study identifies the various practices and spectrum of skill sets that comprise digital curation, looking in particular at human versus automated tasks. Additionally, the report examines the possible career path demands and options for professionals working in digital curation activities, and analyzes the economic benefits and societal importance of digital curation for competitiveness, innovation, and scientific advancement. Preparing the Workforce for Digital Curation considers the evolving roles and models of digital curation functions in research organizations, and their effects on employment opportunities and requirements. The recommendations of this report will help to advance digital curation and meet the demand for a trained workforce. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Achievements of the National Plant Genome Initiative and New Horizons in Plant Biology %@ 978-0-309-11418-9 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12054/achievements-of-the-national-plant-genome-initiative-and-new-horizons-in-plant-biology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12054/achievements-of-the-national-plant-genome-initiative-and-new-horizons-in-plant-biology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Agriculture %P 182 %X Life on Earth would be impossible without plants. Humans rely on plants for most clothing, furniture, food, as well as for many pharmaceuticals and other products. Plant genome sciences are essential to understanding how plants function and how to develop desirable plant characteristics. For example, plant genomic science can contribute to the development of plants that are drought-resistant, those that require less fertilizer, and those that are optimized for conversion to fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. The National Plant Genome Initiative (NPGI) is a unique, cross-agency funding enterprise that has been funding and coordinating plant genome research successfully for nine years. Research breakthroughs from NPGI and the National Science Foundation (NSF) Arabidopsis 2010 Project, such as how the plant immune system controls pathogen defense, demonstrate that the plant genome science community is vibrant and capable of driving technological advancement. This book from the National Research Council concludes that these programs should continue so that applied programs on agriculture, bioenergy, and others will always be built on a strong foundation of fundamental plant biology research. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Pechura, Constance M. %E Martin, Joseph B. %T Mapping the Brain and Its Functions: Integrating Enabling Technologies into Neuroscience Research %@ 978-0-309-46619-6 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1816/mapping-the-brain-and-its-functions-integrating-enabling-technologies-into %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1816/mapping-the-brain-and-its-functions-integrating-enabling-technologies-into %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Health and Medicine %P 180 %X Significant advances in brain research have been made, but investigators who face the resulting explosion of data need new methods to integrate the pieces of the "brain puzzle." Based on the expertise of more than 100 neuroscientists and computer specialists, this new volume examines how computer technology can meet that need. Featuring outstanding color photography, the book presents an overview of the complexity of brain research, which covers the spectrum from human behavior to genetic mechanisms. Advances in vision, substance abuse, pain, and schizophrenia are highlighted. The committee explores the potential benefits of computer graphics, database systems, and communications networks in neuroscience and reviews the available technology. Recommendations center on a proposed Brain Mapping Initiative, with an agenda for implementation and a look at issues such as privacy and accessibility. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research %@ 978-0-309-47624-9 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25116/open-science-by-design-realizing-a-vision-for-21st-century %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25116/open-science-by-design-realizing-a-vision-for-21st-century %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 232 %X Openness and sharing of information are fundamental to the progress of science and to the effective functioning of the research enterprise. The advent of scientific journals in the 17th century helped power the Scientific Revolution by allowing researchers to communicate across time and space, using the technologies of that era to generate reliable knowledge more quickly and efficiently. Harnessing today's stunning, ongoing advances in information technologies, the global research enterprise and its stakeholders are moving toward a new open science ecosystem. Open science aims to ensure the free availability and usability of scholarly publications, the data that result from scholarly research, and the methodologies, including code or algorithms, that were used to generate those data. Open Science by Design is aimed at overcoming barriers and moving toward open science as the default approach across the research enterprise. This report explores specific examples of open science and discusses a range of challenges, focusing on stakeholder perspectives. It is meant to provide guidance to the research enterprise and its stakeholders as they build strategies for achieving open science and take the next steps.