TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Science, Medicine, and Animals DO - 10.17226/10089 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10089/science-medicine-and-animals PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The necessity for animal use in biomedical research is a hotly debated topic in classrooms throughout the country. Frequently teachers and students do not have access to balanced, factual material to foster an informed discussion on the topic. This colorful, 50-page booklet is designed to educate teenagers about the role of animal research in combating disease, past and present; the perspective of animal use within the whole spectrum of biomedical research; the regulations and oversight that govern animal research; and the continuing efforts to use animals more efficiently and humanely. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs SN - DO - 10.17226/1592 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1592/education-and-training-in-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Federal law now requires that institutions provide training for anyone caring for or using laboratory animals. This volume provides the guidelines and resources needed to coordinate a quality training program, as well as to meet all legal requirements. A core module for all personnel takes no more than four hours to present. Most staff then proceed to one or more additional skills-development modules including the species-specific module that can be customized to any species in use at the institution, the pain management module, and the surgery module. The volume provides content information for required topics—from ethics to record keeping—and lists sources of additional publications, audiovisual programs, and computerized teaching aids. Included are: Ready-to-use teaching outlines, with detailed instructions for presenting material. Practical guidelines on logistics, covering scheduling, budgeting, and more. Guidelines on how to design training for adults and how to work with investigators who may resist taking training courses. This practical guidebook will be necessary for research institutions, particularly for staff members responsible for training coordination. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Diana E. Pankevich A2 - Theresa M. Wizemann A2 - Anne-Marie Mazza A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt TI - International Animal Research Regulations: Impact on Neuroscience Research: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13322 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13322/international-animal-research-regulations-impact-on-neuroscience-research-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Animals are widely used in neuroscience research to explore biological mechanisms of nervous system function, to identify the genetic basis of disease states, and to provide models of human disorders and diseases for the development of new treatments. To ensure the humane care and use of animals, numerous laws, policies, and regulations are in place governing the use of animals in research, and certain animal regulations have implications specific to neuroscience research. To consider animal research regulations from a global perspective, the IOM Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, in collaboration with the National Research Council and the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, held a workshop in Buckinghamshire, UK, July 26-27, 2011. The workshop brought together neuroscientists, legal scholars, administrators, and other key stakeholders to discuss current and emerging trends in animal regulations as they apply to the neurosciences. This document summarizes the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Kenneth I. Berns A2 - Enriqueta C. Bond A2 - Frederick J. Manning TI - Resource Sharing in Biomedical Research SN - DO - 10.17226/5429 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5429/resource-sharing-in-biomedical-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The United States is entering an era when, more than ever, the sharing of resources and information might be critical to scientific progress. Every dollar saved by avoiding duplication of efforts and by producing economies of scale will become increasingly important as federal funding enters an era of fiscal restraint. This book focuses on six diverse case studies that share materials or equipment with the scientific community at large: the American Type Culture Collection, the multinational coordinated Arabidopsis thaliana Genome Research Project, the Jackson Laboratory, the Washington Regional Primate Research Center, the Macromolecular Crystallography Resource at the Cornell High-Energy Synchrotron Source, and the Human Genome Center at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The book also identifies common strengths and problems faced in the six cases, and presents a series of recommendations aimed at facilitating resource sharing in biomedical research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council TI - Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research SN - DO - 10.17226/1098 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1098/use-of-laboratory-animals-in-biomedical-and-behavioral-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Scientific experiments using animals have contributed significantly to the improvement of human health. Animal experiments were crucial to the conquest of polio, for example, and they will undoubtedly be one of the keystones in AIDS research. However, some persons believe that the cost to the animals is often high. Authored by a committee of experts from various fields, this book discusses the benefits that have resulted from animal research, the scope of animal research today, the concerns of advocates of animal welfare, and the prospects for finding alternatives to animal use. The authors conclude with specific recommendations for more consistent government action. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Rapid Response by Laboratory Animal Research Institutions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26189 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26189/rapid-response-by-laboratory-animal-research-institutions-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-lessons-learned PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore lessons learned at animal research institutions in response to SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. Expert scientists conducting COVID-19 research, as well as institutional leadership responsible for oversight in areas such as, veterinary medical care, occupational health, risk assessment and biosafety, and public messaging and communications presented and participated in panel discussions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The Emerging Field of Human Neural Organoids, Transplants, and Chimeras: Science, Ethics, and Governance SN - DO - 10.17226/26078 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26078/the-emerging-field-of-human-neural-organoids-transplants-and-chimeras PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Each year, tens of millions of individuals in the U.S. suffer from neurological and psychiatric disorders including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease, and psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, depression and schizophrenia. Treatments for these diseases are often completely lacking or only partially effective, due in large part to the difficulty of conducting brain research and the complexity of the brain itself. Researchers in recent years have developed new models to better represent and study the human brain. The three models considered in this report, all of which generate and use pluripotent stem cells from healthy individuals and patients, are human neural organoids, human neural transplants, and human-animal neural chimeras. The Emerging Field of Human Neural Organoids, Transplants, and Chimeras: Science, Ethics, and Governance reviews the status of research, considers its benefits and risks, discusses associated ethical issues, and considers governance mechanisms for this type of research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Scientific and Humane Issues in the Use of Random Source Dogs and Cats in Research SN - DO - 10.17226/12641 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12641/scientific-and-humane-issues-in-the-use-of-random-source-dogs-and-cats-in-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Agriculture AB - Scientific and Humane Issues in the Use of Random-Source Dogs and Cats in Research examines the value of random-source animals in biomedical research and the role of Class B dealers who acquire and resell live dogs and cats to research institutions. Findings include that, while some random-source dogs and cats may be necessary and desirable for National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded research, there is no clear need to obtain those animals from Class B dealers. Several options for random-source animal acquisition already exist and additional options are recommended, which would further ensure the welfare of these animals and foster a positive public image for NIH. While the scientific community has recognized and responded to concerns for humane treatment of animals in research, government oversight has thus far been unable to fully enforce the Animal Welfare Act in regard to Class B dealers of live animals. Although the animals acquired by Class B dealers are destined for research—and NIH research in particular—the standard of care while in the possession of some Class B dealers requires an inordinate amount of government enforcement and is not commensurate with the policies of most NIH-funded research laboratories. This dichotomy of standards reflects poorly on public perceptions of NIH and jeopardizes animal welfare. This book will be crucial for NIH and other groups using random-source animals in research, including veterinary schools and research facilities. Animal welfare advocates, policy makers, and concerned pet owners will also find this a vital and informative work for reconciling the needs of research with the welfare of animals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Melissa Maitin-Shepard TI - Innovations in the Food System: Exploring the Future of Food: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25645 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25645/innovations-in-the-food-system-exploring-the-future-of-food PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - On August 7-8, 2019, the Food Forum of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a public workshop in Washington, DC, to review the status of current and emerging knowledge about innovations for modern food systems and the extent to which they are or could be designed to optimize environmental, health, social, and economic outcomes. The workshop included a broad look at food systems, case studies in food system evolution from the federal government and private sector,and sessions that focused on game-changing innovations and their implications for food systems. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes the key points made by workshop participants during the presentations and discussions ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Frances Johnson A2 - Lida Anestidou TI - Care, Use, and Welfare of Marmosets as Animal Models for Gene Editing-Based Biomedical Research: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25356 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25356/care-use-and-welfare-of-marmosets-as-animal-models-for-gene-editing-based-biomedical-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The marmoset, a type of small monkey native to South America, is a research model of increasing importance for biomedical research in the United States and globally. Marmosets offer a range of advantages as animal models in neuroscience, aging, infectious diseases, and other fields of study. They may be particularly useful for the development of new disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies. However, concerns have been voiced with respect to the development of new marmoset-based models of disease, ethical considerations for their use, the supply of marmosets available for research, and gaps in guidance for their care and management. To explore and address these concerns, the Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use hosted a public workshop on October 22-23, 2018, in Washington, DC. The workshop focused on the availability of marmosets in the United States and abroad; animal welfare and ethical considerations stemming from the use of wildtype and genetically modified marmosets; and standards of housing and care, dietary needs, and feeding requirements for marmosets in captivity. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - National Research Council TI - Science, Medicine, and Animals: A Circle of Discovery: Teacher's Guide SN - DO - 10.17226/11564 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11564/science-medicine-and-animals-a-circle-of-discovery-teachers-guide PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Education AB - Science, Medicine, and Animals explains the role that animals play in biomedical research and the ways in which scientists, governments, and citizens have tried to balance the experimental use of animals with a concern for all living creatures. An accompanying Teacher’s Guide is available to help teachers of middle and high school students use Science, Medicine, and Animals in the classroom. As students examine the issues in Science, Medicine, and Animals, they will gain a greater understanding of the goals of biomedical research and the real-world practice of the scientific method in general. Science, Medicine, and Animals and the Teacher’s Guide were written by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and published by the National Research Council of the National Academies. The report was reviewed by a committee made up of experts and scholars with diverse perspectives, including members of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institutes of Health, the Humane Society of the United States, and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The Teacher’s Guide was reviewed by members of the National Academies’ Teacher Associates Network. Science, Medicine, and Animals is recommended by the National Science Teacher’s Association NSTA Recommends. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia McAdams A2 - Steven Olson A2 - Lida Anestidou A2 - Jenna Ogilvie TI - Transportation of Laboratory Animals: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/21734 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21734/transportation-of-laboratory-animals-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The obligation to treat animals used in research ethically and humanely extends beyond their lives in the laboratory to include their transportation from place to place. Yet transporting animals is a highly regulated and complex process that raises many difficult issues. To examine these issues, the Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use held a workshop on September 3-4, 2014, in Washington, DC. More than 200 people participated in the workshop in person and online, including representatives of academic research institutions, pharmaceutical and consumer product companies, government agencies, research advocacy groups, professional associations, and the public. The workshop was designed to draw attention to the essential thoughtful journey planning behind each transport of laboratory animals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources: Proceedings of the Workshop Held April 17-19, 2002 SN - DO - 10.17226/10774 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10774/international-perspectives-the-future-of-nonhuman-primate-resources-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Agriculture AB - The future of nonhuman primate (NHP) resources is a concern of scientists, veterinarians, and funding authorities. An April 2002 workshop brought participants from all over the world to discuss various aspects of the issue such as current shortfalls and excesses in NHP breeding and exportation programs, the status of breeding and conservation programs internationally, the development of specific pathogen-free colonies, difficulties in transporting NHP, and challenges in the management of NHP colonies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anna Nicholson TI - Alternative Protein Sources: Balancing Food Innovation, Sustainability, Nutrition, and Health: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26923 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26923/alternative-protein-sources-balancing-food-innovation-sustainability-nutrition-and-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Alternative protein sources, which can be derived from plant and animal cells or created by precision fermentation, can have health, environmental, socio-economic, and ethical impacts. With a variety of types of alternative proteins being developed and available on the market, consumers, regulatory agencies, manufacturers, and researchers are faced with many different considerations. The National Academies Food Forum hosted a workshop that took a multi-sector approach to explore the state of the science on alternative protein sources as they relate to issues around diet quality, nutrition, and sustainability. The workshop also examined how alternative protein food processing innovations can be balanced in a way that optimizes nutritional content, affordability, and accessibility. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the discussions held during the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals SN - DO - 10.17226/11557 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11557/guidelines-for-the-humane-transportation-of-research-animals PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Agriculture AB - Arranging the transportation of animals at research facilities is often an ordeal. There is a confusing patchwork of local, national, and international regulations; a perceived lack of high-quality shipping services; a dearth of science-based good practices; and a lack of biosafety standards. It’s a challenge —and an impediment to biomedical research. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals identifies the current problems encountered in the transportation of research animals and offers recommendations aimed at local and federal officials to rectify these problems. This book also includes a set of good practices based on the extensive body of literature on transportation of agricultural animals, universal concepts of physiology, and a scientific understanding of species-specific needs and differences. Good practices were developed by the committee to address thermal environment, space requirements, food and water requirements, social interaction, monitoring of transportation, emergency procedures, personnel training, and biosecurity. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals is an essential guide for all researchers, animal care technicians, facilities managers, administrators, and animal care and use committees at research institutions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science, Medicine, and Animals SN - DO - 10.17226/10733 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10733/science-medicine-and-animals PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Science, Medicine, and Animals explains the role that animals play in biomedical research and the ways in which scientists, governments, and citizens have tried to balance the experimental use of animals with a concern for all living creatures. An accompanying Teacher’s Guide is available to help teachers of middle and high school students use Science, Medicine, and Animals in the classroom. As students examine the issues in Science, Medicine, and Animals, they will gain a greater understanding of the goals of biomedical research and the real-world practice of the scientific method in general. Science, Medicine, and Animals and the Teacher's Guide were written by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and published by the National Research Council of the National Academies. The report was reviewed by a committee made up of experts and scholars with diverse perspectives, including members of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institutes of Health, the Humane Society of the United States, and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The Teacher’s Guide was reviewed by members of the National Academies’ Teacher Associates Network. Science, Medicine, and Animals is recommended by the National Science Teacher's Association. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Georges C. Benjamin A2 - Lisa Brown A2 - Ellen Carlin TI - Strengthening the Disaster Resilience of the Academic Biomedical Research Community: Protecting the Nation's Investment SN - DO - 10.17226/24827 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24827/strengthening-the-disaster-resilience-of-the-academic-biomedical-research-community PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The academic biomedical research community is a hub of employment, economic productivity, and scientific progress. Academic research institutions are drivers of economic development in their local and state economies and, by extension, the national economy. Beyond the economic input that the academic biomedical research community both receives and provides, it generates knowledge that in turn affects society in myriad ways. The United States has experienced and continues to face the threat of disasters, and, like all entities, the academic biomedical research community can be affected. Recent disasters, from hurricanes to cyber-attacks, and their consequences have shown that the investments of the federal government and of the many other entities that sponsor academic research are not uniformly secure. First and foremost, events that damage biomedical laboratories and the institutions that house them can have impacts on the safety and well-being of humans and research animals. Furthermore, disasters can affect career trajectories, scientific progress, and financial stability at the individual and institutional levels. Strengthening the Disaster Resilience of the Academic Biomedical Research Community offers recommendations and guidance to enhance the disaster resilience of the academic biomedical research community, with a special focus on the potential actions researchers, academic research institutions, and research sponsors can take to mitigate the impact of future disasters. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lynn Parker A2 - Emily Ann Miller A2 - Elena Ovaitt A2 - Stephen Olson TI - Alliances for Obesity Prevention: Finding Common Ground: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13305 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13305/alliances-for-obesity-prevention-finding-common-ground-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - Many organizations are making focused efforts to prevent obesity. To achieve their goals, accelerate their progress, and sustain their success, the assistance of many other individuals and groups--not all of them with a singular focus on obesity prevention--will be essential. In October 2011 the Institute of Medicine held a workshop that provided an opportunity for obesity prevention groups to hear from and hold discussions with many of these potential allies in obesity prevention. They explored common ground for joint activities and mutual successes and lessons learned from efforts at aligning diverse groups with goals in common. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Animal Research in a Global Environment: Meeting the Challenges: Proceedings of the November 2008 International Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/13175 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13175/animal-research-in-a-global-environment-meeting-the-challenges-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Agriculture AB - Animal research will play an essential role in efforts to meet increasing demands for global health care. Yet the animal research community faces the challenge of overcoming negative impressions that industry and academia engage in international collaborations in order to conduct work in parts of the world where animal welfare standards are less stringent. Thus, the importance of ensuring the international harmonization of the principles and standards of animal care and use cannot be overstated. A number of national and international groups are actively working toward this goal. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), a program unit of the US National Research Council, is committed to promoting both the welfare of animals used in research and the quality of the resulting science. In 2008, to follow up on the 2003 event, ILAR convened a workshop which brought together 200 participants from 17 countries. Their mission was to identify and promote better understanding of important challenges in the conduct of animal research across country boundaries. These challenges include: the sourcing of animals; the quality of veterinary care; competent staff; the provision of a suitable environment (including nutritious food and potable water) for animals; and ongoing oversight of the animal program; among others. Animal Research in a Global Environment summarizes the proceedings of the 2008 workshop. The impact of this 2008 workshop has extended beyond the oral presentations conveyed in these proceedings. It has been a vital bridge for diverse colleagues and organizations around the world to advance initiatives designed to fill gaps in standards, professional qualifications, and coordination of animal use. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Xenotransplantation: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy SN - DO - 10.17226/5365 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5365/xenotransplantation-science-ethics-and-public-policy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Xenotransplantation involves the transplantation of cells, tissues, and whole organs from one species to another. Interest in animal-to-human xenotransplants has been spurred by the continuing shortage of donated human organs and by advances in knowledge concerning the biology of organ and tissue rejection. The scientific advances and promise, however, raise complex questions that must be addressed. This book considers the scientific and medical feasibility of xenotransplantation and explores the ethical and public policy issues surrounding the possibility of renewed clinical trials. The volume focuses on the science base of xenotransplantation, public health risks of infectious disease transmission, and ethical and public policy issues, including the views of patients and their families. ER -