%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects %@ 978-0-309-43738-7 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23395/genetically-engineered-crops-experiences-and-prospects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23395/genetically-engineered-crops-experiences-and-prospects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Agriculture %P 606 %X Genetically engineered (GE) crops were first introduced commercially in the 1990s. After two decades of production, some groups and individuals remain critical of the technology based on their concerns about possible adverse effects on human health, the environment, and ethical considerations. At the same time, others are concerned that the technology is not reaching its potential to improve human health and the environment because of stringent regulations and reduced public funding to develop products offering more benefits to society. While the debate about these and other questions related to the genetic engineering techniques of the first 20 years goes on, emerging genetic-engineering technologies are adding new complexities to the conversation. Genetically Engineered Crops builds on previous related Academies reports published between 1987 and 2010 by undertaking a retrospective examination of the purported positive and adverse effects of GE crops and to anticipate what emerging genetic-engineering technologies hold for the future. This report indicates where there are uncertainties about the economic, agronomic, health, safety, or other impacts of GE crops and food, and makes recommendations to fill gaps in safety assessments, increase regulatory clarity, and improve innovations in and access to GE technology. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Water Conservation, Reuse, and Recycling: Proceedings of an Iranian-American Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09293-7 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11241/water-conservation-reuse-and-recycling-proceedings-of-an-iranian-american %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11241/water-conservation-reuse-and-recycling-proceedings-of-an-iranian-american %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 292 %X In December 2002, a group of specialists on water resources from the United States and Iran met in Tunis, Tunisia, for an interacademy workshop on water resources management, conservation, and recycling. This was the fourth interacademy workshop on a variety of topics held in 2002, the first year of such workshops. Tunis was selected as the location for the workshop because the Tunisian experience in addressing water conservation issues was of interest to the participants from both the United States and Iran. This report includes the agenda for the workshop, all of the papers that were presented, and the list of site visits. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture %@ 978-0-309-06526-9 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9598/the-future-role-of-pesticides-in-us-agriculture %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9598/the-future-role-of-pesticides-in-us-agriculture %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 332 %X Although chemical pesticides safeguard crops and improve farm productivity, they are increasingly feared for their potentially dangerous residues and their effects on ecosystems. The Future Role of Pesticides explores the role of chemical pesticides in the decade ahead and identifies the most promising opportunities for increasing the benefits and reducing the risks of pesticide use. The committee recommends R&D, program, and policy initiatives for federal agriculture authorities and other stakeholders in the public and private sectors. This book presents clear overviews of key factors in chemical pesticide use, including: Advances in genetic engineering not only of pest-resistant crops but also of pests themselves. Problems in pesticide use—concerns about the health of agricultural workers, the ability of pests to develop resistance, issues of public perception, and more. Impending shifts in agriculture—globalization of the economy, biological "invasions" of organisms, rising sensitivity toward cross-border environmental issues, and other trends. With a model and working examples, this book offers guidance on how to assess various pest control strategies available to today's agriculturist. %0 Book %T Science and Brazilian Development: Report of the Third Workshop on Contribution of Science and Technology to Development %D 1969 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21375/science-and-brazilian-development-report-of-the-third-workshop-on %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21375/science-and-brazilian-development-report-of-the-third-workshop-on %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 87 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Ostrom, Elinor %E Dietz, Thomas %E Dolšak, Nives %E Stern, Paul C. %E Stonich, Susan %E Weber, Elke U. %T The Drama of the Commons %@ 978-0-309-08250-1 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10287/the-drama-of-the-commons %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10287/the-drama-of-the-commons %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Agriculture %P 533 %X The "tragedy of the commons" is a central concept in human ecology and the study of the environment. It has had tremendous value for stimulating research, but it only describes the reality of human-environment interactions in special situations. Research over the past thirty years has helped clarify how human motivations, rules governing access to resources, the structure of social organizations, and the resource systems themselves interact to determine whether or not the many dramas of the commons end happily. In this book, leaders in the field review the evidence from several disciplines and many lines of research and present a state-of-the-art assessment. They summarize lessons learned and identify the major challenges facing any system of governance for resource management. They also highlight the major challenges for the next decade: making knowledge development more systematic; understanding institutions dynamically; considering a broader range of resources (such as global and technological commons); and taking into account the effects of social and historical context. This book will be a valuable and accessible introduction to the field for students and a resource for advanced researchers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Geweke, John F. %E Bonnen, James T. %E White, Andrew A. %E Koshel, Jeffrey J. %T Sowing Seeds of Change: Informing Public Policy in the Economic Research Service of USDA %@ 978-0-309-07152-9 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6320/sowing-seeds-of-change-informing-public-policy-in-the-economic %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6320/sowing-seeds-of-change-informing-public-policy-in-the-economic %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Agriculture %P 176 %X Every day economic decisions are made in the public and private sectors, based on limited information and analysis. The analysis and information needed for successful public policy has changed rapidly with the growth of the global economy, and so have the means for acquiring them. In the public sector, decision makers rely on information gathered within government agencies, as well as the work of academics and private firms. Sowing the Seeds provides a case study of the need for analysis and information in support of public policy. It combines lessons learned from one of the first government agencies devoted primarily to this function with modern economic theory of organizations. The panel provides analysis and insight on: How and why public economic policy evolves with technological advances. The nature of information and analysis in support of economic policy produced in a government agency. The characteristics of successful information and analysis programs. Evaluating the work of a government agency providing information and analysis. Effective administration and organization of research and information programs in a government agency. Findings and recommendations in this volume will be of interest to managers and executives of research and consulting organizations in the public and private sectors, as well as to economists and policy makers. %0 Book %T Science and Brazilian Development: Report of the Fourth Workshop on Contributions of Science and Technology to Development %D 1971 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20702/science-and-brazilian-development-report-of-the-fourth-workshop-on %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20702/science-and-brazilian-development-report-of-the-fourth-workshop-on %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Engineering and Technology %P 92 %0 Book %T Status and Methods of Research in Economic and Agronomic Aspects of Fertilizer Response and Use %D 1961 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21230/status-and-methods-of-research-in-economic-and-agronomic-aspects-of-fertilizer-response-and-use %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21230/status-and-methods-of-research-in-economic-and-agronomic-aspects-of-fertilizer-response-and-use %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Agriculture %P 98 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Response to Petitions to Reclassify the Light Brown Apple Moth as a Non-Actionable Pest: A Letter Report %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12762/review-of-the-us-department-of-agricultures-animal-and-plant-health-inspection-service-response-to-petitions-to-reclassify-the-light-brown-apple-moth-as-a-non-actionable-pest %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12762/review-of-the-us-department-of-agricultures-animal-and-plant-health-inspection-service-response-to-petitions-to-reclassify-the-light-brown-apple-moth-as-a-non-actionable-pest %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 31 %X The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has classified the Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM)--originally from Australia and confirmed in California in 2007--as an "actionable quarantine significant pest" and has applied its authority to implement a program of quarantine restrictions and eradication, which has been met with some public resistance. Some have petitioned for the LBAM to be reclassified as a "non-actionable pest" based on the argument that the moth is not a significant pest economically and can be controlled by means other than eradication. APHIS asked the Research Council to evaluate the scientific justification of the draft response APHIS wrote to answer the petitions. This report from the National Research Council concludes that APHIS is within its broad regulatory authority to classify the LBAM as an "actionable" pest. However, APHIS would benefit greatly from referencing more robust science to support its position, as its draft response did not adequately explain the moth's most likely future geographic distribution in the United States or the level of economic harm it could cause. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Carrero-Martínez, Franklin %E Kameyama, Emi %E Whitacre, Paula Tarnapol %T Reducing Impacts of Food Loss and Waste: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49055-9 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25396/reducing-impacts-of-food-loss-and-waste-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25396/reducing-impacts-of-food-loss-and-waste-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 116 %X Even as malnutrition in the form of hunger and obesity affect the health and well-being of millions of people worldwide, a significant amount of food is lost or wasted every day, in every country, and at every stage in the supply chain from the farm to the household. According to a 2011 estimate by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), about one-third of food produced is lost or wasted globally. Beyond quantity estimates, however, less is known about the impacts on farmers, food prices, food availability, and environment of reducing food loss and waste. On October 17, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a workshop to examine key challenges that arise in reducing food loss and waste throughout the supply chain and discussed potential ways to address these challenges. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Educating the Next Generation of Agricultural Scientists %D 1988 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18633/educating-the-next-generation-of-agricultural-scientists %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18633/educating-the-next-generation-of-agricultural-scientists %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Agriculture %P 92 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Kling, Catherine L. %E Mackie, Christopher %T Improving Data Collection and Measurement of Complex Farms %@ 978-0-309-48460-2 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25260/improving-data-collection-and-measurement-of-complex-farms %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25260/improving-data-collection-and-measurement-of-complex-farms %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Agriculture %P 198 %X America’s farms and farmers are integral to the U.S. economy and, more broadly, to the nation’s social and cultural fabric. A healthy agricultural sector helps ensure a safe and reliable food supply, improves energy security, and contributes to employment and economic development, traditionally in small towns and rural areas where farming serves as a nexus for related sectors from farm machinery manufacturing to food processing. The agricultural sector also plays a role in the nation’s overall economic growth by providing crucial raw inputs for the production of a wide range of goods and services, including many that generate substantial export value. If the agricultural sector is to be accurately understood and the policies that affect its functioning are to remain well informed, the statistical system’s data collection programs must be periodically revisited to ensure they are keeping up with current realities. This report reviews current information and makes recommendations to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and Economic Research Service (ERS) to help identify effective methods for collecting data and reporting information about American agriculture, given increased complexity and other changes in farm business structure in recent decades. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Publicly Funded Agricultural Research and the Changing Structure of U.S. Agriculture %@ 978-0-309-07616-6 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10211/publicly-funded-agricultural-research-and-the-changing-structure-of-us-agriculture %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10211/publicly-funded-agricultural-research-and-the-changing-structure-of-us-agriculture %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 158 %X The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) requested that the Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources of the National Research Council (NRC) convene a panel of experts to examine whether publicly funded agricultural research has influenced the structure of U.S. agriculture and, if so, how. The Committee to Review the Role of Publicly Funded Agricultural Research on the Structure of U.S. Agriculture was asked to assess the role of public-sector agricultural research on changes in the size and numbers of farms, with particular emphasis on the evolution of very-large-scale operations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T A Sustainability Challenge: Food Security for All: Report of Two Workshops %@ 978-0-309-22263-1 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13378/a-sustainability-challenge-food-security-for-all-report-of-two %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13378/a-sustainability-challenge-food-security-for-all-report-of-two %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Food and Nutrition %P 264 %X The National Research Council's Science and Technology for Sustainability Program hosted two workshops in 2011 addressing the sustainability challenges associated with food security for all. The first workshop, Measuring Food Insecurity and Assessing the Sustainability of Global Food Systems, explored the availability and quality of commonly used indicators for food security and malnutrition; poverty; and natural resources and agricultural productivity. It was organized around the three broad dimensions of sustainable food security: (1) availability, (2) access, and (3) utilization. The workshop reviewed the existing data to encourage action and identify knowledge gaps. The second workshop, Exploring Sustainable Solutions for Increasing Global Food Supplies, focused specifically on assuring the availability of adequate food supplies. How can food production be increased to meet the needs of a population expected to reach over 9 billion by 2050? Workshop objectives included identifying the major challenges and opportunities associated with achieving sustainable food security and identifying needed policy, science, and governance interventions. Workshop participants discussed long term natural resource constraints, specifically water, land and forests, soils, biodiversity and fisheries. They also examined the role of knowledge, technology, modern production practices, and infrastructure in supporting expanded agricultural production and the significant risks to future productivity posed by climate change. This is a report of two workshops. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Frontiers in Agricultural Research: Food, Health, Environment, and Communities %@ 978-0-309-08494-9 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10585/frontiers-in-agricultural-research-food-health-environment-and-communities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10585/frontiers-in-agricultural-research-food-health-environment-and-communities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 268 %X This report is a congressionally mandated review of the US Department of Agriculture’s Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area, the main engine of publicly funded agricultural research in the United States. A changing social and scientific context of agriculture requires a new vision of agricultural research -- one that will support agriculture as a positive economic, social, and environmental force. REE is uniquely positioned to advance new research frontiers in environment, public health, and rural communities. The report recommends that REE be more anticipatory and strategic in its use of limited resources and guide and champion new directions in research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Measuring Food Insecurity and Assessing Sustainability of Global Systems: Report of a Workshop %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13290/measuring-food-insecurity-and-assessing-sustainability-of-global-systems-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13290/measuring-food-insecurity-and-assessing-sustainability-of-global-systems-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K %P 264 %X There are few areas of human endeavor in which the challenge of sustainability is clearer than in food and agriculture. Farmers and animal keepers must use natural resources--the physical environment of soil, water, and the sun--in ways that generate a continuous supply of food adequate to satisfy people's biological needs for survival and their economic demands. Degradation of soil, inappropriate management of water, and the use of practices that have negative effects on the climate may increase food security in the short run, but will decrease output over time and threaten the survival of future generations. Sustainable management of natural resources and the environment is fundamental to future food security. Action by governments and other agents within and outside the food system may help or hinder sustainability. There is much evidence showing that the current global food system is not sustainable. Measuring Food Insecurity and Assessing the Sustainability of Global Food Systems summarizes a National Research Council workshop, held in February 2011, which explored the availability and quality of commonly used indicators for food security and malnutrition; poverty; and natural resources and agricultural productivity. The workshop was organized around the three broad dimensions of sustainable food security: availability, access, and utilization. Within these topics, the workshop aimed to review the existing data to encourage action and identify the knowledge gaps. A second workshop, held in May 2011, examined ways to sustainably increase global food supplies, natural resource constraints, and necessary policies. A report of that workshop will be available later this year. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Yaktine, Ann L. %E Pool, Robert %T Nutrigenomics and Beyond: Informing the Future: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-10489-0 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11845/nutrigenomics-and-beyond-informing-the-future-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11845/nutrigenomics-and-beyond-informing-the-future-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Food and Nutrition %P 90 %X The integration of biology, genomics, and health has opened the possibility of applying genomics technology to nutrition. In 2001, scientists associated with the Human Genome Project announced the successful mapping of the reference sequence of the human genome. Since then, a body of information has emerged. Genomics and related areas of research have contributed greatly to efforts to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying diet-disease relationships. Integration and application of genetic and genomics technology into nutrition research is, therefore, needed to develop nutrition research programs that are aimed at the prevention and control of chronic disease through genomics-based nutritional interventions. Of interest is the integration of relevant computational methods into nutritional genomics research; the enhancement of tools applicable to systems biology; and the effective dissemination of genomics-derived information to scientists, policy makers, and the interested public. To address these issues, a workshop was held on June 1 and 2, 2006. The workshop included presentations that were structured around three focus sessions: human genetic variation, epigenetics, and systems biology. A fourth session presented discussions on the implications of nutrigenomics for the future of nutrition science research. Numerous themes emerged from the workshop presentations. First, nutrigenomics is a complex field because it addresses issues related to multigenetic traits that can be modified by a number of nutritional and other environmental factors. Such complexity presents a challenge to the field; and the ensuing research opportunities will require cooperative work among scientific disciplines and across government, academic, and industrial centers, as well as adequate funding, to be realized. Additionally, the ability to stretch the limits of conventional research methodologies afforded by new genetic and genomic applications at the level of the individual opens the door to a wealth of potential benefits to areas such as disease prevention and wellness, bearing in mind the necessity of ethical safeguards. This potential, however, must be wisely exploited to avoid the pitfalls of overpromising research results and prematurely setting unrealistic expectations for beneficial outcomes. Finally, careful and rigorous research must be employed to optimize outcomes and assure acceptance by the scientific community. In summary, nutrition science is uniquely poised to serve as the crossroads for many disciplines and, using genomics tools, can bring this knowledge together to better understand and address diet-related chronic diseases and molecular responses to dietary factors. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States %@ 978-0-309-14708-8 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12804/the-impact-of-genetically-engineered-crops-on-farm-sustainability-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12804/the-impact-of-genetically-engineered-crops-on-farm-sustainability-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 270 %X Since genetically engineered (GE) crops were introduced in 1996, their use in the United States has grown rapidly, accounting for 80-90 percent of soybean, corn, and cotton acreage in 2009. To date, crops with traits that provide resistance to some herbicides and to specific insect pests have benefited adopting farmers by reducing crop losses to insect damage, by increasing flexibility in time management, and by facilitating the use of more environmentally friendly pesticides and tillage practices. However, excessive reliance on a single technology combined with a lack of diverse farming practices could undermine the economic and environmental gains from these GE crops. Other challenges could hinder the application of the technology to a broader spectrum of crops and uses. Several reports from the National Research Council have addressed the effects of GE crops on the environment and on human health. However, The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States is the first comprehensive assessment of the environmental, economic, and social impacts of the GE-crop revolution on U.S. farms. It addresses how GE crops have affected U.S. farmers, both adopters and nonadopters of the technology, their incomes, agronomic practices, production decisions, environmental resources, and personal well-being. The book offers several new findings and four recommendations that could be useful to farmers, industry, science organizations, policy makers, and others in government agencies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Letter Report to the Florida Department of Citrus on the Review of Research Proposals on Citrus Greening, December, 2008 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12563/letter-report-to-the-florida-department-of-citrus-on-the-review-of-research-proposals-on-citrus-greening-december-2008 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12563/letter-report-to-the-florida-department-of-citrus-on-the-review-of-research-proposals-on-citrus-greening-december-2008 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 22 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Exploring Sustainable Solutions for Increasing Global Food Supplies: Report of a Workshop %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13319/exploring-sustainable-solutions-for-increasing-global-food-supplies-report-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13319/exploring-sustainable-solutions-for-increasing-global-food-supplies-report-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 150 %X Exploring Sustainable Solutions for Increasing Global Food Supplies summarizes the second of two National Research Council workshops, addressing the sustainability challenges associated with food security for all. The workshop was held in May 2011. While sustainable food security depends both on the availability of food supplies and assuring access to food, this workshop focused specifically on assuring the availability of adequate food supplies. How can food production be increased to meet the needs of a population expected to reach over 9 billion by 2050? Workshop objectives included identifying the major challenges and opportunities associated with achieving sustainable food security and identifying needed policy, science, and governance interventions. Workshop participants discussed long term natural resource constraints, specifically water, land and forests, soils, biodiversity and fisheries. They also examined the role of knowledge, technology, modern production practices, and infrastructure in supporting expanded agricultural production and the significant risks to future productivity posed by climate change.