%0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Choffnes, Eileen R. %E Olsen, LeighAnne %E Wizemann, Theresa %T The Science and Applications of Microbial Genomics: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-26819-6 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18261/the-science-and-applications-of-microbial-genomics-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18261/the-science-and-applications-of-microbial-genomics-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 428 %X Over the past several decades, new scientific tools and approaches for detecting microbial species have dramatically enhanced our appreciation of the diversity and abundance of the microbiota and its dynamic interactions with the environments within which these microorganisms reside. The first bacterial genome was sequenced in 1995 and took more than 13 months of work to complete. Today, a microorganism's entire genome can be sequenced in a few days. Much as our view of the cosmos was forever altered in the 17th century with the invention of the telescope, these genomic technologies, and the observations derived from them, have fundamentally transformed our appreciation of the microbial world around us. On June 12 and 13, 2012, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop in Washington, DC, to discuss the scientific tools and approaches being used for detecting and characterizing microbial species, and the roles of microbial genomics and metagenomics to better understand the culturable and unculturable microbial world around us. Through invited presentations and discussions, participants examined the use of microbial genomics to explore the diversity, evolution, and adaptation of microorganisms in a wide variety of environments; the molecular mechanisms of disease emergence and epidemiology; and the ways that genomic technologies are being applied to disease outbreak trace back and microbial surveillance. Points that were emphasized by many participants included the need to develop robust standardized sampling protocols, the importance of having the appropriate metadata, data analysis and data management challenges, and information sharing in real time. The Science and Applications of Microbial Genomics summarizes this workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Howson, Christopher P. %E Howe, Cynthia J. %E Fineberg, Harvey V. %T Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines %@ 978-0-309-10368-8 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1815/adverse-effects-of-pertussis-and-rubella-vaccines %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1815/adverse-effects-of-pertussis-and-rubella-vaccines %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 382 %X Parents have come to depend on vaccines to protect their children from a variety of diseases. Some evidence suggests, however, that vaccination against pertussis (whooping cough) and rubella (German measles) is, in a small number of cases, associated with increased risk of serious illness. This book examines the controversy over the evidence and offers a comprehensively documented assessment of the risk of illness following immunization with vaccines against pertussis and rubella. Based on extensive review of the evidence from epidemiologic studies, case histories, studies in animals, and other sources of information, the book examines: The relation of pertussis vaccines to a number of serious adverse events, including encephalopathy and other central nervous system disorders, sudden infant death syndrome, autism, Guillain-Barre syndrome, learning disabilities, and Reye syndrome. The relation of rubella vaccines to arthritis, various neuropathies, and thrombocytopenic purpura. The volume, which includes a description of the committee's methods for evaluating evidence and directions for future research, will be important reading for public health officials, pediatricians, researchers, and concerned parents. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Stratton, Kathleen %E Ford, Andrew %E Rusch, Erin %E Clayton, Ellen Wright %T Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality %@ 978-0-309-21435-3 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13164/adverse-effects-of-vaccines-evidence-and-causality %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13164/adverse-effects-of-vaccines-evidence-and-causality %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 894 %X In 1900, for every 1,000 babies born in the United States, 100 would die before their first birthday, often due to infectious diseases. Today, vaccines exist for many viral and bacterial diseases. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, passed in 1986, was intended to bolster vaccine research and development through the federal coordination of vaccine initiatives and to provide relief to vaccine manufacturers facing financial burdens. The legislation also intended to address concerns about the safety of vaccines by instituting a compensation program, setting up a passive surveillance system for vaccine adverse events, and by providing information to consumers. A key component of the legislation required the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to collaborate with the Institute of Medicine to assess concerns about the safety of vaccines and potential adverse events, especially in children. Adverse Effects of Vaccines reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence regarding adverse health events associated with specific vaccines covered by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), including the varicella zoster vaccine, influenza vaccines, the hepatitis B vaccine, and the human papillomavirus vaccine, among others. For each possible adverse event, the report reviews peer-reviewed primary studies, summarizes their findings, and evaluates the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence. It finds that while no vaccine is 100 percent safe, very few adverse events are shown to be caused by vaccines. In addition, the evidence shows that vaccines do not cause several conditions. For example, the MMR vaccine is not associated with autism or childhood diabetes. Also, the DTaP vaccine is not associated with diabetes and the influenza vaccine given as a shot does not exacerbate asthma. Adverse Effects of Vaccines will be of special interest to the National Vaccine Program Office, the VICP, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vaccine safety researchers and manufacturers, parents, caregivers, and health professionals in the private and public sectors.