TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alison Mack TI - Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21792 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21792/global-health-impacts-of-vector-borne-diseases-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. Such vector-borne diseases – including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and plague – together accounted for more human disease and death in the 17th through early 20th centuries than all other causes combined. Over the past three decades, previously controlled vector-borne diseases have resurged or reemerged in new geographic locations, and several newly identified pathogens and vectors have triggered disease outbreaks in plants and animals, including humans. Domestic and international capabilities to detect, identify, and effectively respond to vector-borne diseases are limited. Few vaccines have been developed against vector-borne pathogens. At the same time, drug resistance has developed in vector-borne pathogens while their vectors are increasingly resistant to insecticide controls. Furthermore, the ranks of scientists trained to conduct research in key fields including medical entomology, vector ecology, and tropical medicine have dwindled, threatening prospects for addressing vector-borne diseases now and in the future. In June 2007, as these circumstances became alarmingly apparent, the Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop to explore the dynamic relationships among host, pathogen(s), vector(s), and ecosystems that characterize vector-borne diseases. Revisiting this topic in September 2014, the Forum organized a workshop to examine trends and patterns in the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in an increasingly interconnected and ecologically disturbed world, as well as recent developments to meet these dynamic threats. Participants examined the emergence and global movement of vector-borne diseases, research priorities for understanding their biology and ecology, and global preparedness for and progress toward their prevention, control, and mitigation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Justin Snair A2 - Jack Hermann A2 - Lisa Brown A2 - Scott Wollek A2 - Erin Balogh A2 - Kimberly Maxfield TI - Potential Research Priorities to Inform Public Health and Medical Practice for Domestic Zika Virus: Workshop in Brief DO - 10.17226/23404 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23404/potential-research-priorities-to-inform-public-health-and-medical-practice-for-domestic-zika-virus PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Given the recent rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) throughout the Americas and the presence of its vector mosquito species within parts of the United States, RADM Nicole Lurie, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, determined an urgent need for additional research to better characterize ZIKV, especially those issues related to the means of transmission and infection during pregnancy. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 1-day public workshop on February 16, 2016, to discuss and explore key factors associated with ZIKV. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stanley M. Lemon A2 - P. Frederick Sparling A2 - Margaret A. Hamburg A2 - David A. Relman A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes A2 - Alison Mack TI - Vector-Borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11950 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11950/vector-borne-diseases-understanding-the-environmental-human-health-and-ecological PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Vector-borne infectious diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and plague, cause a significant fraction of the global infectious disease burden; indeed, nearly half of the world's population is infected with at least one type of vector-borne pathogen (CIESIN, 2007; WHO, 2004a). Vector-borne plant and animal diseases, including several newly recognized pathogens, reduce agricultural productivity and disrupt ecosystems throughout the world. These diseases profoundly restrict socioeconomic status and development in countries with the highest rates of infection, many of which are located in the tropics and subtropics. Although this workshop summary provides an account of the individual presentations, it also reflects an important aspect of the Forum philosophy. The workshop functions as a dialogue among representatives from different sectors and allows them to present their beliefs about which areas may merit further attention. These proceedings summarize only the statements of participants in the workshop and are not intended to be an exhaustive exploration of the subject matter or a representation of consensus evaluation. Vector-Borne Diseases : Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop Summary (Forum on Microbial Threats) summarizes this workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Gene Drives on the Horizon: Advancing Science, Navigating Uncertainty, and Aligning Research with Public Values SN - DO - 10.17226/23405 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23405/gene-drives-on-the-horizon-advancing-science-navigating-uncertainty-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Research on gene drive systems is rapidly advancing. Many proposed applications of gene drive research aim to solve environmental and public health challenges, including the reduction of poverty and the burden of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue, which disproportionately impact low and middle income countries. However, due to their intrinsic qualities of rapid spread and irreversibility, gene drive systems raise many questions with respect to their safety relative to public and environmental health. Because gene drive systems are designed to alter the environments we share in ways that will be hard to anticipate and impossible to completely roll back, questions about the ethics surrounding use of this research are complex and will require very careful exploration. Gene Drives on the Horizon outlines the state of knowledge relative to the science, ethics, public engagement, and risk assessment as they pertain to research directions of gene drive systems and governance of the research process. This report offers principles for responsible practices of gene drive research and related applications for use by investigators, their institutions, the research funders, and regulators. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - V. Ayano Ogawa A2 - Cecilia Mundaca Shah A2 - Anna Nicholson TI - Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25070 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25070/urbanization-and-slums-infectious-diseases-in-the-built-environment-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The urban built environment is a prime setting for microbial transmission, because just as cities serve as hubs for migration and international travel, components of the urban built environment serve as hubs that drive the transmission of infectious disease pathogens. The risk of infectious diseases for many people living in slums is further compounded by their poverty and their surrounding physical and social environment, which is often overcrowded, is prone to physical hazards, and lacks adequate or secure housing and basic infrastructure, including water, sanitation, or hygiene services. To examine the role of the urban built environment in the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases that affect human health, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine planned a public workshop. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Biographical Memoirs: Volume 74 SN - DO - 10.17226/6201 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6201/biographical-memoirs-volume-74 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Biographic Memoirs: Volume 74 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - V. Ayano Ogawa A2 - Ceci Mundaca-Shah A2 - Joe Alper TI - Building Communication Capacity to Counter Infectious Disease Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24738 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24738/building-communication-capacity-to-counter-infectious-disease-threats-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Building communication capacity is a critical piece of preparing for, detecting, and responding to infectious disease threats. The International Health Regulations (IHR) establish risk communication—the real-time exchange of information, advice, and opinions between experts or officials and people who face a threat to their survival, health, and economic or social well-being—as a core capacity that World Health Organization member states must fulfill to strengthen the fight against these threats. Despite global recognition of the importance of complying with IHR, 67 percent of signatory countries report themselves as not compliant. By investing in communication capacity, public health and government officials and civil society organizations facing health crises would be prepared to provide advice, information, and reassurance to the public as well as to rapidly develop messages and community engagement activities that are coordinated and take into account social and behavioral dynamics among all sectors. To learn about current national and international efforts to develop the capacity to communicate effectively during times of infectious disease outbreaks, and to explore gaps in the research agenda that may help address communication needs to advance the field, the Forum on Microbial Threats of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 1.5 day workshop on December 13 and 14, 2016, in Washington, DC. Participants reviewed progress and needs in strengthening communication capacity for dealing with infectious disease threats for both outbreaks and routine challenges in the United States and abroad. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2019 Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/25620 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25620/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - This volume of Frontiers of Engineering presents papers on the topics covered at the National Academy of Engineering’s 2019 US Frontiers of Engineering Symposium, hosted by Boeing in North Charleston, South Carolina, September 25-27. At the annual 2 1/2-day event, 100 of this country's best and brightest early-career engineers - from academia, industry, and government and a variety of engineering disciplines - learn from their peers about pioneering work in different areas of engineering. Frontiers of Engineering conveys the excitement of this unique meeting and highlights innovative developments in engineering research and technical work. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology SN - DO - 10.17226/24605 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24605/preparing-for-future-products-of-biotechnology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Between 1973 and 2016, the ways to manipulate DNA to endow new characteristics in an organism (that is, biotechnology) have advanced, enabling the development of products that were not previously possible. What will the likely future products of biotechnology be over the next 5–10 years? What scientific capabilities, tools, and/or expertise may be needed by the regulatory agencies to ensure they make efficient and sound evaluations of the likely future products of biotechnology? Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology analyzes the future landscape of biotechnology products and seeks to inform forthcoming policy making. This report identifies potential new risks and frameworks for risk assessment and areas in which the risks or lack of risks relating to the products of biotechnology are well understood. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Report of Committee on Persistent Pesticides, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council to U.S. Department of Agriculture DO - 10.17226/21256 PY - 1969 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21256/report-of-committee-on-persistent-pesticides-division-of-biology-and-agriculture-national-research-council-to-us-department-of-agriculture PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Agriculture ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Elizabeth Townsend TI - Emerging Trends and Methods in International Security: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25058 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25058/emerging-trends-and-methods-in-international-security-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Beginning in October 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a set of workshops designed to gather information for the Decadal Survey of Social and Behavioral Sciences for Applications to National Security. The second workshop focused on emerging trends and methods in international security and this publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Jonathan R. Davis A2 - Joshua Lederberg TI - Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective: A Summary of a Workshop of the Forum on Emerging Infections SN - DO - 10.17226/10084 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10084/emerging-infectious-diseases-from-the-global-to-the-local-perspective PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In October 1999, the Forum on Emerging Infections of the Institute of Medicine convened a two-day workshop titled “International Aspects of Emerging Infections.” Key representatives from the international community explored the forces that drive emerging infectious diseases to prominence. Representatives from the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Europe made formal presentations and engaged in panel discussions. Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective includes summaries of the formal presentations and suggests an agenda for future action. The topics addressed cover a wide range of issues, including trends in the incidence of infectious diseases around the world, descriptions of the wide variety of factors that contribute to the emergence and reemergence of these diseases, efforts to coordinate surveillance activities and responses within and across borders, and the resource, research, and international needs that remain to be addressed. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Madeline Drexler TI - Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections SN - DO - 10.17226/10232 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10232/secret-agents-the-menace-of-emerging-infections PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Health and Medicine AB - So you think modern medicine has the whole virus game figured out? Think again. And it’s not even a question of “if” we’ll be hit by some new and deadly disease—it’s “when.” The war on germs is being fought on many fronts—from the skirmishes with disease-carrying mosquitoes that cross oceans hidden away in airline wheel wells to the high-profile battle against terrorists wielding deadly bioweapons. Today’s bold headlines would have us believe that the biggest threat comes from bioterrorism. But don’t underestimate Mother Nature, perhaps the most savage bioterrorist of all. Assisted by the increasing ease with which people—and the germs they carry—move across international borders, she’s an effective force to be reckoned with, a key player on this battlefield. As author Madeline Drexler makes clear, we’d do best not to ignore her. Human beings and the pathogens that attack them are crossing paths more and more frequently, particularly as modern life grows increasingly complex. Whatever the infectious agent may be, whether it’s pandemic flu, foodborne illness, a debilitating disease carried far and wide by biting insects, or some new microbial horror we have yet to detect, keen surveillance and rapid response are really the only weapons in our arsenal. Secret Agents looks at today’s new and emerging infections—those that have increased in attack rate or geographic range, or threaten to do so—and tells the stories of scientists racing to catch up with invisible adversaries superior in both speed and guile. Each chapter focuses on a different threat: foodborne pathogens, antibiotic resistance, animals and insectborne diseases, pandemic influenza, infectious causes of chronic disease, and bioterrorism, including the latest information on the public health threats posed by anthrax and diseases such as smallpox. Based in part on material collected from the Forum on Emerging Infections hosted by the Institute of Medicine in Washington, D.C., Secret Agents is ultimately as engaging as it is disturbing. Drexler’s thorough survey of the field of infectious disease, supplemented by extensive interviews with today’s top researchers, yields a compelling portrait of a world engaged in a clandestine war. Emerging infections are among the many secret ties that bind the world into an organic whole. We know that infectious disease is an inescapable part of life, but we need to begin thinking globally and acting locally if we are to avoid the menace of a catastrophic outbreak of some new plague. Secret Agents sounds a clear and compelling call to take up arms against the organic predators among us. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Research on the Transmission of Disease in Airports and on Aircraft DO - 10.17226/22941 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22941/research-on-the-transmission-of-disease-in-airports-and-on-aircraft PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Conference Proceedings 47: Research on the Transmission of Disease in Airports and on Aircraft is the summary of a September 2009 symposium. The symposium examined the status of research on or related to the transmission of disease on aircraft and in airports, and the potential application of research results to the development of protocols and standards for managing communicable disease incidents in an aviation setting. The symposium also explored areas where additional research may be needed.An article on this report was included in the January-February issue of TR News. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease SN - DO - 10.17226/10025 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10025/under-the-weather-climate-ecosystems-and-infectious-disease PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the dawn of medical science, people have recognized connections between a change in the weather and the appearance of epidemic disease. With today's technology, some hope that it will be possible to build models for predicting the emergence and spread of many infectious diseases based on climate and weather forecasts. However, separating the effects of climate from other effects presents a tremendous scientific challenge. Can we use climate and weather forecasts to predict infectious disease outbreaks? Can the field of public health advance from "surveillance and response" to "prediction and prevention?" And perhaps the most important question of all: Can we predict how global warming will affect the emergence and transmission of infectious disease agents around the world? Under the Weather evaluates our current understanding of the linkages among climate, ecosystems, and infectious disease; it then goes a step further and outlines the research needed to improve our understanding of these linkages. The book also examines the potential for using climate forecasts and ecological observations to help predict infectious disease outbreaks, identifies the necessary components for an epidemic early warning system, and reviews lessons learned from the use of climate forecasts in other realms of human activity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Joshua Lederberg A2 - Robert E. Shope A2 - Stanley C. Oaks, Jr. TI - Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/2008 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2008/emerging-infections-microbial-threats-to-health-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The emergence of HIV disease and AIDS, the reemergence of tuberculosis, and the increased opportunity for disease spread through international travel demonstrate the critical importance of global vigilance for infectious diseases. This volume highlights risk factors for the emergence of microbial threats to health, warns against complacency in public health, and promotes early prevention as a cost-effective and crucial strategy for maintaining public health in the United States and worldwide. The volume identifies infectious disease threats posed by bacteria and viruses, as well as protozoans, helminths, and fungi. Rich in information, it includes a historical perspective on infectious disease, with focuses on Lyme disease, peptic ulcer, malaria, dengue, and recent increases in tuberculosis. The panel discusses how "new" diseases arise and how "old" ones resurge and considers the roles of human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, economic development and land use, international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation and change, and breakdown of public health measures in changing patterns of infectious disease. Also included are discussions and recommendations on disease surveillance; vaccine, drug, and pesticide development; vector control; public education and behavioral change; research and training; and strengthening of the U.S. public health system. This volume will be of immediate interest to scientists specializing in all areas of infectious diseases and microbiology, healthy policy specialists, public health officials, physicians, and medical faculty and students, as well as anyone interested in how their health can be threatened by infectious diseases. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Insect-Pest Management and Control DO - 10.17226/18674 PY - 1969 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18674/insect-pest-management-and-control PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Agriculture ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stacey L. Knobler A2 - Stanley M. Lemon A2 - Marian Najafi A2 - Tom Burroughs TI - The Resistance Phenomenon in Microbes and Infectious Disease Vectors: Implications for Human Health and Strategies for Containment: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10651 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10651/the-resistance-phenomenon-in-microbes-and-infectious-disease-vectors-implications PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The resistance topic is timely given current events. The emergence of mysterious new diseases, such as SARS, and the looming threat of bioterrorist attacks remind us of how vulnerable we can be to infectious agents. With advances in medical technologies, we have tamed many former microbial foes, yet with few new antimicrobial agents and vaccines in the pipeline, and rapidly increasing drug resistance among infectious microbes, we teeter on the brink of loosing the upperhand in our ongoing struggle against these foes, old and new. The Resistance Phenomenon in Microbes and Infectious Disease Vectors examines our understanding of the relationships among microbes, disease vectors, and human hosts, and explores possible new strategies for meeting the challenge of resistance. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stacey Knobler A2 - Adel Mahmoud A2 - Stanley Lemon A2 - Leslie Pray TI - The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11588 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11588/the-impact-of-globalization-on-infectious-disease-emergence-and-control PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Globalization is by no means a new phenomenon; transcontinental trade and the movement of people date back at least 2,000 years, to the era of the ancient Silk Road trade route. The global spread of infectious disease has followed a parallel course. Indeed, the emergence and spread of infectious disease are, in a sense, the epitome of globalization. Although some experts mark the fall of the Berlin Wall as the beginning of this new era of globalization, others argue that it is not so new. The future of globalization is still in the making. Despite the successful attempts of the developed world during the course of the last century to control many infectious diseases and even to eradicate some deadly afflictions, 13 million people worldwide still die from such diseases every year. On April 16 and 17, 2002, the Forum on Emerging Infections held a working group discussion on the influence of globalization on the emergence and control of infectious diseases. The contents of the unattributed sections are based on the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control report summarizes the presentations and discussions related to the increasing cross-border and cross-continental movements of people and how this could exacerbate the emergence and global spread of infectious diseases. This report also summarizes the means by which sovereign states and nations must adopt a global public health mind-set and develop a new organizational framework to maximize the opportunities and overcome the challenges created by globalization and build the necessary capacity to respond effectively to emerging infectious disease threats. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - John D. Steinbruner A2 - Paul C. Stern A2 - Jo L. Husbands TI - Climate and Social Stress: Implications for Security Analysis SN - DO - 10.17226/14682 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14682/climate-and-social-stress-implications-for-security-analysis PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Earth Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Climate change can reasonably be expected to increase the frequency and intensity of a variety of potentially disruptive environmental events—slowly at first, but then more quickly. It is prudent to expect to be surprised by the way in which these events may cascade, or have far-reaching effects. During the coming decade, certain climate-related events will produce consequences that exceed the capacity of the affected societies or global systems to manage; these may have global security implications. Although focused on events outside the United States, Climate and Social Stress: Implications for Security Analysis recommends a range of research and policy actions to create a whole-of-government approach to increasing understanding of complex and contingent connections between climate and security, and to inform choices about adapting to and reducing vulnerability to climate change. ER -