TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Richard J. Bonnie A2 - Robert L. Johnson A2 - Betty M. Chemers A2 - Julie A. Schuck TI - Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach SN - DO - 10.17226/14685 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14685/reforming-juvenile-justice-a-developmental-approach PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - William H. Kolberg TI - Developing Manpower Legislation: A Personal Chronicle DO - 10.17226/18649 PY - 1978 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18649/developing-manpower-legislation-a-personal-chronicle PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Marilyn J. Field A2 - Kathleen N. Lohr A2 - Karl D. Yordy TI - Assessing Health Care Reform SN - DO - 10.17226/2099 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2099/assessing-health-care-reform PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This book establishes a framework for assessing health care reform proposals and their implementation. It helps clarify objectives, identifies issues to be addressed in proposals, distinguishes between short- and long-term expectations and achievements, and directs attention to important but sometimes neglected questions about the organization and provision of health care services. In addition, the volume presents a discussion and analysis of issues essential to achieving fundamental goals of health care reform: to maintain and improve health and well-being, to make basic health coverage universal, and to encourage the efficient use of limited resources. The book is a useful resource for anyone developing or assessing options for reform. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Reshaping School Mathematics: A Philosophy and Framework for Curriculum SN - DO - 10.17226/1498 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1498/reshaping-school-mathematics-a-philosophy-and-framework-for-curriculum PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The United States must restructure mathematics education—both what is learned and the way it is taught—if children are to develop the mathematical knowledge and skills they will need to be personally and professionally competent in the twenty-first century. Joining the recent reports that have opened a national dialogue on these issues, Reshaping School Mathematics focuses discussion on essential ideas that transcend details of current curricula or assessment results. It examines changing perspectives on the role of mathematics in society and changing practice in the use of technology—particularly calculators and computers—in mathematics education. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Science Teacher Preparation in an Era of Standards-Based Reform DO - 10.17226/9078 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9078/science-teacher-preparation-in-an-era-of-standards-based-reform PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Implementing Juvenile Justice Reform: The Federal Role SN - DO - 10.17226/18753 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18753/implementing-juvenile-justice-reform-the-federal-role PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In the past decade, a number of state, local, and tribal jurisdictions have begun to take significant steps to overhaul their juvenile justice systems - for example, reducing the use of juvenile detention and out-of-home placement, bringing greater attention to racial and ethnic disparities, looking for ways to engage affected families in the process, and raising the age at which juvenile court jurisdiction ends. These changes are the result of heightening awareness of the ineffectiveness of punitive practices and accumulating knowledge about adolescent development. Momentum for reform is growing. However, many more state, local, and tribal jurisdictions need assistance, and practitioners in the juvenile justice field are looking for guidance from the federal government, particularly from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) in the Department of Justice. Implementing Juvenile Justice Reform identifies and prioritizes strategies and policies to effectively facilitate reform of the juvenile justice system and develop an implementation plan for OJJDP. Based on the 2013 report Reforming Juvenile Justice, this report is designed to provide specific guidance to OJJDP regarding the steps that it should take, both internally and externally, to facilitate juvenile justice reform grounded in knowledge about adolescent development. The report identifies seven hallmarks of a developmental approach to juvenile justice to guide system reform: accountability without criminalization, alternatives to justice system involvement, individualized response based on needs and risks, confinement only when necessary for public safety, genuine commitment to fairness, sensitivity to disparate treatment, and family engagement. Implementing Juvenile Justice Reform outlines how these hallmarks should be incorporated into policies and practices within OJJDP, as well as in actions extended to state, local, and tribal jurisdictions to achieve the goals of the juvenile justice system through a developmentally informed approach. This report sets forth a detailed and prioritized strategic plan for the federal government to support and facilitate developmentally oriented juvenile justice reform. The pivotal component of the plan is to strengthen the role, capacity, and commitment of OJJDP, the lead federal agency in the field. By carrying out the recommendations of Implementing Juvenile Justice Reform, the federal government will both reaffirm and advance the promise of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Assessment of Science Meets the Science of Assessment: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/9588 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9588/the-assessment-of-science-meets-the-science-of-assessment-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - To explore the connections between new approaches to science education and new developments in assessment, the Board on Testing and Assessment (BOTA) of the National Research Council (NRC) sponsored a two-day conference on February 22 and 23, 1997. Participants included BOTA members, other measurement experts, and educators and policymakers concerned with science education reform. The conference encouraged the exchange of ideas between those with measurement expertise and those with creative approaches to instruction and assessment. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Leonard D. Schaeffer A2 - Andrea M. Schultz A2 - Judith A. Salerno TI - HHS in the 21st Century: Charting a New Course for a Healthier America SN - DO - 10.17226/12513 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12513/hhs-in-the-21st-century-charting-a-new-course-for PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) profoundly affects the lives of all Americans. Its agencies and programs protect against domestic and global health threats, assure the safety of food and drugs, advance the science of preventing and conquering disease, provide safeguards for America's vulnerable populations, and improve health for everyone. However, the department faces serious and complex obstacles, chief among them rising health care costs and a broadening range of health challenges. Over time, additional responsibilities have been layered onto the department, and other responsibilities removed, often without corresponding shifts in positions, procedures, structures, and resources. At the request of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, HHS in the 21st Century assesses whether HHS is "ideally organized" to meet the enduring and emerging health challenges facing our nation. The committee identifies many factors that affect the department's ability to address its range of responsibilities, including divergence in the missions and goals of the department's agencies, limited flexibility in spending, impending workforce shortages, difficulty in retaining skilled professionals, and challenges in effectively partnering with the private sector. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Mathematical Preparation of the Technical Work Force: Report of a Workshop DO - 10.17226/9066 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9066/mathematical-preparation-of-the-technical-work-force-report-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Francis K. Amankwah A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Sharyl J. Nass TI - Unequal Treatment Revisited: The Current State of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/27448 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27448/unequal-treatment-revisited-the-current-state-of-racial-and-ethnic PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - A National Academies committee hosted a public workshop series in 2023. Speakers invited by the committee discussed the current state of racial and ethnic health care disparities in the U.S., highlighted major drivers of health care disparities, provided insight into successful and unsuccessful interventions, identified gaps in the evidence base and proposed strategies to close those gaps, and considered ways to scale and spread effective interventions to reduce racial and ethnic inequities in health care. This workshop series is part of an ongoing consensus study examining the current state of racial and ethnic health care disparities in the U.S., building on the 2003 Institute of Medicine consensus report, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. The consensus study will publish its full conclusions and recommendations in summer 2024. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Karen S. Hollweg A2 - David Hill TI - What Is the Influence of the National Science Education Standards?: Reviewing the Evidence, A Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10618 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10618/what-is-the-influence-of-the-national-science-education-standards PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In 2001, with support from National Science Foundation, the National Research Council began a review of the evidence concerning whether or not the National Science Education Standards have had an impact on the science education enterprise to date, and if so, what that impact has been. This publication represents the second phase of a three-phase effort by the National Research Council to answer that broad and very important question.Phase I began in 1999 and was completed in 2001, with publication of Investigating the Influence of Standards: A Framework for Research in Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education (National Research Council, 2002). That report provided organizing principles for the design, conduct, and interpretation of research regarding the influence of national standards. The Framework developed in Phase I was used to structure the current review of research that is reported here.Phase II began in mid-2001, involved a thorough search and review of the research literature on the influence of the NSES, and concludes with this publication, which summarizes the proceedings of a workshop conducted on May 10, 2002, in Washington, DC.Phase III will provide input, collected in 2002, from science educators, administrators at all levels, and other practitioners and policy makers regarding their views of the NSES, the ways and extent to which the NSES are influencing their work and the systems that support science education, and what next steps are needed. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Transforming Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology SN - DO - 10.17226/6453 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6453/transforming-undergraduate-education-in-science-mathematics-engineering-and-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Today's undergraduate students—future leaders, policymakers, teachers, and citizens, as well as scientists and engineers—will need to make important decisions based on their understanding of scientific and technological concepts. However, many undergraduates in the United States do not study science, mathematics, engineering, or technology (SME&T) for more than one year, if at all. Additionally, many of the SME&T courses that students take are focused on one discipline and often do not give students an understanding about how disciplines are interconnected or relevant to students' lives and society. To address these issues, the National Research Council convened a series of symposia and forums of representatives from SME&T educational and industrial communities. Those discussions contributed to this book, which provides six vision statements and recommendations for how to improve SME&T education for all undergraduates. The book addresses pre-college preparation for students in SME&T and the joint roles and responsibilities of faculty and administrators in arts and sciences and in schools of education to better educate teachers of K-12 mathematics, science, and technology. It suggests how colleges can improve and evaluate lower-division undergraduate courses for all students, strengthen institutional infrastructures to encourage quality teaching, and better prepare graduate students who will become future SME&T faculty. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Raymond J. Burby TI - Cooperating with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards with Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Communities SN - DO - 10.17226/5785 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5785/cooperating-with-nature-confronting-natural-hazards-with-land-use-planning PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Earth Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - This volume focuses on the breakdown in sustainability—the capacity of the planet to provide quality of life now and in the future—that is signaled by disaster. The authors bring to light why land use and sustainability have been ignored in devising public policies to deal with natural hazards. They lay out a vision of sustainability, concrete suggestions for policy reform, and procedures for planning. The book chronicles the long evolution of land-use planning and identifies key components of sustainable planning for hazards. Stressing the importance of balance in land use, the authors offer principles and specific reforms for achieving their visions of sustainability. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Research Council TI - National Issues in Science and Technology 1993 SN - DO - 10.17226/2096 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2096/national-issues-in-science-and-technology-1993 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - This volume consists of four "white papers," prepared for the Clinton administration as it took office, on important national policy issues in which science and technology play a central role. Topics covered are science and technology leadership, climate change policy, technology policy and industrial innovation, and health care reform. Also included are brief summaries of ten potentially high impact reports issued by various committees of the National Research Council. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Systems Practices for the Care of Socially At-Risk Populations SN - DO - 10.17226/21914 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21914/systems-practices-for-the-care-of-socially-at-risk-populations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) have been moving from volume-based, fee-for-service payment to value-based payment (VBP), which aims to improve health care quality, health outcomes, and patient care experiences, while also controlling costs. Since the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, CMS has implemented a variety of VBP strategies, including incentive programs and risk-based alternative payment models. Early evidence from these programs raised concerns about potential unintended consequences for health equity. Specifically, emerging evidence suggests that providers disproportionately serving patients with social risk factors for poor health outcomes (e.g., individuals with low socioeconomic position, racial and ethnic minorities, gender and sexual minorities, socially isolated persons, and individuals residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods) may be more likely to fare poorly on quality rankings and to receive financial penalties, and less likely to receive financial rewards. The drivers of these disparities are poorly understood, and differences in interpretation have led to divergent concerns about the potential effect of VBP on health equity. Some suggest that underlying differences in patient characteristics that are out of the control of providers lead to differences in health outcomes. At the same time, others are concerned that differences in outcomes between providers serving socially at-risk populations and providers serving the general population reflect disparities in the provision of health care. Systems Practices for the Care of Socially At-Risk Populations seeks to better distinguish the drivers of variations in performance among providers disproportionately serving socially at-risk populations and identifies methods to account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs. This report identifies best practices of high-performing hospitals, health plans, and other providers that serve disproportionately higher shares of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations and compares those best practices of low-performing providers serving similar patient populations. It is the second in a series of five brief reports that aim to inform the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) analyses that account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs mandated through the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation (IMPACT) Act. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Police Training to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population SN - DO - 10.17226/26467 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26467/police-training-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Training police in the knowledge and skills necessary to support the rule of law and protect the public is a substantial component of the activities of international organizations that provide foreign assistance. Significant challenges with such training activities arise with the wide range of cultural, institutional, political, and social contexts across countries. In addition, foreign assistance donors often have to leverage programs and capacity in their own countries to provide training in partner countries, and there are many examples of training, including in the United States, that do not rely on the best scientific evidence of policing practices and training design. Studies have shown disconnects between the reported goals of training, notably that of protecting the population, and actual behaviors by police officers. These realities present a diversity of challenges and opportunities for foreign assistance donors and police training. At the request of the U.S. State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine examined scientific evidence and assessed research needs for effective policing in the context of the challenges above. This report, the second in a series of five, responds to the following questions: What are the core knowledge and skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population? What is known about mechanisms (e.g., basic and continuing education or other capacity building programs) for developing the core skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population? ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laurene Graig A2 - Sylara Marie Cruz A2 - Joe Alper TI - Improving Access to and Equity of Care for People with Serious Illness: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25530 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25530/improving-access-to-and-equity-of-care-for-people-with-serious-illness PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 40 million people in the United States suffer from a serious illness that limits their daily activities. These illnesses include heart and lung disease, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. However, significant disparities exist across different communities in the quality and access to care for these illnesses. Factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, geography, socioeconomic status, or insurance status exacerbate these complex disparities. It is critical to reevaluate the current models of care delivery across diverse communities and vulnerable populations. On April 4, 2019, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to investigate barriers, policy initiatives, and opportunities for improving access to and equity of care for people living with a serious illness. Discussions explored the current climate of health care and opportunities to improve access to care using organizational, community, patient and family, and clinician perspectives. This publication summarizes the discussions and presentations from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Margaret Edmunds A2 - Frank A. Sloan A2 - A. Bruce Steinwald TI - Geographic Adjustment in Medicare Payment: Phase II: Implications for Access, Quality, and Efficiency SN - DO - 10.17226/13420 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13420/geographic-adjustment-in-medicare-payment-phase-ii-implications-for-access PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Medicare, the world's single largest health insurance program, covers more than 47 million Americans. Although it is a national program, it adjusts payments to hospitals and health care practitioners according to the geographic location in which they provide service, acknowledging that the cost of doing business varies around the country. Under the adjustment systems, payments in high-cost areas are increased relative to the national average, and payments in low-cost areas are reduced. In July 2010, the Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees Medicare, commissioned the IOM to conduct a two-part study to recommend corrections of inaccuracies and inequities in geographic adjustments to Medicare payments. The first report examined the data sources and methods used to adjust payments, and recommended a number of changes. Geographic Adjustment in Medicare Payment - Phase II:Implications for Access, Quality, and Efficiency applies the first report's recommendations in order to determine their potential effect on Medicare payments to hospitals and clinical practitioners. This report also offers recommendations to improve access to efficient and appropriate levels of care. Geographic Adjustment in Medicare Payment - Phase II:Implications for Access, Quality, and Efficiency expresses the importance of ensuring the availability of a sufficient health care workforce to serve all beneficiaries, regardless of where they live. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Timothy Ready A2 - Christopher Edley, Jr. A2 - Catherine E. Snow TI - Achieving High Educational Standards for All: Conference Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10256 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10256/achieving-high-educational-standards-for-all-conference-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This volume summarizes a range of scientific perspectives on the important goal of achieving high educational standards for all students. Based on a conference held at the request of the U.S. Department of Education, it addresses three questions: What progress has been made in advancing the education of minority and disadvantaged students since the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision nearly 50 years ago? What does research say about the reasons of successes and failures? What are some of the strategies and practices that hold the promise of producing continued improvements? The volume draws on the conclusions of a number of important recent NRC reports, including How People Learn, Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children, Eager to Learn, and From Neurons to Neighborhoods, among others. It includes an overview of the conference presentations and discussions, the perspectives of the two co-moderators, and a set of background papers on more detailed issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Cheryl Ulmer A2 - Dianne Miller Wolman A2 - Michael M.E. Johns TI - Resident Duty Hours: Enhancing Sleep, Supervision, and Safety SN - DO - 10.17226/12508 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12508/resident-duty-hours-enhancing-sleep-supervision-and-safety PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Education AB - Medical residents in hospitals are often required to be on duty for long hours. In 2003 the organization overseeing graduate medical education adopted common program requirements to restrict resident workweeks, including limits to an average of 80 hours over 4 weeks and the longest consecutive period of work to 30 hours in order to protect patients and residents from unsafe conditions resulting from excessive fatigue. Resident Duty Hours provides a timely examination of how those requirements were implemented and their impact on safety, education, and the training institutions. An in-depth review of the evidence on sleep and human performance indicated a need to increase opportunities for sleep during residency training to prevent acute and chronic sleep deprivation and minimize the risk of fatigue-related errors. In addition to recommending opportunities for on-duty sleep during long duty periods and breaks for sleep of appropriate lengths between work periods, the committee also recommends enhancements of supervision, appropriate workload, and changes in the work environment to improve conditions for safety and learning. All residents, medical educators, those involved with academic training institutions, specialty societies, professional groups, and consumer/patient safety organizations will find this book useful to advocate for an improved culture of safety. ER -