%0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Pesesky, Lawrence %E Matherly, Deborah %E Lane, Leigh %E Aimen, David %E Deka, Deva %E Agrawal, Asha Weinstein %E Brown, Bruce %E Morris, Anne %T Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24991/assessing-the-environmental-justice-effects-of-toll-implementation-or-rate-changes-guidebook-and-toolbox %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24991/assessing-the-environmental-justice-effects-of-toll-implementation-or-rate-changes-guidebook-and-toolbox %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 424 %X TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 860: Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox provides a set of tools to enable analysis and measurement of the impacts of toll pricing, toll payment, toll collection technology, and other aspects of toll implementation and rate changes on low-income and minority populations.The guidebook shows the practitioner when and how to apply the tools in the toolbox through an eight-step process framework corresponding to the typical transportation project planning and development process. The guidebook and toolbox together provide an assessment framework and supporting tools to measure the impacts of tolling on such factors as mobility, access, and household expenditures, as well as tools to engage low-income and minority populations.This report is accompanied by NCHRP Web-Only Document 237: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report. This report presents information gathered in the development of the guidebook and the toolbox. This web-only document summarizes the technical research and presents the technical memorandum that documents the literature, existing case studies, resource documents, and other reports compiled. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Pesesky, Lawrence %E Matherly, Deborah %E Lane, Leigh %E Aimen, David %E Deka, Deva %E Agrawal, Asha Weinstein %E Brown, Bruce %E Morris, Anne %T Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24992/environmental-justice-analyses-when-considering-toll-implementation-or-rate-changes-final-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24992/environmental-justice-analyses-when-considering-toll-implementation-or-rate-changes-final-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 437 %X TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 237: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report presents information gathered in the development of NCHRP Research Report 860: Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox. This web-only document summarizes the technical research and presents the technical memorandum that documents the literature, existing case studies, resource documents, and other reports compiled.NCHRP Research Report 860 provides a set of tools to enable analysis and measurement of the impacts of toll pricing, toll payment, toll collection technology, and other aspects of toll implementation and rate changes on low-income and minority populations. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Olson, Steve %E Anderson, Kat M. %T The Impact of Juvenile Justice System Involvement on the Health and Well-Being of Youth, Families, and Communities of Color: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69053-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26623/the-impact-of-juvenile-justice-system-involvement-on-the-health-and-well-being-of-youth-families-and-communities-of-color %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26623/the-impact-of-juvenile-justice-system-involvement-on-the-health-and-well-being-of-youth-families-and-communities-of-color %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 96 %X Involvement with the juvenile justice system can impact young people's physical and mental health and well-being throughout their lives, as well as the health and well-being of their families and communities. Youth of color are more likely to become involved with the juvenile justice system, and suffer worse outcomes in sentencing, during incarceration, and after release. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity convened a workshop to discuss the impact that juvenile justice system involvement has on the health and well-being of adolescents, families, and communities of color; examine policies that are successful in improving outcomes; and explore what needs to be done to improve all aspects of encounters with the juvenile justice system. The workshop suggested pursuing alternatives to traditional juvenile justice systems that would allow adolescents to stay in their communities rather than in detention, responding to behavioral problems in youth with interventions that promote health and positive development rather than punishment, and tailoring interventions and programming to participants' cultural background and gender identity. This report summarizes the proceedings of the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Practical Resources for Recruiting Minorities for Chief Executive Officers at Public Transportation Agencies %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13324/practical-resources-for-recruiting-minorities-for-chief-executive-officers-at-public-transportation-agencies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13324/practical-resources-for-recruiting-minorities-for-chief-executive-officers-at-public-transportation-agencies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 52 %X TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 148: Practical Resources for Recruiting Minorities for Chief Executive Officers at Public Transportation Agencies provides strategies to recruit minorities for chief executive officer (CEO) positions and offers resources to assist governing boards of public transportation agencies in the recruitment of minority CEOs. The report also assesses the transit industry's recruitment processes for CEOs and provides a case for diversity that documents the benefits of minorities in public transportation leadership positions. The report also describes strategies for retaining CEOs at public transportation agencies. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Thompson, Darla %E Alper, Joe %T Exploring Equity in Multisector Community Health Partnerships: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-45973-0 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24786/exploring-equity-in-multisector-community-health-partnerships-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24786/exploring-equity-in-multisector-community-health-partnerships-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 112 %X Building on previous National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshops that explored how safe and healthy communities are a necessary component of health equity and efforts to improve population health, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement wanted to explore how a variety of community-based organizations came together to achieve population health. To do so, the roundtable hosted a workshop in Oakland, California, on December 8, 2016, to explore multisector health partnerships that engage residents, reduce health disparities, and improve health and well-being. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schroeder, Bastian %E Rodegerdts, Lee %E Jenior, Pete %E Myers, Edward %E Cunningham, Christopher %E Salamati, Katy %E Searcy, Sarah %E O’Brien, Sarah %E Barlow, Janet %E Bentzen, Billie Louise %T Guidelines for the Application of Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24675/guidelines-for-the-application-of-crossing-solutions-at-roundabouts-and-channelized-turn-lanes-for-pedestrians-with-vision-disabilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24675/guidelines-for-the-application-of-crossing-solutions-at-roundabouts-and-channelized-turn-lanes-for-pedestrians-with-vision-disabilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 350 %X TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 222: Guidelines for the Application of Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities provides guidance to engineers and planners on the design of roundabouts and channelized turn lanes for accessibility. NCHRP Web-Only Document 222 is the final report for NCHRP Research Report 834: Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities: A Guidebook.The accessibility of modern roundabouts and intersections with channelized turn lanes is an important civil rights challenge in the United States that has broad potential implications for engineering practice in this country. This report builds on the results of NCHRP Report 674: Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities. It provides a framework for empirical study and analysis of accessibility performance, documents field testing of several treatments, and provides a research extension through modeling and simulation to expand the results beyond the field-tested sites. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Francis, David %E Stephens, Amy %T English Learners in STEM Subjects: Transforming Classrooms, Schools, and Lives %@ 978-0-309-47908-0 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25182/english-learners-in-stem-subjects-transforming-classrooms-schools-and-lives %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25182/english-learners-in-stem-subjects-transforming-classrooms-schools-and-lives %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 342 %X The imperative that all students, including English learners (ELs), achieve high academic standards and have opportunities to participate in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning has become even more urgent and complex given shifts in science and mathematics standards. As a group, these students are underrepresented in STEM fields in college and in the workforce at a time when the demand for workers and professionals in STEM fields is unmet and increasing. However, English learners bring a wealth of resources to STEM learning, including knowledge and interest in STEM-related content that is born out of their experiences in their homes and communities, home languages, variation in discourse practices, and, in some cases, experiences with schooling in other countries. English Learners in STEM Subjects: Transforming Classrooms, Schools, and Lives examines the research on ELs' learning, teaching, and assessment in STEM subjects and provides guidance on how to improve learning outcomes in STEM for these students. This report considers the complex social and academic use of language delineated in the new mathematics and science standards, the diversity of the population of ELs, and the integration of English as a second language instruction with core instructional programs in STEM. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %T TRB Special Report 303: Equity of Evolving Transportation Finance Mechanisms %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13240/trb-special-report-303-equity-of-evolving-transportation-finance-mechanisms %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13240/trb-special-report-303-equity-of-evolving-transportation-finance-mechanisms %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 136 %X TRB Special Report 303: Equity of Evolving Transportation Finance Mechanisms addresses the equity of alternatives to current transportation finance mechanisms, notably mechanisms based on tolling and road use metering (i.e., road pricing). The committee that developed the report concluded that broad generalizations about the fairness of high-occupancy toll lanes, cordon tolls, and other evolving mechanisms oversimplify the reality and are misleading. The fairness of a given type of finance mechanism depends on how it is structured, what transportation alternatives are offered to users, and which aspects of equity are deemed most important. The committee identified the various dimensions of equity important for public policy debates about evolving finance mechanisms, proposed specific issues for policy makers to consider when evolving mechanisms are proposed, and identified areas where future research is needed for a better understanding of the equity implications of such mechanisms. To move beyond superficial analysis, the report calls on policy makers to insist on well-designed studies of transportation finance that yield reliable information about the likely distribution of burdens and benefits, and that facilitate comparison of a given finance strategy with alternatives. In addition, public policy makers who wish to promote equity should engage their constituents and other stakeholders early and often when considering the use of new or unfamiliar transportation finance mechanisms. The report calls on researchers to explore further how people modify their use of the transportation system in response to changes in prices and services and the consequences of these responses. It also recommends the development of a handbook for state and local governments describing procedures for conducting equity analyses of transportation finance policies. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation: America's Science and Technology Talent at the Crossroads %@ 978-0-309-15968-5 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12984/expanding-underrepresented-minority-participation-americas-science-and-technology-talent-at %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12984/expanding-underrepresented-minority-participation-americas-science-and-technology-talent-at %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Industry and Labor %P 286 %X In order for the United States to maintain the global leadership and competitiveness in science and technology that are critical to achieving national goals, we must invest in research, encourage innovation, and grow a strong and talented science and technology workforce. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation explores the role of diversity in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce and its value in keeping America innovative and competitive. According to the book, the U.S. labor market is projected to grow faster in science and engineering than in any other sector in the coming years, making minority participation in STEM education at all levels a national priority. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation analyzes the rate of change and the challenges the nation currently faces in developing a strong and diverse workforce. Although minorities are the fastest growing segment of the population, they are underrepresented in the fields of science and engineering. Historically, there has been a strong connection between increasing educational attainment in the United States and the growth in and global leadership of the economy. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation suggests that the federal government, industry, and post-secondary institutions work collaboratively with K-12 schools and school systems to increase minority access to and demand for post-secondary STEM education and technical training. The book also identifies best practices and offers a comprehensive road map for increasing involvement of underrepresented minorities and improving the quality of their education. It offers recommendations that focus on academic and social support, institutional roles, teacher preparation, affordability and program development. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %E Martinez, Rose Marie %E McHugh, Kelly %T Advancing Maternal Health Equity and Reducing Maternal Morbidity and Mortality: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09354-5 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26307/advancing-maternal-health-equity-and-reducing-maternal-morbidity-and-mortality %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26307/advancing-maternal-health-equity-and-reducing-maternal-morbidity-and-mortality %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 212 %X The United States faces an alarmingly high rate of maternal morbidity and mortality, distinguishing it from other high-income countries that have achieved decreases in these rates in recent years. U.S. maternal morbidity and mortality rates are disproportionate across racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic groups. Statistics on maternal health outcomes reveal that there are challenges to protecting both the lives and future health of birthing people and their children. Recognizing the urgency of this growing problem, the National Academies Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice convened a 2-day virtual workshop, Advancing Maternal Health Equity and Reducing Maternal Mortality. The workshop examined the current state of maternal health in the United States and explored the factors needed to help communities and health care systems become more effective in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality and improving health outcomes through the fourth trimester. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Sepúlveda, Martín-José %E Hutton, Rebekah %T Shaping Summertime Experiences: Opportunities to Promote Healthy Development and Well-Being for Children and Youth %@ 978-0-309-49657-5 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25546/shaping-summertime-experiences-opportunities-to-promote-healthy-development-and-well %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25546/shaping-summertime-experiences-opportunities-to-promote-healthy-development-and-well %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 230 %X For children and youth, summertime presents a unique break from the traditional structure, resources, and support systems that exist during the school year. For some students, this time involves opportunities to engage in fun and enriching activities and programs, while others face additional challenges as they lose a variety of supports, including healthy meals, medical care, supervision, and structured programs that enhance development. Children that are limited by their social, economic, or physical environments during the summer months are at higher risk for worse academic, health, social and emotional, and safety outcomes. In contrast, structured summertime activities and programs support basic developmental needs and positive outcomes for children and youth who can access and afford these programs. These discrepancies in summertime experiences exacerbate pre-existing academic inequities. While further research is needed regarding the impact of summertime on developmental domains outside of the academic setting, extensive literature exists regarding the impact of summertime on academic development trajectories. However, this knowledge is not sufficiently applied to policy and practice, and it is important to address these inequalities. Shaping Summertime Experiences examines the impact of summertime experiences on the developmental trajectories of school-age children and youth across four areas of well-being, including academic learning, social and emotional development, physical and mental health, and health-promoting and safety behaviors. It also reviews the state of science and available literature regarding the impact of summertime experiences. In addition, this report provides recommendations to improve the experiences of children over the summertime regarding planning, access and equity, and opportunities for further research and data collection. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Mack, Alison %E Baciu, Alina %E Goel, Nirupa %T Supporting a Movement for Health and Health Equity: Lessons from Social Movements: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-30331-6 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18751/supporting-a-movement-for-health-and-health-equity-lessons-from %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18751/supporting-a-movement-for-health-and-health-equity-lessons-from %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 110 %X Supporting a Movement for Health and Health Equity is the summary of a workshop convened in December 2013 by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity and the Elimination of Health Disparities and the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement to explore the lessons that may be gleaned from social movements, both those that are health-related and those that are not primarily focused on health. Participants and presenters focused on elements identified from the history and sociology of social change movements and how such elements can be applied to present-day efforts nationally and across communities to improve the chances for long, healthy lives for all. The idea of movements and movement building is inextricably linked with the history of public health. Historically, most movements - including, for example, those for safer working conditions, for clean water, and for safe food - have emerged from the sustained efforts of many different groups of individuals, which were often organized in order to protest and advocate for changes in the name of such values as fairness and human rights. The purpose of the workshop was to have a conversation about how to support the fragments of health movements that roundtable members believed they could see occurring in society and in the health field. Recent reports from the National Academies have highlighted evidence that the United States gets poor value on its extraordinary investments in health - in particular, on its investments in health care - as American life expectancy lags behind that of other wealthy nations. As a result, many individuals and organizations, including the Healthy People 2020 initiative, have called for better health and longer lives. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Takanishi, Ruby %E Le Menestrel, Suzanne %T Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures %@ 978-0-309-45537-4 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24677/promoting-the-educational-success-of-children-and-youth-learning-english %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24677/promoting-the-educational-success-of-children-and-youth-learning-english %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 528 %X Educating dual language learners (DLLs) and English learners (ELs) effectively is a national challenge with consequences both for individuals and for American society. Despite their linguistic, cognitive, and social potential, many ELs—who account for more than 9 percent of enrollment in grades K-12 in U.S. schools—are struggling to meet the requirements for academic success, and their prospects for success in postsecondary education and in the workforce are jeopardized as a result. Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures examines how evidence based on research relevant to the development of DLLs/ELs from birth to age 21 can inform education and health policies and related practices that can result in better educational outcomes. This report makes recommendations for policy, practice, and research and data collection focused on addressing the challenges in caring for and educating DLLs/ELs from birth to grade 12. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Smelser, Neil J. %E Wilson, William Julius %E Mitchell, Faith %T America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume I %@ 978-0-309-06838-3 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9599/america-becoming-racial-trends-and-their-consequences-volume-i %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9599/america-becoming-racial-trends-and-their-consequences-volume-i %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 560 %X The 20th Century has been marked by enormous change in terms of how we define race. In large part, we have thrown out the antiquated notions of the 1800s, giving way to a more realistic, sociocultural view of the world. The United States is, perhaps more than any other industrialized country, distinguished by the size and diversity of its racial and ethnic minority populations. Current trends promise that these features will endure. Fifty years from now, there will most likely be no single majority group in the United States. How will we fare as a nation when race-based issues such as immigration, job opportunities, and affirmative action are already so contentious today? In America Becoming, leading scholars and commentators explore past and current trends among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the context of a white majority. This volume presents the most up-to-date findings and analysis on racial and social dynamics, with recommendations for ongoing research. It examines compelling issues in the field of race relations, including: Race and ethnicity in criminal justice. Demographic and social trends for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Trends in minority-owned businesses. Wealth, welfare, and racial stratification. Residential segregation and the meaning of "neighborhood." Disparities in educational test scores among races and ethnicities. Health and development for minority children, adolescents, and adults. Race and ethnicity in the labor market, including the role of minorities in America's military. Immigration and the dynamics of race and ethnicity. The changing meaning of race. Changing racial attitudes. This collection of papers, compiled and edited by distinguished leaders in the behavioral and social sciences, represents the most current literature in the field. Volume 1 covers demographic trends, immigration, racial attitudes, and the geography of opportunity. Volume 2 deals with the criminal justice system, the labor market, welfare, and health trends. Both books will be of great interest to educators, scholars, researchers, students, social scientists, and policymakers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Skogan, Wesley %E Frydl, Kathleen %T Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence %@ 978-0-309-28965-8 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 430 %X Because police are the most visible face of government power for most citizens, they are expected to deal effectively with crime and disorder and to be impartial. Producing justice through the fair, and restrained use of their authority. The standards by which the public judges police success have become more exacting and challenging. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing explores police work in the new century. It replaces myths with research findings and provides recommendations for updated policy and practices to guide it. The book provides answers to the most basic questions: What do police do? It reviews how police work is organized, explores the expanding responsibilities of police, examines the increasing diversity among police employees, and discusses the complex interactions between officers and citizens. It also addresses such topics as community policing, use of force, racial profiling, and evaluates the success of common police techniques, such as focusing on crime “hot spots.” It goes on to look at the issue of legitimacy—how the public gets information about police work, and how police are viewed by different groups, and how police can gain community trust. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing will be important to anyone concerned about police work: policy makers, administrators, educators, police supervisors and officers, journalists, and interested citizens. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Integrating Social Care into the Delivery of Health Care: Moving Upstream to Improve the Nation's Health %@ 978-0-309-49343-7 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25467/integrating-social-care-into-the-delivery-of-health-care-moving %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25467/integrating-social-care-into-the-delivery-of-health-care-moving %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 194 %X Integrating Social Care into the Delivery of Health Care: Moving Upstream to Improve the Nation's Health was released in September 2019, before the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic in March 2020. Improving social conditions remains critical to improving health outcomes, and integrating social care into health care delivery is more relevant than ever in the context of the pandemic and increased strains placed on the U.S. health care system. The report and its related products ultimately aim to help improve health and health equity, during COVID-19 and beyond. The consistent and compelling evidence on how social determinants shape health has led to a growing recognition throughout the health care sector that improving health and health equity is likely to depend – at least in part – on mitigating adverse social determinants. This recognition has been bolstered by a shift in the health care sector towards value-based payment, which incentivizes improved health outcomes for persons and populations rather than service delivery alone. The combined result of these changes has been a growing emphasis on health care systems addressing patients' social risk factors and social needs with the aim of improving health outcomes. This may involve health care systems linking individual patients with government and community social services, but important questions need to be answered about when and how health care systems should integrate social care into their practices and what kinds of infrastructure are required to facilitate such activities. Integrating Social Care into the Delivery of Health Care: Moving Upstream to Improve the Nation's Health examines the potential for integrating services addressing social needs and the social determinants of health into the delivery of health care to achieve better health outcomes. This report assesses approaches to social care integration currently being taken by health care providers and systems, and new or emerging approaches and opportunities; current roles in such integration by different disciplines and organizations, and new or emerging roles and types of providers; and current and emerging efforts to design health care systems to improve the nation's health and reduce health inequities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Tienda, Marta %E Mitchell, Faith %T Hispanics and the Future of America %@ 978-0-309-10051-9 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11539/hispanics-and-the-future-of-america %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11539/hispanics-and-the-future-of-america %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 502 %X Hispanics and the Future of America presents details of the complex story of a population that varies in many dimensions, including national origin, immigration status, and generation. The papers in this volume draw on a wide variety of data sources to describe the contours of this population, from the perspectives of history, demography, geography, education, family, employment, economic well-being, health, and political engagement. They provide a rich source of information for researchers, policy makers, and others who want to better understand the fast-growing and diverse population that we call “Hispanic.” The current period is a critical one for getting a better understanding of how Hispanics are being shaped by the U.S. experience. This will, in turn, affect the United States and the contours of the Hispanic future remain uncertain. The uncertainties include such issues as whether Hispanics, especially immigrants, improve their educational attainment and fluency in English and thereby improve their economic position; whether growing numbers of foreign-born Hispanics become citizens and achieve empowerment at the ballot box and through elected office; whether impending health problems are successfully averted; and whether Hispanics’ geographic dispersal accelerates their spatial and social integration. The papers in this volume provide invaluable information to explore these issues. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Tienda, Marta %E Mitchell, Faith %T Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future %@ 978-0-309-09667-6 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11314/multiple-origins-uncertain-destinies-hispanics-and-the-american-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11314/multiple-origins-uncertain-destinies-hispanics-and-the-american-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 176 %X Given current demographic trends, nearly one in five U.S. residents will be of Hispanic origin by 2025. This major demographic shift and its implications for both the United States and the growing Hispanic population make Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies a most timely book. This report from the National Research Council describes how Hispanics are transforming the country as they disperse geographically. It considers their roles in schools, in the labor market, in the health care system, and in U.S. politics. The book looks carefully at the diverse populations encompassed by the term “Hispanic,” representing immigrants and their children and grandchildren from nearly two dozen Spanish-speaking countries. It describes the trajectory of the younger generations and established residents, and it projects long-term trends in population aging, social disparities, and social mobility that have shaped and will shape the Hispanic experience. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Structural Racism and Rigorous Models of Social Inequity: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69281-6 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26690/structural-racism-and-rigorous-models-of-social-inequity-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26690/structural-racism-and-rigorous-models-of-social-inequity-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 104 %X Structural racism refers to the public and private policies, institutional practices, norms, and cultural representations that inherently create unequal freedom, opportunity, value, resources, advantage, restrictions, constraints, or disadvantage for individuals and populations according to their race and ethnicity both across the life course and between generations. Developing a research agenda on structural racism includes consideration of the historical and contemporary policies and other structural factors that explicitly or implicitly affect the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities, as well as strategies to measure those factors. The Committee on Population of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day public workshop on May 16-17, 2022, to identify and discuss the mechanisms through which structural racism operates, with a particular emphasis on health and well-being; to develop an agenda for future research and data collection on structural racism; and to strengthen the evidence base for policy making. Speaker presentations and workshop discussions provided insights into known sources of structural racism and rigorous models of health inequity, revealed novel sources and approaches informed by other disciplines and related fields, and highlighted key research and data priorities for future work on structural racism and health inequity. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Hammonds, Evelynn %E Malcom, Shirley %E Pinn, Vivian %E Whitacre, Paula %E Laurencin, Cato T. %T Psychological Factors That Contribute to the Dearth of Black Students in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69285-4 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26691/psychological-factors-that-contribute-to-the-dearth-of-black-students-in-science-engineering-and-medicine %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26691/psychological-factors-that-contribute-to-the-dearth-of-black-students-in-science-engineering-and-medicine %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Health and Medicine %P 118 %X Efforts over the last several decades to increase the participation and leadership of Black men and women in the scientific and medical workforce have had limited results. Despite many individual successes, the number of Black professionals in science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) fields has not reached a level that corresponds with African American representation in the country at large. Structural racism affects progress at all stages along the pathway - from young children through graduate and medical students through faculty and clinicians at all levels. Beyond entry into educational programs or recruitment into workplaces seeking to diversify, challenges persist to achieve equity and inclusion for Black males and females. Moreover, psychological barriers confound the engagement of Black men and women in SEM fields. To explore these issues and suggest solutions, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine launched the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine. Over the past 2 years, the Roundtable has convened workshops on K-12 education, the impact of COVID-19, financial burdens to pursuing SEM careers, and other topics. Sessions during each of these workshops identified psychological factors related to those specific topics. To have a more targeted discussion, the Roundtable convened a virtual workshop on September 14-15, 2021. As summarized in this proceedings, panelists and participants identified policies and practices that perpetuate these factors and explored solutions toward achieving and maintaining wellness, especially among students and young professionals.