%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Using Systematic Reviews to Support Future Dietary Reference Intakes: A Letter Report %@ 978-0-309-70306-2 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27031/using-systematic-reviews-to-support-future-dietary-reference-intakes-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27031/using-systematic-reviews-to-support-future-dietary-reference-intakes-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 46 %X In response to a request from the US Department of Agriculture, the Health and Medicine Division (HMD) of the National Academies established the Standing Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) Framework. The committee was asked to respond to DRI-related questions to inform the Federal DRI working group about the conduct of new DRI reviews and DRI-related issues more broadly, including their application. This second letter report advises the Federal DRI Working Group on three questions: 1) Are de novo systematic reviews are needed in future DRI reviews or can qualified systematic reviews be used? 2) If qualified systematic reviews can be used, what are the appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria? 3) Can previously published systematic review be updated? In response, the standing committee developed a report that includes a decision tree that addresses the need for systematic reviews to support the DRI process. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Stallings, Virginia A. %E Harrison, Meghan %E Oria, Maria %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium %@ 978-0-309-48834-1 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25353/dietary-reference-intakes-for-sodium-and-potassium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25353/dietary-reference-intakes-for-sodium-and-potassium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 594 %X As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values. Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear. This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification %@ 978-0-309-09143-5 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10872/dietary-reference-intakes-guiding-principles-for-nutrition-labeling-and-fortification %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10872/dietary-reference-intakes-guiding-principles-for-nutrition-labeling-and-fortification %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 224 %X Since 1997, the Institute of Medicine has issued a series of nutrient reference values that are collectively termed Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The DRIs offer quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets. Using the information from these reports, this newest volume in the DRI series focuses on how the DRIs, and the science for each nutrient in the DRI reports, can be used to develop current and appropriate reference values for nutrition labeling and food fortification. Focusing its analysis on the existing DRIs, the book examines the purpose of nutrition labeling, current labeling practices in the United States and Canada, food fortification practices and policies, and offers recommendations as a series of guiding principles to assist the regulatory agencies that oversee food labeling and fortification in the United States and Canada. The overarching goal of the information in this book is to provide updated nutrition labeling that consumers can use to compare products and make informed food choices. Diet-related chronic diseases are a leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States and Canada and helping customers make healthy food choices has never been more important. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Suitor, Carol West %E Meyers, Linda D. %T Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-10322-0 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11767/dietary-reference-intakes-research-synthesis-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11767/dietary-reference-intakes-research-synthesis-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 310 %X What information is available to inform the planning of a nutrition research agenda for the United States and Canada? This question provided the backdrop for the Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis project undertaken by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies. The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are quantitative reference values for recommended intakes and tolerable upper intake levels for a range of nutrients. They are used widely by dietitians in individual counseling, by federal nutrition officials in program and policy development, and by the nutrition research and education communities in government, academia, and industry. Between 1997 and 2005, the IOM published a series of six DRI reports covering a total of 45 nutrients, energy, and other food components. The IOM also issued two reports describing ways to apply the DRIs in assessment and planning. Together, these eight reports contain more than 450 research recommendations and thus a wealth of information pertinent to a nutrition research agenda. To make the recommendations more accessible, the Food and Nutrition Board undertook a project with two major elements: (1) the development of a searchable database of all the DRI research recommendations, and (2) the Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis Workshop, held June 7-8, 2006, which was designed to provide a venue for hearing and discussing experts' perspectives on the research recommendations identified in the DRI reports. Two members of the workshop planning group—Drs. John W. Suttie and Susan J. Whiting—moderated the DRI Research Synthesis Workshop. After an overview and demonstration of the DRI Research Synthesis Database, panels of experts addressed DRI research recommendations related to each of the six DRI nutrient reports, the two DRI applications reports, and three cross-cutting topics: (1) setting DRIs for children, (2) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, and (3) relevant new and underutilized research techniques. This report is a summary of the workshop presentations and discussions. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride %@ 978-0-309-06403-3 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5776/dietary-reference-intakes-for-calcium-phosphorus-magnesium-vitamin-d-and-fluoride %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5776/dietary-reference-intakes-for-calcium-phosphorus-magnesium-vitamin-d-and-fluoride %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 448 %X Since 1941, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulation RDAs reviewed and expanded its approach—the result: Dietary Reference Intakes. This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. The first volume of Dietary Reference Intakes includes calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. The second book in the series presents information about thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Based on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age group—from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much. Representing a new paradigm for the nutrition community, Dietary Reference Intakes encompasses: Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). These are used to set Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Intakes that meet the RDA are likely to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all individuals in a life-stage and gender group. Adequate Intakes (AIs). These are used instead of RDAs when an EAR cannot be calculated. Both the RDA and the AI may be used as goals for individual intake. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people. This new framework encompasses both essential nutrients and other food components thought to pay a role in health, such as dietary fiber. It incorporates functional endpoints and examines the relationship between dose and response in determining adequacy and the hazards of excess intake for each nutrient. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Ross, A. Catharine %E Taylor, Christine L. %E Yaktine, Ann L. %E Del Valle, Heather B. %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D %@ 978-0-309-16394-1 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13050/dietary-reference-intakes-for-calcium-and-vitamin-d %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13050/dietary-reference-intakes-for-calcium-and-vitamin-d %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 1132 %X Calcium and vitamin D are essential nutrients for the human body. Establishing the levels of these nutrients that are needed by the North American population is based on the understanding of the health outcomes that calcium and vitamin D affect. It is also important to establish how much of each nutrient may be "too much." Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D provides reference intake values for these two nutrients. The report updates the DRI values defined in Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, the 1997 study from the Institute of Medicine. This 2011 book provides background information on the biological functions of each nutrient, reviews health outcomes that are associated with the intake of calcium and vitamin D, and specifies Estimated Average Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for both. It also identifies Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, which are levels above wish the risk for harm may increase. The book includes an overview of current dietary intake in the U.S. and Canada, and discusses implications of the study. A final chapter provides research recommendations. The DRIs established in this book incorporate current scientific evidence about the roles of vitamin D and calcium in human health and will serve as a valuable guide for a range of stakeholders including dietitians and other health professionals, those who set national nutrition policy, researchers, the food industry, and private and public health organizations and partnerships. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients %@ 978-0-309-06348-7 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6432/dietary-reference-intakes-a-risk-assessment-model-for-establishing-upper %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6432/dietary-reference-intakes-a-risk-assessment-model-for-establishing-upper %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 82 %X The model for risk assessment of nutrients used to develop tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) is one of the key elements of the developing framework for Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). DRIs are dietary reference values for the intake of nutrients and food components by Americans and Canadians. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences recently released two reports in the series (IOM, 1997, 1998). The overall project is a comprehensive effort undertaken by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI Committee) of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences in the United States, with active involvement of Health Canada. The DRI project is the result of significant discussion from 1991 to 1996 by the FNB regarding how to approach the growing concern that one set of quantitative estimates of recommended intakes, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), was scientifically inappropriate to be used as the basis for many of the uses to which it had come to be applied. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy %@ 978-0-309-69723-1 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26818/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26818/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K %P 542 %X The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of reference values that encompass a safe range of intake and provide recommended nutrient intakes for the United States and Canada. The DRIs for energy are used widely to provide guidance for maintaining energy balance on both an individual and group level. U.S. and Canadian governments asked the National Academies to convene an expert committee to examine available evidence and provide updated Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) for their populations. The resulting report presents EER equations that provide a baseline for dietary planners and assessors who are estimating energy needs and monitoring energy balance to enhance the general health of individuals and populations. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids %@ 978-0-309-06935-9 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9810/dietary-reference-intakes-for-vitamin-c-vitamin-e-selenium-and-carotenoids %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9810/dietary-reference-intakes-for-vitamin-c-vitamin-e-selenium-and-carotenoids %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 528 %X This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series of quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is the newest framework for an expanded approach developed by U.S. and Canadian scientists. This book discusses in detail the role of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids in human physiology and health. For each nutrient the committee presents what is known about how it functions in the human body, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. Dietary Reference Intakes provides reference intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for different groups based on age and gender, along with a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), designed to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline %@ 978-0-309-06554-2 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6015/dietary-reference-intakes-for-thiamin-riboflavin-niacin-vitamin-b6-folate-vitamin-b12-pantothenic-acid-biotin-and-choline %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6015/dietary-reference-intakes-for-thiamin-riboflavin-niacin-vitamin-b6-folate-vitamin-b12-pantothenic-acid-biotin-and-choline %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 592 %X Since 1941, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulation RDAs reviewed and expanded its approach—the result: Dietary Reference Intakes. This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. This volume of the series presents information about thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Based on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age group—from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much. Representing a new paradigm for the nutrition community, Dietary Reference Intakes encompasses: Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). These are used to set Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Intakes that meet the RDA are likely to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all individuals in a life-stage and gender group. Adequate Intakes (AIs). These are used instead of RDAs when an EAR cannot be calculated. Both the RDA and the AI may be used as goals for individual intake. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people. This new framework encompasses both essential nutrients and other food components thought to pay a role in health, such as dietary fiber. It incorporates functional endpoints and examines the relationship between dose and response in determining adequacy and the hazards of excess intake for each nutrient. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber %@ 978-0-309-07564-0 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10161/dietary-reference-intakes-proposed-definition-of-dietary-fiber %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10161/dietary-reference-intakes-proposed-definition-of-dietary-fiber %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 74 %X The current situation regarding labeling and defining dietary fiber in the United States and many other countries is arbitrary due to its reliance on analytical methods as opposed to an accurate definition that includes its role in health. Without an accurate definition, compounds can be designed or isolated and concentrated using the currently available methods, without necessarily providing beneficial health effects. Other compounds can be developed that are nondigestible and provide beneficial health effects, yet do not meet the current U.S. definition based on analytical methods. For the above reasons, the Food and Nutrition Board, under the oversight of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, assembled a Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber to develop a proposed definition(s) of dietary fiber. This Panel held three meetings and a workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate %@ 978-0-309-09169-5 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10925/dietary-reference-intakes-for-water-potassium-sodium-chloride-and-sulfate %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10925/dietary-reference-intakes-for-water-potassium-sodium-chloride-and-sulfate %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 638 %X Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. This new report, the sixth in a series of reports presenting dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients by Americans and Canadians, establishes nutrient recommendations on water, potassium, and salt for health maintenance and the reduction of chronic disease risk. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate discusses in detail the role of water, potassium, salt, chloride, and sulfate in human physiology and health. The major findings in this book include the establishment of Adequate Intakes for total water (drinking water, beverages, and food), potassium, sodium, and chloride and the establishment of Tolerable Upper Intake levels for sodium and chloride. The book makes research recommendations for information needed to advance the understanding of human requirements for water and electrolytes, as well as adverse effects associated with the intake of excessive amounts of water, sodium, chloride, potassium, and sulfate. This book will be an invaluable reference for nutritionists, nutrition researchers, and food manufacturers. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Planning %@ 978-0-309-08853-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10609/dietary-reference-intakes-applications-in-dietary-planning %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10609/dietary-reference-intakes-applications-in-dietary-planning %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 255 %X The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for apparently healthy people. This volume is the second of two reports in the DRI series aimed at providing specific guidance on the appropriate uses of the DRIs. The first report provided guidance on appropriate methods for using DRIs in dietary assessment. This volume builds on the statistical foundations of the assessment report to provide specific guidance on how to use the appropriate DRIs in planning diets for individuals and for groups. Dietary planning, whether for an individual or a group, involves developing a diet that is nutritionally adequate without being excessive. The planning goal for individuals is to achieve recommended and adequate nutrient intakes using food-based guides. For group planning, the report presents a new approach based on considering the entire distribution of usual nutrient intakes rather than focusing on the mean intake of the group. The report stresses that dietary planning using the DRIs is a cyclical activity that involves assessment, planning, implementation, and reassessment. Nutrition and public health researchers, dietitians and nutritionists responsible for the education of the next generation of practitioners, and government professionals involved in the development and implementation of national diet and health assessments, public education efforts and food assistance programs will find this volume indispensable for setting intake goals for individuals and groups. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment %@ 978-0-309-07183-3 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9956/dietary-reference-intakes-applications-in-dietary-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9956/dietary-reference-intakes-applications-in-dietary-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 305 %X Since 1994 the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board has been involved in developing an expanded approach to developing dietary reference standards. This approach, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), provides a set of four nutrient-based reference values designed to replace the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) in Canada. These reference values include Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). To date, several volumes in this series have been published. This new book, Applications in Dietary Assessment, provides guidance to nutrition and health research professionals on the application of the new DRIs. It represents both a "how to" manual and a "why" manual. Specific examples of both appropriate and inappropriate uses of the DRIs in assessing nutrient adequacy of groups and of individuals are provided, along with detailed statistical approaches for the methods described. In addition, a clear distinction is made between assessing individuals and assessing groups as the approaches used are quite different. Applications in Dietary Assessment will be an essential companion to any-or all-of the DRI volumes.