TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Evelynn Hammonds A2 - Valerie Taylor A2 - Rebekah Hutton TI - Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech SN - DO - 10.17226/26345 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26345/transforming-trajectories-for-women-of-color-in-tech PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Demand for tech professionals is expected to increase substantially over the next decade, and increasing the number of women of color in tech will be critical to building and maintaining a competitive workforce. Despite years of efforts to increase the diversity of the tech workforce, women of color have remained underrepresented, and the numbers of some groups of women of color have even declined. Even in cases where some groups of women of color may have higher levels of representation, data show that they still face significant systemic challenges in advancing to positions of leadership. Research evidence suggests that structural and social barriers in tech education, the tech workforce, and in venture capital investment disproportionately and negatively affect women of color. Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech uses current research as well as information obtained through four public information-gathering workshops to provide recommendations to a broad set of stakeholders within the tech ecosystem for increasing recruitment, retention, and advancement of women of color. This report identifies gaps in existing research that obscure the nature of challenges faced by women of color in tech, addresses systemic issues that negatively affect outcomes for women of color in tech, and provides guidance for transforming existing systems and implementing evidence-based policies and practices to increase the success of women of color in tech. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Safe Work in the 21st Century: Education and Training Needs for the Next Decade's Occupational Safety and Health Personnel SN - DO - 10.17226/9835 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9835/safe-work-in-the-21st-century-education-and-training-needs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Despite many advances, 20 American workers die each day as a result of occupational injuries. And occupational safety and health (OSH) is becoming even more complex as workers move away from the long-term, fixed-site, employer relationship. This book looks at worker safety in the changing workplace and the challenge of ensuring a supply of top-notch OSH professionals. Recommendations are addressed to federal and state agencies, OSH organizations, educational institutions, employers, unions, and other stakeholders. The committee reviews trends in workforce demographics, the nature of work in the information age, globalization of work, and the revolution in health care delivery—exploring the implications for OSH education and training in the decade ahead. The core professions of OSH (occupational safety, industrial hygiene, and occupational medicine and nursing) and key related roles (employee assistance professional, ergonomist, and occupational health psychologist) are profiled—how many people are in the field, where they work, and what they do. The book reviews in detail the education, training, and education grants available to OSH professionals from public and private sources. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - John A. Hartigan A2 - Alexandra K. Wigdor TI - Fairness in Employment Testing: Validity Generalization, Minority Issues, and the General Aptitude Test Battery SN - DO - 10.17226/1338 PY - 1989 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1338/fairness-in-employment-testing-validity-generalization-minority-issues-and-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Declining American competitiveness in world economic markets has renewed interest in employment testing as a way of putting the right workers in the right jobs. A new study of the U.S. Department of Labor's General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) Referral System sheds light on key questions for America's employers: How well does the GATB predict job success? Are there scientific justifications for adjusting minority test scores? Will increased use of the GATB result in substantial increases in productivity? Fairness in Employment Testing evaluates both the validity generalization techniques used to justify the use of the GATB across the spectrum of U.S. jobs and the policy of adjusting test scores to promote equal opportunity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Inner-City Poverty in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/1539 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1539/inner-city-poverty-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This volume documents the continuing growth of concentrated poverty in central cities of the United States and examines what is known about its causes and effects. With careful analyses of policy implications and alternative solutions to the problem, it presents: A statistical picture of people who live in areas of concentrated poverty. An analysis of 80 persistently poor inner-city neighborhoods over a 10-year period. Study results on the effects of growing up in a "bad" neighborhood. An evaluation of how the suburbanization of jobs has affected opportunities for inner-city blacks. A detailed examination of federal policies and programs on poverty. Inner-City Poverty in the United States will be a valuable tool for policymakers, program administrators, researchers studying urban poverty issues, faculty, and students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Building America's Skilled Technical Workforce SN - DO - 10.17226/23472 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23472/building-americas-skilled-technical-workforce PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Skilled technical occupations—defined as occupations that require a high level of knowledge in a technical domain but do not require a bachelor’s degree for entry—are a key component of the U.S. economy. In response to globalization and advances in science and technology, American firms are demanding workers with greater proficiency in literacy and numeracy, as well as strong interpersonal, technical, and problem-solving skills. However, employer surveys and industry and government reports have raised concerns that the nation may not have an adequate supply of skilled technical workers to achieve its competitiveness and economic growth objectives. In response to the broader need for policy information and advice, Building America’s Skilled Technical Workforce examines the coverage, effectiveness, flexibility, and coordination of the policies and various programs that prepare Americans for skilled technical jobs. This report provides action-oriented recommendations for improving the American system of technical education, training, and certification. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Construction Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health SN - DO - 10.17226/12530 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12530/construction-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Industry and Labor AB - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts construction-relevant research activities. From 1996 through 2005, the program focused on four research goals: reducing traumatic injuries and fatalities; reducing exposure to health hazards; reducing major risks associated with musculoskeletal disorders; increasing the understanding of construction industry attributes and factors for improving health and safety outcomes. In this book, the National Research Council evaluates the relevance and impact of the NIOSH Construction Research Program in terms of its research priorities and its connection to improvements in the protection of workers in the workplace. It also assesses the program' s identification and targeting of new research areas, to identify emerging research issues, and to provide advice on ways that the program might be strengthened. The book finds that the efforts of the Construction Research Program have made meaningful contributions to improving construction worker safety and health, and provides overreaching and specific recommendations for continuing progress. While NIOSH cannot set and enforce research-based standards on its own, the program can be expected to help reduce construction workplace fatalities, injuries, and illnesses through its research, its research dissemination, and transfer into practice. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council TI - Traumatic Injury Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health SN - DO - 10.17226/12459 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12459/traumatic-injury-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Industry and Labor AB - The occurrences of both injury and death that take place on the job are a significant public health problem in the United States, causing a substantial human and economic burden. Traumatic Injury Research at NIOSH is the sixth report in the series Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The Committee to Evaluate the NIOSH Traumatic Injury Research Program found the program's research during 1996-2005 (the evaluation period for this review) relevant to reducing the burden of traumatic injury in the workplace and to have contributed to improvements in worker health and safety. To continue to reduce injuries and deaths to workers due to trauma, the committee recommended that the TI Research Program continue setting goals within the program's scope and resources; work with other federal agencies that support injury prevention and control research to outline areas of collaboration; embark on a program to increase the visibility of traumatic injury research; develop a strategic plan for evaluating its research-to-practice efforts and for building the capacity to carry out these efforts; and consider research on the safety impacts of changes in the nature of work as well as intervention research targeting organization policies and practices. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Surviving Supply Chain Integration: Strategies for Small Manufacturers SN - DO - 10.17226/6369 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6369/surviving-supply-chain-integration-strategies-for-small-manufacturers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Industry and Labor AB - The managed flow of goods and information from raw material to final sale also known as a "supply chain" affects everything—from the U.S. gross domestic product to where you can buy your jeans. The nature of a company's supply chain has a significant effect on its success or failure—as in the success of Dell Computer's make-to-order system and the failure of General Motor's vertical integration during the 1998 United Auto Workers strike. Supply Chain Integration looks at this crucial component of business at a time when product design, manufacture, and delivery are changing radically and globally. This book explores the benefits of continuously improving the relationship between the firm, its suppliers, and its customers to ensure the highest added value. This book identifies the state-of-the-art developments that contribute to the success of vertical tiers of suppliers and relates these developments to the capabilities that small and medium-sized manufacturers must have to be viable participants in this system. Strategies for attaining these capabilities through manufacturing extension centers and other technical assistance providers at the national, state, and local level are suggested. This book identifies action steps for small and medium-sized manufacturers—the "seed corn" of business start-up and development—to improve supply chain management. The book examines supply chain models from consultant firms, universities, manufacturers, and associations. Topics include the roles of suppliers and other supply chain participants, the rise of outsourcing, the importance of information management, the natural tension between buyer and seller, sources of assistance to small and medium-sized firms, and a host of other issues. Supply Chain Integration will be of interest to industry policymakers, economists, researchers, business leaders, and forward-thinking executives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Mitchel B. Wallerstein A2 - Mary E. Mogee A2 - Robin A. Schoen TI - Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology SN - DO - 10.17226/2054 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2054/global-dimensions-of-intellectual-property-rights-in-science-and-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - As technological developments multiply around the globe—even as the patenting of human genes comes under serious discussion—nations, companies, and researchers find themselves in conflict over intellectual property rights (IPRs). Now, an international group of experts presents the first multidisciplinary look at IPRs in an age of explosive growth in science and technology. This thought-provoking volume offers an update on current international IPR negotiations and includes case studies on software, computer chips, optoelectronics, and biotechnology—areas characterized by high development cost and easy reproducibility. The volume covers these and other issues: Modern economic theory as a basis for approaching international IPRs. U.S. intellectual property practices versus those in Japan, India, the European Community, and the developing and newly industrializing countries. Trends in science and technology and how they affect IPRs. Pros and cons of a uniform international IPRs regime versus a system reflecting national differences. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Manpower and Personnel Needs for a Transformed Naval Force SN - DO - 10.17226/12030 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12030/manpower-and-personnel-needs-for-a-transformed-naval-force PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Industry and Labor AB - The Department of Defense (DOD) is committed to transforming the nation's armed forces to meet the military challenges of the future. One approach to achieving this transformation is by leveraging advances in science and technology. New technologies and innovations are integral to today's military actions, and associated changes have rippled through all aspects of operations, highlighting the need for changes in policies related to military personnel. At the request of the Force Chief of Naval Operations, the NRC reviewed the military manpower and personnel policies and studies currently underway in the DOD and developed an implementation strategy for the Department of the Navy's future military manpower and personnel needs. This book presents an introduction to current personnel policies of and concerns facing the Naval forces; an assessment of demographic, technological, and other forces affecting future personnel needs and availability; a summary and assessment of previous studies; an examination of the role of research tools in implementing personnel policy change; and an analysis of obstacles to and strategies for transforming the Naval forces. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Richard Celeste A2 - Dick Thornburgh A2 - Herbert Lin TI - Asking the Right Questions About Electronic Voting SN - DO - 10.17226/11449 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11449/asking-the-right-questions-about-electronic-voting PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Many election officials look to electronic voting systems as a means for improving their ability to more effectively conduct and administer elections. At the same time, many information technologists and activists have raised important concerns regarding the security of such systems. Policy makers are caught in the midst of a controversy with both political and technological overtones. The public debate about electronic voting is characterized by a great deal of emotion and rhetoric. Asking the Right Questions About Electronic Voting describes the important questions and issues that election officials, policy makers, and informed citizens should ask about the use of computers and information technology in the electoral process—focusing the debate on technical and policy issues that need resolving. The report finds that while electronic voting systems have improved, federal and state governments have not made the commitment necessary for e-voting to be widely used in future elections. More funding, research, and public education are required if e-voting is to become viable. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alison Buttenheim A2 - Robert Moffitt A2 - Alexandra Beatty TI - Behavioral Economics: Policy Impact and Future Directions SN - DO - 10.17226/26874 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26874/behavioral-economics-policy-impact-and-future-directions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Behavioral economics - a field based in collaborations among economists and psychologists - focuses on integrating a nuanced understanding of behavior into models of decision-making. Since the mid-20th century, this growing field has produced research in numerous domains and has influenced policymaking, research, and marketing. However, little has been done to assess these contributions and review evidence of their use in the policy arena. Behavioral Economics: Policy Impact and Future Directions examines the evidence for behavioral economics and its application in six public policy domains: health, retirement benefits, climate change, social safety net benefits, climate change, education, and criminal justice. The report concludes that the principles of behavioral economics are indispensable for the design of policy and recommends integrating behavioral specialists into policy development within government units. In addition, the report calls for strengthening research methodology and identifies research priorities for building on the accomplishments of the field to date. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume I SN - DO - 10.17226/924 PY - 1986 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/924/computer-chips-and-paper-clips-technology-and-womens-employment-volume PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Drawing on the historical changes in five areas—the jobs of telephone operators, workers in the printing and publishing industries, information and data processors, retail clerks, and nurses—this volume offers a comprehensive examination of how microelectronics and telecommunications have affected women's work and their working environments and looks ahead to what can be expected for women workers in the next decade. It also offers perspectives on how workers can more easily adapt to the changing workplace and addresses the controversial topic of job insecurity as a result of an influx of advanced electronic systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Choosing the Nation's Fiscal Future SN - DO - 10.17226/12808 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12808/choosing-the-nations-fiscal-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - A mismatch between the federal government's revenues and spending, now and in the foreseeable future, requires heavy borrowing, leading to a large and increasing federal debt. That increasing debt raises a serious challenge to all of the goals that various people expect their government to pursue. It also raises questions about the nation's future wealth and whether too much debt could lead to higher interest rates and even to loss of confidence in the nation's long-term ability and commitment to honor its obligations. Many analysts have concluded that the trajectory of the federal budget set by current policies cannot be sustained. In light of these projections, Choosing the Nation's Fiscal Future assesses the options and possibilities for a sustainable federal budget. This comprehensive book considers a range of policy changes that could help put the budget on a sustainable path: reforms to reduce the rate of growth in spending for Medicare and Medicaid; options to reduce the growth rate of Social Security benefits or raise payroll taxes; and changes in many other government spending programs and tax policies. The book also examines how the federal budget process could be revised to be more far sighted and to hold leaders accountable for responsible stewardship of the nation's fiscal future. Choosing the Nation's Fiscal Future will provide readers with a practical framework to assess budget proposals for their consistency with long-term fiscal stability. It will help them assess what policy changes they want, consistent with their own values and their views of the proper role of the government and within the constraints of a responsible national budget. It will show how the perhaps difficult but possible policy changes could be combined to produce a wide range of budget scenarios to bring revenues and spending into alignment for the long term. This book will be uniquely valuable to everyone concerned about the current and projected fiscal health of the nation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Wesley M. Cohen A2 - Stephen A. Merrill TI - Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy SN - DO - 10.17226/10770 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10770/patents-in-the-knowledge-based-economy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Mining Safety and Health Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health SN - DO - 10.17226/11850 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11850/mining-safety-and-health-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Earth Sciences AB - The U.S. mining sector has the highest fatality rate of any industry in the country. Fortunately, advances made over the past three decades in mining technology, equipment, processes, procedures, and workforce education and training have significantly improved safety and health. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Mining Safety and Health Research Program (Mining Program) has played a large role in these improvements. An assessment of the relevance and impact of NIOSH Mining Program research by a National Research Council committee reveals that the program makes essential contributions to the enhancement of health and safety in the mining industry. To further increase its effectiveness, the Mining Program should proactively identify workplace hazards and establish more challenging and innovative goals toward hazard reduction. The ability of the program to successfully expand its activities, however, depends on available funding. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - The Offshoring of Engineering: Facts, Unknowns, and Potential Implications SN - DO - 10.17226/12067 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12067/the-offshoring-of-engineering-facts-unknowns-and-potential-implications PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The engineering enterprise is a pillar of U.S. national and homeland security, economic vitality, and innovation. But many engineering tasks can now be performed anywhere in the world. The emergence of "offshoring"- the transfer of work from the United States to affiliated and unaffiliated entities abroad - has raised concerns about the impacts of globalization. The Offshoring of Engineering helps to answer many questions about the scope, composition, and motivation for offshoring and considers the implications for the future of U.S. engineering practice, labor markets, education, and research. This book examines trends and impacts from a broad perspective and in six specific industries - software, semiconductors, personal computer manufacturing, construction engineering and services, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals. The Offshoring of Engineering will be of great interest to engineers, engineering professors and deans, and policy makers, as well as people outside the engineering community who are concerned with sustaining and strengthening U.S. engineering capabilities in support of homeland security, economic vitality, and innovation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science and Technology in Armenia: Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy SN - DO - 10.17226/11107 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11107/science-and-technology-in-armenia-toward-a-knowledge-based-economy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Industry and Labor AB - An NRC ad hoc committee analyzed the current status and future development potential of Armenia's science and technology base, including human and infrastructural resources and research and educational capabilities. The committee identified those fields and institutions offering promising opportunities for contributing to economic and social development, and particularly institutions having unique and important capabilities, worthy of support from international financial institutions, private investment sources, and the Armenian and U.S. governments. The scope of the study included both pure and applied research as well as education in science-related fields. The committee's report addresses the existing capacity of state and private research institutions, higher education capabilities and trends, scientific funding sources, innovative investment models, relevant success stories, factors hindering development of the science sector, potential domestic Armenian customers for scientific results and products, and opportunities for regional scientific collaboration. An Armenian language version of the report is also available. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluating Occupational Health and Safety Research Programs: Framework and Next Steps SN - DO - 10.17226/12639 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12639/evaluating-occupational-health-and-safety-research-programs-framework-and-next PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Health and Medicine AB - Each year, approximately 5,000 fatal work-related injuries and 4 million non-fatal injuries and illnesses occur in the United States. This number represents both unnecessary human suffering and high economic costs. In order to assist in better evaluating workplace safety and create safer work environments, the Institute of Medicine conducted a series of evaluations of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) research programs, assessing the relevance and impact of NIOSH's work on improving worker safety and health. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Building a Workforce for the Information Economy SN - DO - 10.17226/9830 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9830/building-a-workforce-for-the-information-economy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - A look at any newspaper's employment section suggests that competition for qualified workers in information technology (IT) is intense. Yet even experts disagree on not only the actual supply versus demand for IT workers but also on whether the nation should take any action on this economically important issue. Building a Workforce for the Information Economy offers an in-depth look at IT. workers—where they work and what they do—and the policy issues they inspire. It also illuminates numerous areas that have been questioned in political debates: Where do people in IT jobs come from, and what kind of education and training matter most for them? Are employers' and workers' experiences similar or different in various parts of the country? How do citizens of other countries factor into the U.S. IT workforce? What do we know about IT career paths, and what does that imply for IT workers as they age? And can we measure what matters? The committee identifies characteristics that differentiate IT work from other categories of high-tech work, including an informative contrast with biotechnology. The book also looks at the capacity of the U.S. educational system and of employer training programs to produce qualified workers. ER -