%0 Book %T Cooperation in the Energy Futures of China and the United States--Chinese Version %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9962/cooperation-in-the-energy-futures-of-china-and-the-united-states-chinese-version %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9962/cooperation-in-the-energy-futures-of-china-and-the-united-states-chinese-version %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 116 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Whitacre, Paula %E Sztein, Ester %T International Perspectives in U.S. Psychological Science Journals: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26742/international-perspectives-in-us-psychological-science-journals-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26742/international-perspectives-in-us-psychological-science-journals-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 14 %X Most empirical research in psychology historically has been conducted in North America and Western Europe, despite the importance placed on culture in theoretical models. The consequence of conducting basic science only in high-income, Western countries is that psychological science is defined by the experiences of individuals in those countries. Collecting data in a wide range of countries, establishing international collaborations, and incorporating diverse cultural perspectives are central to the effort to expand cultural context. Publishing the research in high-quality, peer-reviewed journals is also critical. To discuss the challenges of publishing high quality international work in U.S. journals and suggest solutions to incorporate international perspectives into U.S. psychological journals, the U.S. National Committee for Psychological Science of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine invited journal editors, society representatives, and publishers to a virtual workshop on June 28 and 29, 2021. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Ostriker, Jeremiah P. %E Kuh, Charlotte V. %E Voytuk, James A. %T Assessing Research-Doctorate Programs: A Methodology Study %@ 978-0-309-09058-2 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10859/assessing-research-doctorate-programs-a-methodology-study %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10859/assessing-research-doctorate-programs-a-methodology-study %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 164 %X How should we assess and present information about the quality of research-doctorate programs? In recommending that the 1995 NRC rankings in Assessing the Quality of Research-Doctorate Programs: Continuity and Change be updated as soon as possible, this study presents an improved approach to doctoral program assessment which will be useful to administrators, faculty, and others with an interest in improving the education of Ph.D.s in the United States. It reviews the methodology of the 1995 NRC rankings and recommends changes, including the collection of new data about Ph.D. students, additional data about faculty, and new techniques to present data on the qualitative assessment of doctoral program reputation. It also recommends revision of the taxonomy of fields from that used in the 1995 rankings. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Huntington, Candace %T Rebuilding Research, Education, and Innovation in Ukraine: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26795/rebuilding-research-education-and-innovation-in-ukraine-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26795/rebuilding-research-education-and-innovation-in-ukraine-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 14 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Beatty, Alexandra %E Ferreras, Ana %T Supporting Mathematics Teachers in the United States and Finland: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46589-2 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24904/supporting-mathematics-teachers-in-the-united-states-and-finland-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24904/supporting-mathematics-teachers-in-the-united-states-and-finland-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 80 %X For the past 17 years, the U.S. National Commission on Mathematics Instruction (USNC/MI) has held workshops with mathematics educators from countries that typically perform well on international assessments and have a history of strong mathematics education programs, such as Japan, China, and South Korea. Finland is among this group. Even though its mathematics education system has some common characteristics with other top-performing nations, such as a great social respect for the teaching profession, it also has unique characteristics. The USNC/MI, a standing committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, planned a workshop at which U.S. and Finnish mathematics educators could exchange information and ideas about the preparation of new mathematics teachers and the means of providing them with support and professional development throughout their careers. While this is not the first time U.S. and Finnish mathematics educators have discussed educational practices, this workshop focused primarily on teacher development in both nations in the context of mathematics education. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Eisenstadt, Anita %E Cohen, Gail %E Mazza, Anne-Marie %T Artificial Intelligence: An International Dialogue: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25551/artificial-intelligence-an-international-dialogue-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25551/artificial-intelligence-an-international-dialogue-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 7 %X On May 24, 2019 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, in partnership with the Royal Society, held a symposium entitled Artificial Intelligence: An International Dialogue in Washington, DC. The symposium addressed if and how artificial intelligence (AI) would benefit from further international cooperation. It primarily focused on the aspect of AI known as ‘machine learning’—or ‘deep learning’—as this is an area of increasing attention and rapid technological advancement. The event also addressed discussions at a day-and-a-half meeting on May 23-24, 2019* convened by the National Academies and Royal Society where 45 scientists, engineers, and other AI experts from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, China, the European Commission, Germany, and Japan discussed key areas of national and international policy on AI where international collaboration would be most beneficial. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the May 24 workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science and Technology in Kazakhstan: Current Status and Future Prospects %@ 978-0-309-10471-5 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11808/science-and-technology-in-kazakhstan-current-status-and-future-prospects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11808/science-and-technology-in-kazakhstan-current-status-and-future-prospects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Engineering and Technology %P 136 %X Kazakhstan has an ambitious program to increase its technological competitiveness in the global market place during the next few years, but achieving success will depend in large measure on the effectiveness of upgraded science and technology (S&T) capabilities. This report identifies important opportunities and limitations in the education system, research and development (R&D) institutions, production companies, and service organizations to help governmental organizations in Kazakhstan with strong interests in S&T chart the future course of the country. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Improving Understanding of the Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24887/improving-understanding-of-the-roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24887/improving-understanding-of-the-roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 8 %X The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, together with the National Center for Scientific Research of France and the Russian Academy of Sciences, convened a workshop in Paris on June 20-
21, 2017, to consider the roots and trajectories of violent extremism. The goal was to identify common interests and priorities that could provide the basis for sustained cooperation involving research, analysis, and field investigations. Such a collaborative effort would contribute both to improved international understanding of the challenges posed by outbreaks of violent extremism and to the development of promising strategies and programs to reduce the global threats associated with the upsurge in outbreaks in a number of regions of the world. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schweitzer, Glenn %E Wasson, Flannery %T Developments in Violent Extremism in the Middle East and Beyond: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25518/developments-in-violent-extremism-in-the-middle-east-and-beyond %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25518/developments-in-violent-extremism-in-the-middle-east-and-beyond %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 12 %X Twenty-five scientists and analysts from the United States, Russia, France, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) convened at a workshop at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) on April 1-3, 2019 to discuss recent developments and trends in violent extremism in a number of hot spots of the world. The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies), in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the French National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), and NYUAD organized the workshop. This gathering was the fourth workshop jointly sponsored by the National Academies and RAS since 2015 that has addressed the challenge of coping with violent extremism. Held in the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attack at the Al Noor Mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand, the workshop sent a strong message to the international community that individuals and groups with extremist views and access to weapons continue to be both an immediate and a long-term threat in many countries, even as ISIS and al-Qaeda are losing control over large areas of land in the Middle East. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States %@ 978-0-309-09613-3 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11289/policy-implications-of-international-graduate-students-and-postdoctoral-scholars-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11289/policy-implications-of-international-graduate-students-and-postdoctoral-scholars-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 196 %X Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States explores the role and impact of students and scholars on US educational institutions and the US economy. The nation has drawn increasingly on human resources abroad for its science and engineering workforce. However, competition for talent has grown as other countries have expanded their research infrastructure and created more opportunities for international students. The report discusses trends in international student enrollments, stay rates, and examines the impact of visa policies on international mobility of the highly skilled. %0 Book %T Learning the R & D System: National Laboratories and Other Non-Academic, Non-Industrial Organizations in Japan and the United States %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9514/learning-the-r-d-system-national-laboratories-and-other-non %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9514/learning-the-r-d-system-national-laboratories-and-other-non %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 46 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Benderly, Beryl Lieff %E Kent, Lois Peterson %T Building Infrastructure for International Collaborative Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-31345-2 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18970/building-infrastructure-for-international-collaborative-research-in-the-social-and-behavioral-sciences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18970/building-infrastructure-for-international-collaborative-research-in-the-social-and-behavioral-sciences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 58 %X In recent years, as science becomes increasingly international and collaborative, the importance of projects that involve research teams and research subjects from different countries has grown markedly. Such teams often cross disciplinary, cultural, geographic and linguistic borders as well as national ones. Successfully planning and carrying out such efforts can result in substantial advantages for both science and scientists. The participating researchers, however, also face significant intellectual, bureaucratic, organizational and interpersonal challenges. Building Infrastructure for International Collaborative Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences is the summary of a workshop convened by the National Research Council's Committee on International Collaborations in Social and Behavioral Sciences in September 2013 to identify ways to reduce impediments and to increase access to cross-national research collaborations among a broad range of American scholars in the behavioral and social sciences (and education), especially early career scholars. Over the course of two and a half days, individuals from universities and federal agencies, professional organizations, and other parties with interests in international collaboration in the behavior and social sciences and education made presentations and participated in discussions. They came from diverse fields including cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, comparative education, educational anthropology, sociology, organizational psychology, the health sciences, international development studies, higher education administration, and international exchange. %0 Book %T Learning the R & D System: University Research in Japan and the United States %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9517/learning-the-r-d-system-university-research-in-japan-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9517/learning-the-r-d-system-university-research-in-japan-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 18 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Cohen, Gail %E Coulthurst, Aqila %E Alper, Joe %T Immigration Policy and the Search for Skilled Workers: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-33782-3 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20145/immigration-policy-and-the-search-for-skilled-workers-summary-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20145/immigration-policy-and-the-search-for-skilled-workers-summary-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 154 %X The market for high-skilled workers is becoming increasingly global, as are the markets for knowledge and ideas. While high-skilled immigrants in the United States represent a much smaller proportion of the workforce than they do in countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, these immigrants have an important role in spurring innovation and economic growth in all countries and filling shortages in the domestic labor supply. This report summarizes the proceedings of a Fall 2014 workshop that focused on how immigration policy can be used to attract and retain foreign talent. Participants compared policies on encouraging migration and retention of skilled workers, attracting qualified foreign students and retaining them post-graduation, and input by states or provinces in immigration policies to add flexibility in countries with regional employment differences, among other topics. They also discussed how immigration policies have changed over time in response to undesired labor market outcomes and whether there was sufficient data to measure those outcomes. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %T U.S.-Iran Engagement in Science, Engineering, and Health (2010-2016): A Resilient Program but an Uncertain Future %@ 978-0-309-46399-7 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24861/us-iran-engagement-in-science-engineering-and-health-2010-2016 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24861/us-iran-engagement-in-science-engineering-and-health-2010-2016 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Health and Medicine %P 142 %X In 2010, the National Research Council published the report U.S-Iran Engagement in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (2000-2009). The review of the program described in detail the National Academies' science, technology, and health cooperation program carried out jointly with partners in Iran (otherwise known as science-engagement). The purpose of this new publication is to document the history and details of the National Academies' program of science-engagement from 2010 through 2016, while providing a perspective in considering future science-engagement. A variety of cooperative activities, and particularly workshops that dominated science-engagement during that period, are highlighted. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Saunders, Jennifer %T Preserving and Developing Ukraine's Human Capital in Research, Education, and Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27417/preserving-and-developing-ukraines-human-capital-in-research-education-and-innovation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27417/preserving-and-developing-ukraines-human-capital-in-research-education-and-innovation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 17 %X The February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has devastated the country, resulting in mass casualties, destruction of facilities and infrastructure, and significant internal and external migration. The invasion also ravaged science and technology sectors, not only in terms of damaging physical facilities and institutions, but also by displacing scientists and creating challenging conditions that researchers who remain in Ukraine must face to continue their work. Because scientific and technological advances will drive many future national security and economic growth decisions, it is critical to strengthen and rebuild its capacity to establish and maintain a robust science and innovation system that supports basic and applied research, trains the next generation of scientists and engineers, and provides mechanisms for science and technology decision-making and advice to Ukrainian policymakers. In support of this effort, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on June 5, 21, and 28, 2023, on how to establish flexible, impactful, and sustainable programs, both today and in the future, to support the Ukrainian research community. During the workshop, speakers shared best approaches to strengthening and developing human capital needed to manage a modern research and innovation system. Participants also discussed efforts to provide funding or develop scientific collaboration in support of researchers. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Ferreras, Ana %E Olson, Steve %E Sztein, A. Ester %T The Teacher Development Continuum in the United States and China: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-15163-4 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12874/the-teacher-development-continuum-in-the-united-states-and-china %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12874/the-teacher-development-continuum-in-the-united-states-and-china %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 68 %X In 1999, Liping Ma published her book Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics: Teachers' Understanding of Fundamental Mathematics in the United States and China, which probed the kinds of knowledge that elementary school teachers need to convey mathematical concepts and procedures effectively to their students. Later that year, Roger Howe, a member of the U.S. National Commission on Mathematics Instruction (USNC/MI), reviewed the book for the Notices of the American Mathematical Society, concluding that it 'has lessons for all educational policymakers.' Intrigued by the idea of superrank teachers, the USNC/MI sponsored a workshop entitled 'The Teacher Development Continuum in the United States and China'. The purpose of the workshop was to examine the structure of the mathematics teaching profession in the United States and China. The main presentations and discussion from the workshop are summarized in this volume. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %T U.S.-Iran Engagement in Science, Engineering, and Health (2000-2009): Opportunities, Constraints, and Impacts %@ 978-0-309-15574-8 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12921/us-iran-engagement-in-science-engineering-and-health-2000-2009 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12921/us-iran-engagement-in-science-engineering-and-health-2000-2009 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Health and Medicine %P 106 %X During the first decade of the 21st century, the National Academies, working with a number of partner organizations in Iran, carried out a program of U.S.-Iran engagement in science, engineering, and health (herein referred to as science engagement). This book reviews important aspects of the science engagement program, including: (a) objectives of the program, (b) opportunities and constraints in developing the program, and (c) scientific and political impacts of the activities. Suggestions for future activities that draw on the conclusions and recommendations that have emerged from workshops and other types of interactions are set forth. Of course, the political turmoil within Iran and uncertainties as to the direction of U.S.-Iran government-to-government relations will undoubtedly complicate initiation and implementation of new science engagement activities in the near term. At the same time, many American and Iranian participants and important government officials in the United States and Iran have believed that science engagement can contribute to the evolution of an improved political environment for development of less adversarial relations between the two governments. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Orleans, Leo A. %T Chinese Students in America: Policies, Issues, and Numbers %@ 978-0-309-03886-7 %D 1988 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/743/chinese-students-in-america-policies-issues-and-numbers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/743/chinese-students-in-america-policies-issues-and-numbers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 156 %X The shift in U.S.-China relations since normalization has resulted in a rapid influx of Chinese students and scholars studying at U.S. institutions. There is an urgent need among institutions and individuals working with the Chinese for firm data about the Chinese student population. Also needed is a better understanding of Chinese policies and practices on foreign study. Chinese Students in America is the only comprehensive resource available today to fill these needs. Author Leo A. Orleans uses original Chinese resource materials to explore several overall issues—such as China's concern about a "brain drain" as more Chinese students decide to stay in the United States. He explains why data on Chinese students in the United States are so elusive and presents an in-depth analysis of the best figures that are available. Chinese Students in America will be of particular interest to policymakers, professors and administrators who work with Chinese students and scholars, specialists in education, international organizations, members of U.S.-China affiliations, and libraries, as well as Chinese students and scholars studying in America. %0 Book %T Humanities Doctorates in the United States: 1991 Profile %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9118/humanities-doctorates-in-the-united-states-1991-profile %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9118/humanities-doctorates-in-the-united-states-1991-profile %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 90 %0 Book %T A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States (with CD) %@ 978-0-309-16030-8 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12994/a-data-based-assessment-of-research-doctorate-programs-in-the-united-states-with-cd %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12994/a-data-based-assessment-of-research-doctorate-programs-in-the-united-states-with-cd %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 322 %X A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States provides an unparalleled dataset that can be used to assess the quality and effectiveness of doctoral programs based on measures important to faculty, students, administrators, funders, and other stakeholders. The data, collected for the 2005-2006 academic year from more than 5,000 doctoral programs at 212 universities, covers 62 fields. Included for each program are such characteristics as faculty publications, grants, and awards; student GRE scores, financial support, and employment outcomes; and program size, time to degree, and faculty composition. Measures of faculty and student diversity are also included. The book features analysis of selected findings across six broad fields: agricultural sciences, biological and health sciences, engineering, physical and mathematical sciences, social and behavioral sciences, and humanities, as well as a discussion of trends in doctoral education since the last assessment in 1995, and suggested uses of the data . It also includes a detailed explanation of the methodology used to collect data and calculate ranges of illustrative rankings. Included with the book is a comprehensive CD-ROM with a data table in Microsoft Excel. In addition to data on the characteristics of individual programs, the data table contains illustrative ranges of rankings for each program, as well as ranges of rankings for three dimensions of program quality: (1) research activity, (2) student support and outcomes, and (3) diversity of the academic environment. As an aid to users, the data table is offered with demonstrations of some Microsoft Excel features that may enhance the usability of the spreadsheet, such as hiding and unhiding columns, copying and pasting columns to a new worksheet, and filtering and sorting data. Also provided with the data table are a set of scenarios that show how typical users may want to extract data from the spreadsheet. PhDs.org, an independent website not affiliated with the National Research Council, incorporated data from the research-doctorate assessment into its Graduate School Guide. Users of the Guide can choose the weights assigned to the program characteristics measured by the National Research Council and others, and rank graduate programs according to their own priorities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Issues for Science and Engineering Researchers in the Digital Age %@ 978-0-309-07417-9 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10100/issues-for-science-and-engineering-researchers-in-the-digital-age %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10100/issues-for-science-and-engineering-researchers-in-the-digital-age %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Education %P 69 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T International Collaborations in Behavioral and Social Sciences: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-11415-8 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12053/international-collaborations-in-behavioral-and-social-sciences-report-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12053/international-collaborations-in-behavioral-and-social-sciences-report-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 102 %X Based on the outcomes of a workshop convened by the U.S. National Committee for Psychological Science and informed by a survey of social scientists who have led cross-national projects, this National Science Foundation-funded report addresses the multiple benefits of research extending across national boundaries and describes factors common among successful collaborations. Workshop participants identified the obstacles frequently encountered and suggested ways of dealing with these challenges to enhance international collaborative research in the behavioral and social sciences. Several dimensions of collaborative processes, such as research planning, methodological issues, organizational concerns, varied training approaches, and funding needs receive critical attention in this book. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Humanities Doctorates in the United States: 1995 Profile %@ 978-0-309-05844-5 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5840/humanities-doctorates-in-the-united-states-1995-profile %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5840/humanities-doctorates-in-the-united-states-1995-profile %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %P 100 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glen %T Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings %@ 978-0-309-11927-6 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12185/science-and-technology-and-the-future-development-of-societies-international %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12185/science-and-technology-and-the-future-development-of-societies-international %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 142 %X In June 2006, seventeen scientists and educators selected by the National Academies, the Academy of Sciences of Iran, and the Académie des Sciences of France held a workshop at the estate of the Fondation des Treilles in Toutour, France, to discuss issues concerning the role of science in the development of modern societies. Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies includes the presentations made at the workshop and summarizes the discussions that followed the presentations. Topics of the workshop included science and society issues, the role of science and engineering in development; obstacles and opportunities in the application of science and technology to development; scientific thinking of decision makers; management and utilization of scientific knowledge; and science, society, and education. This book also provides useful background for the further development of interactions of Western scientists and educators with Iranian specialists. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Biological Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense: From Foreign Assistance to Sustainable Partnerships %@ 978-0-309-11158-4 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12005/the-biological-threat-reduction-program-of-the-department-of-defense %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12005/the-biological-threat-reduction-program-of-the-department-of-defense %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 120 %X This Congressionally-mandated report identifies areas for further cooperation with Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union under the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program of the Department of Defense in the specific area of prevention of proliferation of biological weapons. The report reviews relevant U.S. government programs, and particularly the CTR program, and identifies approaches for overcoming obstacles to cooperation and for increasing the long-term impact of the program. It recommends strong support for continuation of the CTR program. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %E Guenther, Rita S. %T Innovating for Profit in Russia: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09727-7 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11418/innovating-for-profit-in-russia-summary-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11418/innovating-for-profit-in-russia-summary-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 76 %X The National Research Council hosted an interacademy workshop in Yekaterinburg, Russia together with the Russian Academy of Sciences in October 2004 as a means of exploring various aspects of industrial innovation in the Urals region of Russia. Workshop presenters focused on the establishment of cooperative business partnerships between Russian industrial companies and Russian research organizations, particularly those in the closed nuclear cities of Russia. The concept of "market pull" was therefore an important aspect of the workshop, including partnerships between Russian researchers and international companies, as well as those with international research centers. However, given the complex economic and research climates in Russia, which are intensified in the nuclear cities, cooperation between Russian industry and Russian researchers were of primary during the workshop presentations and subsequent discussions as captured in this workshop summary. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Engineering Tasks for the New Century: Japanese and U.S. Perspectives %@ 978-0-309-06588-7 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9624/engineering-tasks-for-the-new-century-japanese-and-us-perspectives %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9624/engineering-tasks-for-the-new-century-japanese-and-us-perspectives %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 96 %X The U.S.-Japan bilateral task force was tasked with addressing the following questions: (1) How do Japan and the United States educate and train engineers, and what are the major similarities, differences, and trends? (2) What are the superior practices that have been developed by each country, especially approaches that could be adopted by the other country? (3) Are there areas in which expanded U.S.-Japan cooperation could help to improve engineering education in the two countries and around the world? The joint task force was organized by the Committee on Advanced Technology and the International Environment (Committee 149) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and the Committee on Japan (COJ) of the National Research Council (NRC). Committee 149's work was supported by member dues, and the COJ's work was supported by the United States-Japan Foundation and the National Academy of Engineering. The joint task force was chaired by Mildred Dresselhaus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Sogo Okamura of Tokyo Denki University. Japan and the United States are two of the leading nations in the world in engineering education and practice. Their systems for training and educating engineers display marked contrasts, resulting from the very different economic and cultural environments in which they have developed. The joint task force used a "lifelong learning" approach in examining the two countries' systems, exploring differences and similarities in K-12 education of future engineers, undergraduate and graduate education, as well as continuing education of working professionals. The panel also explored two important issues that will affect engineering education in both countries in the future: the need to educate and train "global engineers" who can work effectively in international contexts, and the potential for information technology to transform engineering education in the future. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Beninson, Lida %E Alper, Joe %T Meeting Regional STEMM Workforce Needs in the Wake of COVID-19: Proceedings of a Virtual Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-25628-5 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26049/meeting-regional-stemm-workforce-needs-in-the-wake-of-covid-19 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26049/meeting-regional-stemm-workforce-needs-in-the-wake-of-covid-19 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 174 %X The COVID-19 pandemic is transforming the global economy and significantly shifting workforce demand, requiring quick, adaptive responses. The pandemic has revealed the vulnerabilities of many organizations and regional economies, and it has accelerated trends that could lead to significant improvements in productivity, performance, and resilience, which will enable organizations and regions to thrive in the "next normal." To explore how communities around the United States are addressing workforce issues laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and how they are taking advantage of local opportunities to expand their science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) workforces to position them for success going forward, the Board of Higher Education and Workforce of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a series of workshops to identify immediate and near-term regional STEMM workforce needs in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The workshop planning committee identified five U.S. cities and their associated metropolitan areas - Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Richmond, Virginia; Riverside, California; and Wichita, Kansas - to host workshops highlighting promising practices that communities can use to respond urgently and appropriately to their STEMM workforce needs. A sixth workshop discussed how the lessons learned during the five region-focused workshops could be applied in other communities to meet STEMM workforce needs. This proceedings of a virtual workshop series summarizes the presentations and discussions from the six public workshops that made up the virtual workshop series and highlights the key points raised during the presentations, moderated panel discussions and deliberations, and open discussions among the workshop participants. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Ostriker, Jeremiah P. %E Holland, Paul W. %E Kuh, Charlotte V. %E Voytuk, James A. %T A Guide to the Methodology of the National Research Council Assessment of Doctorate Programs %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12676/a-guide-to-the-methodology-of-the-national-research-council-assessment-of-doctorate-programs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12676/a-guide-to-the-methodology-of-the-national-research-council-assessment-of-doctorate-programs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 201 %X A Guide to the Methodology of the National Research Council Assessment of the Doctorate Programs describes the purpose, data and methods used to calculate ranges or rankings for research-doctorate programs that participated in the NRC Assessment of Research-Doctorate programs. It is intended for those at universities who will have to explain the NRC Assessment to others at their university, to potential students, and to the press. Although the main text is fairly non-technical, it includes a technical description of the statistical methods used to derive rankings of over 5000 doctoral programs in 61 fields. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Path to the Ph.D.: Measuring Graduate Attrition in the Sciences and Humanities %@ 978-0-309-05482-9 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5195/the-path-to-the-phd-measuring-graduate-attrition-in-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5195/the-path-to-the-phd-measuring-graduate-attrition-in-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 90 %X There is a growing concern among educators and policymakers about the level of attrition from Ph.D. programs in the sciences and humanities at some U.S. universities. Reliable estimates of graduate student attrition are difficult to obtain, however, because most information comes from the administrative records of individual institutions. This book provides a summary of datasets that could be used to analyze patterns of graduate student attrition and degree completion nationally, along with an analysis of recent studies on the subject. Based on this information, the committee examines the feasibility of designing a system to produce national estimates of graduate student attrition. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Merrill, Stephen A. %E Raduchel, William J. %T Copyright in the Digital Era: Building Evidence for Policy %@ 978-0-309-27895-9 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14686/copyright-in-the-digital-era-building-evidence-for-policy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14686/copyright-in-the-digital-era-building-evidence-for-policy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Computers and Information Technology %P 102 %X Over the course of several decades, copyright protection has been expanded and extended through legislative changes occasioned by national and international developments. The content and technology industries affected by copyright and its exceptions, and in some cases balancing the two, have become increasingly important as sources of economic growth, relatively high-paying jobs, and exports. Since the expansion of digital technology in the mid-1990s, they have undergone a technological revolution that has disrupted long-established modes of creating, distributing, and using works ranging from literature and news to film and music to scientific publications and computer software. In the United States and internationally, these disruptive changes have given rise to a strident debate over copyright's proper scope and terms and means of its enforcement--a debate between those who believe the digital revolution is progressively undermining the copyright protection essential to encourage the funding, creation, and distribution of new works and those who believe that enhancements to copyright are inhibiting technological innovation and free expression. Copyright in the Digital Era: Building Evidence for Policy examines a range of questions regarding copyright policy by using a variety of methods, such as case studies, international and sectoral comparisons, and experiments and surveys. This report is especially critical in light of digital age developments that may, for example, change the incentive calculus for various actors in the copyright system, impact the costs of voluntary copyright transactions, pose new enforcement challenges, and change the optimal balance between copyright protection and exceptions. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Ferreras, Ana %E Kessel, Cathy %E Kim, Myong-Hi %T Mathematics Curriculum, Teacher Professionalism, and Supporting Policies in Korea and the United States: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-37436-1 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21753/mathematics-curriculum-teacher-professionalism-and-supporting-policies-in-korea-and-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21753/mathematics-curriculum-teacher-professionalism-and-supporting-policies-in-korea-and-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 102 %X On July 15-17, 2012 the United States National Commission on Mathematics Instruction and Seoul National University held a joint Korea-U.S. workshop on Mathematics Teaching and Curriculum. The workshop was organized to address questions and issues related to math teaching and curriculum that were generated by each country, including the following: What are the main concerns in the development of the curriculum? What issues have been discussed or debated among curriculum developers, teachers, teacher educators, and scholars regarding the curriculum? How have textbooks been developed for the curriculum? How are curricular tasks designed and what criteria are used? What is the role of learning trajectories in the development of curriculum? This report summarizes the presentations and discussions at the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Forrest, Sherrie %T The State of Resilience: A Leadership Forum and Community Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47369-9 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25054/the-state-of-resilience-a-leadership-forum-and-community-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25054/the-state-of-resilience-a-leadership-forum-and-community-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 94 %X Over the past decade, resilience has gained significant traction across the nation and innovative programs are showing exciting progress in building resilient communities. For communities to be prepared for future extreme weather and climate events, as well as the chronic daily stressors, the momentum of implementing and taking action to build community resilience should continue to be fostered and expanded. Building on its many efforts dedicated to increasing and enhancing resilience, the Resilient America Roundtable hosted the State of Resilience Leadership Forum and Community Workshop on June 28 and 29, 2016. This activity brought together diverse decision makers, experts, practitioners, and community stakeholders, including representatives from academia, government, the private sector, foundations, and nonprofit organizations, to consider the results of years of investment, experimentation, and research in building resilience, take stock of these many initiatives and efforts, and share their experiences in building more resilient communities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China %@ 978-0-309-04684-8 %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1942/grasslands-and-grassland-sciences-in-northern-china %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1942/grasslands-and-grassland-sciences-in-northern-china %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 230 %X This volume describes one of the most extensive grassland ecosystems and the efforts of Chinese scientists to understand it. Leading Chinese scientists attribute the decline in China's grasslands to overgrazing and excessive cultivation of marginal areas and discuss measures to limit the damage. The book gives its view on the Chinese approach to the study of grasslands and the relevance of this activity in China to global scientific concerns. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Esanu, Julie M. %E Uhlir, Paul F. %T Open Access and the Public Domain in Digital Data and Information for Science: Proceedings of an International Symposium %@ 978-0-309-09145-9 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11030/open-access-and-the-public-domain-in-digital-data-and-information-for-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11030/open-access-and-the-public-domain-in-digital-data-and-information-for-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Computers and Information Technology %P 195 %X This symposium, which was held on March 10-11, 2003, at UNESCO headquarters in Paris, brought together policy experts and managers from the government and academic sectors in both developed and developing countries to (1) describe the role, value, and limits that the public domain and open access to digital data and information have in the context of international research; (2) identify and analyze the various legal, economic, and technological pressures on the public domain in digital data and information, and their potential effects on international research; and (3) review the existing and proposed approaches for preserving and promoting the public domain and open access to scientific and technical data and information on a global basis, with particular attention to the needs of developing countries. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology: Recent Experience and Future Directions %@ 978-0-309-26980-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18277/the-unique-us-russian-relationship-in-biological-science-and-biotechnology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18277/the-unique-us-russian-relationship-in-biological-science-and-biotechnology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 256 %X In the fall of 2010, the U.S. National Academies (consisting of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (in cooperation with the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences) initiated a joint study of U.S.-Russian bilateral engagement in the biological sciences and biotechnology (hereinafter collectively referred to as bioengagement). The U.S. Department of State and the Russian Academy of Sciences provided support for the study. The academies established a joint committee of 12 leading scientists from the two countries to assess bioengagement activities since 1996 and to provide recommendations as to collaborative efforts in the near future. The Unique U.S.-Russian Relationship in Biological Science and Biotechnology: Recent Experience and Future Directions summarizes the principal conclusions and recommendations of the study. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science Professionals: Master's Education for a Competitive World %@ 978-0-309-11471-4 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12064/science-professionals-masters-education-for-a-competitive-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12064/science-professionals-masters-education-for-a-competitive-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %P 146 %X What are employer needs for staff trained in the natural sciences at the master's degree level? How do master's level professionals in the natural sciences contribute in the workplace? How do master's programs meet or support educational and career goals? Science Professionals: Master's Education for a Competitive World examines the answers to these and other questions regarding the role of master's education in the natural sciences. The book also focuses on student characteristics and what can be learned from efforts underway to enhance the master's in the natural sciences, particularly as a professional degree. This book is a critical tool for Congress, the federal agencies charged with carrying out the America COMPETES Act, and educational and science policy makers at the state level. Additionally, anyone with a stake in the development of professional science education (four year institutions of higher education, students, faculty, and employers) will find this book useful. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Uhlir, Paul F. %E Esanu, Julie M. %T Strategies for Preservation of and Open Access to Scientific Data in China: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-10230-8 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11710/strategies-for-preservation-of-and-open-access-to-scientific-data-in-china %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11710/strategies-for-preservation-of-and-open-access-to-scientific-data-in-china %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Computers and Information Technology %P 152 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Dual Use Research of Concern in the Life Sciences: Current Issues and Controversies %@ 978-0-309-45888-7 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24761/dual-use-research-of-concern-in-the-life-sciences-current %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24761/dual-use-research-of-concern-in-the-life-sciences-current %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 114 %X The potential misuse of advances in life sciences research is raising concerns about national security threats. Dual Use Research of Concern in the Life Sciences: Current Issues and Controversies examines the U.S. strategy for reducing biosecurity risks in life sciences research and considers mechanisms that would allow researchers to manage the dissemination of the results of research while mitigating the potential for harm to national security. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Successes and Difficulties of Small Innovative Firms in Russian Nuclear Cities: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08421-5 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10392/successes-and-difficulties-of-small-innovative-firms-in-russian-nuclear-cities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10392/successes-and-difficulties-of-small-innovative-firms-in-russian-nuclear-cities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 256 %X This workshop report focuses on successes and failures of small innovative firms in five science cities in Russia. The workshop was organized by the NRC with the cooperation of Minatom. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T U.S. and International Perspectives on Global Science Policy and Science Diplomacy: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-22438-3 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13300/us-and-international-perspectives-on-global-science-policy-and-science-diplomacy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13300/us-and-international-perspectives-on-global-science-policy-and-science-diplomacy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 60 %X The United States and other countries around the world face problems of an increasingly global nature that often require major contributions from science and engineering that one nation alone cannot provide. The advance of science and engineering is an increasingly global enterprise, and in many areas there is a natural commonality of interest among practitioners from diverse cultures. In response to challenges, the National Academies held a workshop in Washington, DC, in February 2011, to assess effective ways to meet international challenges through sound science policy and science diplomacy. U.S. and International Perspectives on Global Science Policy and Science Diplomacy summarizes issues addressed during this workshop. Participants discussed many of the characteristics of science, such as its common language and methods; the open, self-correcting nature of research; the universality of the most important questions; and its respect for evidence. These common aspects not only make science inherently international but also give science special capacities in advancing communication and cooperation. Many workshop participants pointed out that, while advancing global science and science diplomacy are distinct, they are complementary, and making them each more effective often involves similar measures. Some participants suggested it may sometimes be more accurate to use the term global science cooperation rather than science diplomacy. Other participants indicated that science diplomacy is, in many situations, a clear and useful concept, recounting remarkable historical cases of the effective use of international scientific cooperation in building positive governmental relationships and dealing with sensitive and urgent problems. To gain U.S. and international perspectives on these issues, representatives from Brazil, Bangladesh, Egypt, Germany, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Morocco, Rwanda, South Africa, and Syria attended the workshop, as well as two of the most recently named U.S. science envoys, Rita Colwell and Gebisa Ejeta. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T China and Global Change: Opportunities for Collaboration %@ 978-0-309-04841-5 %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2075/china-and-global-change-opportunities-for-collaboration %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2075/china-and-global-change-opportunities-for-collaboration %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 240 %X Given China's current and potential impacts on the global environment and the contributions Chinese science can make to global change research, China's full participation in international research programs dealing with global change is very important. This book provides insights into how research priorities are determined and detailed information about institutional infrastructure, human resources, and other factors that will constrain or facilitate Chinese responses to and research on global change issues. An overview of research relevant to the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program and the World Climate Research Program is presented. Additionally, research in certain areas of atmospheric chemistry and physical and ecological interactions of the atmosphere and land surface are explored in further detail. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wallerstein, Mitchel B. %E Mogee, Mary E. %E Schoen, Robin A. %T Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology %@ 978-0-309-04833-0 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2054/global-dimensions-of-intellectual-property-rights-in-science-and-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2054/global-dimensions-of-intellectual-property-rights-in-science-and-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 450 %X As technological developments multiply around the globe—even as the patenting of human genes comes under serious discussion—nations, companies, and researchers find themselves in conflict over intellectual property rights (IPRs). Now, an international group of experts presents the first multidisciplinary look at IPRs in an age of explosive growth in science and technology. This thought-provoking volume offers an update on current international IPR negotiations and includes case studies on software, computer chips, optoelectronics, and biotechnology—areas characterized by high development cost and easy reproducibility. The volume covers these and other issues: Modern economic theory as a basis for approaching international IPRs. U.S. intellectual property practices versus those in Japan, India, the European Community, and the developing and newly industrializing countries. Trends in science and technology and how they affect IPRs. Pros and cons of a uniform international IPRs regime versus a system reflecting national differences. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Uhlir, Paul E. %T For Attribution: Developing Data Attribution and Citation Practices and Standards: Summary of an International Workshop %@ 978-0-309-26728-1 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13564/for-attribution-developing-data-attribution-and-citation-practices-and-standards %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13564/for-attribution-developing-data-attribution-and-citation-practices-and-standards %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 238 %X The growth of electronic publishing of literature has created new challenges, such as the need for mechanisms for citing online references in ways that can assure discoverability and retrieval for many years into the future. The growth in online datasets presents related, yet more complex challenges. It depends upon the ability to reliably identify, locate, access, interpret, and verify the version, integrity, and provenance of digital datasets. Data citation standards and good practices can form the basis for increased incentives, recognition, and rewards for scientific data activities that in many cases are currently lacking in many fields of research. The rapidly-expanding universe of online digital data holds the promise of allowing peer-examination and review of conclusions or analysis based on experimental or observational data, the integration of data into new forms of scholarly publishing, and the ability for subsequent users to make new and unforeseen uses and analyses of the same data-either in isolation, or in combination with, other datasets. The problem of citing online data is complicated by the lack of established practices for referring to portions or subsets of data. There are a number of initiatives in different organizations, countries, and disciplines already underway. An important set of technical and policy approaches have already been launched by the U.S. National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and other standards bodies regarding persistent identifiers and online linking. The workshop summarized in For Attribution -- Developing Data Attribution and Citation Practices and Standards: Summary of an International Workshop was organized by a steering committee under the National Research Council's (NRC's) Board on Research Data and Information, in collaboration with an international CODATA-ICSTI Task Group on Data Citation Standards and Practices. The purpose of the symposium was to examine a number of key issues related to data identification, attribution, citation, and linking to help coordinate activities in this area internationally, and to promote common practices and standards in the scientific community. %0 Book %T Minority Science Paths: National Science Foundation Minority Graduate Fellows of 1979-1981 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9243/minority-science-paths-national-science-foundation-minority-graduate-fellows-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9243/minority-science-paths-national-science-foundation-minority-graduate-fellows-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 60 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Uhlir, Paul F. %T The Future of Scientific Knowledge Discovery in Open Networked Environments: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-26791-5 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18258/the-future-of-scientific-knowledge-discovery-in-open-networked-environments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18258/the-future-of-scientific-knowledge-discovery-in-open-networked-environments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Computers and Information Technology %P 200 %X Digital technologies and networks are now part of everyday work in the sciences, and have enhanced access to and use of scientific data, information, and literature significantly. They offer the promise of accelerating the discovery and communication of knowledge, both within the scientific community and in the broader society, as scientific data and information are made openly available online. The focus of this project was on computer-mediated or computational scientific knowledge discovery, taken broadly as any research processes enabled by digital computing technologies. Such technologies may include data mining, information retrieval and extraction, artificial intelligence, distributed grid computing, and others. These technological capabilities support computer-mediated knowledge discovery, which some believe is a new paradigm in the conduct of research. The emphasis was primarily on digitally networked data, rather than on the scientific, technical, and medical literature. The meeting also focused mostly on the advantages of knowledge discovery in open networked environments, although some of the disadvantages were raised as well. The workshop brought together a set of stakeholders in this area for intensive and structured discussions. The purpose was not to make a final declaration about the directions that should be taken, but to further the examination of trends in computational knowledge discovery in the open networked environments, based on the following questions and tasks: 1. Opportunities and Benefits: What are the opportunities over the next 5 to 10 years associated with the use of computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery across disciplines in the open online environment? What are the potential benefits to science and society of such techniques? 2. Techniques and Methods for Development and Study of Computer-mediated Scientific Knowledge Discovery: What are the techniques and methods used in government, academia, and industry to study and understand these processes, the validity and reliability of their results, and their impact inside and outside science? 3. Barriers: What are the major scientific, technological, institutional, sociological, and policy barriers to computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery in the open online environment within the scientific community? What needs to be known and studied about each of these barriers to help achieve the opportunities for interdisciplinary science and complex problem solving? 4. Range of Options: Based on the results obtained in response to items 1-3, define a range of options that can be used by the sponsors of the project, as well as other similar organizations, to obtain and promote a better understanding of the computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery processes and mechanisms for openly available data and information online across the scientific domains. The objective of defining these options is to improve the activities of the sponsors (and other similar organizations) and the activities of researchers that they fund externally in this emerging research area. The Future of Scientific Knowledge Discovery in Open Networked Environments: Summary of a Workshop summarizes the responses to these questions and tasks at hand. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Europe 1992: The Implications of Market Integration for R & D-Intensive Firms %@ 978-0-309-04332-8 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1775/europe-1992-the-implications-of-market-integration-for-r-d %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1775/europe-1992-the-implications-of-market-integration-for-r-d %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 207 %X The 12 member nations of the European Economic Community (EC) are engaged in a bold effort to create a Single European Market by the end of 1992. The changes brought about by European market integration will have a major impact on U.S. industry. Although proponents of the plan argue that it will benefit businesses by allowing economies of scale, more efficient marketing, and increased demands for goods and services from outside the Community, there is some concern that the Single European Market may serve to exclude or limit participation of non-European competition. The impact is likely to be particularly pronounced in industries with heavy involvement in research and development. This volume is based on a major two-day symposium which brought together officials of United States and other governments, industry representatives, and academic experts to examine EC policies on technical standards, intellectual property rights, access to the results of EC-supported basic research, and other issues affecting R&D intensive firms. %0 Book %T International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies: Proceedings - Symposium and Seventh Biennial Meeting, London, May 18-20, 2005 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11740/international-human-rights-network-of-academies-and-scholarly-societies-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11740/international-human-rights-network-of-academies-and-scholarly-societies-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 176 %X This report is the proceedings of the seventh biennial meeting of the International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies. (The international Network, created in 1993, consists of 70 national academies and scholarly societies around the world that work to address serious science and human rights issues of mutual concern. The Committee on Human Rights of the U.S. National Academies serves as the Network's secretariat.) The meeting was held on May 18 and 20, 2005, at the Royal Society in London. The main events of the meeting were a semipublic symposium, entitled Scientists, Human Rights, and Prospects for the Future, and a workshop on a variety of topics related to science, engineering, and health in the human rights context. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Reducing Maternal and Neonatal Mortality in Indonesia: Saving Lives, Saving the Future %@ 978-0-309-29076-0 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18437/reducing-maternal-and-neonatal-mortality-in-indonesia-saving-lives-saving %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18437/reducing-maternal-and-neonatal-mortality-in-indonesia-saving-lives-saving %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 130 %X The Republic of Indonesia, home to over 240 million people, is the world's fourth most populous nation. Ethnically, culturally, and economically diverse, the Indonesian people are broadly dispersed across an archipelago of more than 13,000 islands. Rapid urbanization has given rise to one megacity (Jakarta) and to 10 other major metropolitan areas. And yet about half of Indonesians make their homes in rural areas of the country. Indonesia, a signatory to the United Nations Millennium Declaration, has committed to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, recent estimates suggest that Indonesia will not achieve by the target date of 2015 MDG 4 - reduction by two-thirds of the 1990 under - 5 infant mortality rate (number of children under age 5 who die per 1,000 live births) - and MDG 5 - reduction by three-quarters of the 1990 maternal mortality ratio (number of maternal deaths within 28 days of childbirth in a given year per 100,000 live births). Although much has been achieved, complex and indeed difficult challenges will have to be overcome before maternal and infant mortality are brought into the MDG-prescribed range. Reducing Maternal and Neonatal Mortality in Indonesia is a joint study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Indonesian Academy of Sciences that evaluates the quality and consistency of the existing data on maternal and neonatal mortality; devises a strategy to achieve the Millennium Development Goals related to maternal mortality, fetal mortality (stillbirths), and neonatal mortality; and identifies the highest priority interventions and proposes steps toward development of an effective implementation plan. According to the UN Human Development Index (HDI), in 2012 Indonesia ranked 121st out of 185 countries in human development. However, over the last 20 years the rate of improvement in Indonesia's HDI ranking has exceeded the world average. This progress may be attributable in part to the fact that Indonesia has put considerable effort into meeting the MDGs. This report is intended to be a contribution toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Hanlon, Philip J. %E Murthy, Jayathi Y. %E Rovito, Sarah M. %T Foreign-Funded Language and Culture Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Practices to Assess and Mitigate Risk %@ 978-0-309-70388-8 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27065/foreign-funded-language-and-culture-institutes-at-us-institutions-of-higher-education %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27065/foreign-funded-language-and-culture-institutes-at-us-institutions-of-higher-education %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 106 %X Foreign-funded language and culture institutes exist on U.S. campuses beyond Confucius Institutes (CIs)—Chinese government-funded centers established by the Chinese Communist Party to extend the reach of Chinese language and culture and to enhance worldwide opinion of China through offering classes in Mandarin Chinese and highlighting positive aspects of Chinese culture. Regardless of the sponsoring nation, foreign-funded language and culture institutes may pose risks for U.S. host institutions regarding academic freedom, freedom of expression, governance, and national security. This is particularly true if the values of the sponsoring nation do not align with the democratic values held in the United States and if the sponsoring nation is suspected of engaging in activities adversely affecting human rights, academic freedom, freedom of expression, association, dissent, and U.S. national security. This report explores the role of other foreign-funded institutes at U.S. institutions of higher education, describing characteristics and features of such institutes; determining characteristics and features of foreign-funded institutes at U.S. institutions of higher education that could be flags for institutions to engage in further deliberation and vetting prior to entering into a partnership; identifying implementable practices for U.S. institutions of higher education to ensure appropriate operations; and continuing exploration of what role the sensitivity of the research conducted on campus should play in determining which foreign-funded partnerships are appropriate. Foreign-Funded Language and Culture Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education recommends actions that U.S. colleges and universities can take to minimize risks associated with hosting foreign-funded language and culture institutions, such as a CI, on or near campus and protect academic freedom and national security. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of NIH Minority Research and Training Programs: Phase 3 %@ 978-0-309-09575-4 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11329/assessment-of-nih-minority-research-and-training-programs-phase-3 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11329/assessment-of-nih-minority-research-and-training-programs-phase-3 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Health and Medicine %P 240 %X This report provides an assessment of NIH’s programs for increasing the participation in biomedical science of individuals from underrepresented minority groups. The report examines, using available data and the results of a survey of NIH trainees, the characteristics and outcomes of programs at the undergraduate, graduate, postdoctoral, and junior faculty levels. The report provides recommendations for improving these programs and their administration. It also recommends how NIH can improve the data it collects on trainees in all NIH research training programs so as to enhance training program evaluation. %0 Book %T Prospectus for National Knowledge Assessment %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9528/prospectus-for-national-knowledge-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9528/prospectus-for-national-knowledge-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %P 24 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T High-Impact Terrorism: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08270-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10301/high-impact-terrorism-proceedings-of-a-russian-american-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10301/high-impact-terrorism-proceedings-of-a-russian-american-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 294 %X In June 2001 the National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a bilateral workshop in Moscow on terrorism in a high--technology society and modern methods to prevent and respond to it. The purpose of the workshop was to begin a dialogue on high--impact terrorism that could lead to further U.S.--Russian collaboration. This volume includes papers presented at the workshop by 31 Russian and American experts on various types of high-impact terrorism, including biological and agricultural terrorism, nuclear and electromagnetic terrorism, explosives, chemical, and technological terrorism, and cyber terrorism. The papers also address legal issues, Russian internal affairs, and the future of international cooperation in this area. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Long, J. Scott %T From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers %@ 978-0-309-05580-2 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5363/from-scarcity-to-visibility-gender-differences-in-the-careers-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5363/from-scarcity-to-visibility-gender-differences-in-the-careers-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Industry and Labor %K Education %P 336 %X Although women have made important inroads in science and engineering since the early 1970s, their progress in these fields has stalled over the past several years. This study looks at women in science and engineering careers in the 1970s and 1980s, documenting differences in career outcomes between men and women and between women of different races and ethnic backgrounds. The panel presents what is known about the following questions and explores their policy implications: In what sectors are female Ph.D.s employed? What salary disparities exist between men and women in these fields? How is marital status associated with career attainment? Does it help a career to have a postdoctoral appointment? How well are female scientists and engineers represented in management? Within the broader context of education and the labor market, the book provides detailed comparisons between men and women Ph.D.s in a number of measures: financial support for education, academic rank achieved, salary, and others. The study covers engineering; the mathematical, physical, life, and social and behavioral sciences; medical school faculty; and recipients of National Institutes of Health grants. Findings and recommendations in this volume will be of interest to practitioners, faculty, and students in science and engineering as well as education administrators, employers, and researchers in these fields. %0 Book %T Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9033/summary-report-1993-doctorate-recipients-from-united-states-universities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9033/summary-report-1993-doctorate-recipients-from-united-states-universities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 107 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wessner, Charles W. %T Building the Illinois Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium %@ 978-0-309-27869-0 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14684/building-the-illinois-innovation-economy-summary-of-a-symposium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14684/building-the-illinois-innovation-economy-summary-of-a-symposium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 224 %X Responding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U.S. states and regions have developed programs to attract and grow companies as well as attract the talent and resources necessary to develop innovation clusters. These state and regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include significant resources, often with a sector focus and often in partnership with foundations and universities. These are being joined by recent initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal agencies that provide significant resources to develop regional centers of innovation, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage entrepreneurship and high-tech development. Building the Illinois Innovation Economy is a study of selected state and regional programs to identify best practices with regard to their goals, structures, instruments, modes of operation, synergies across private and public programs, funding mechanisms and levels, and evaluation efforts. This report reviews selected state and regional efforts to capitalize on federal and state investments in areas of critical national needs. This review includes both efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific new technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and energy in order to improve our understanding of program goals, challenges, and accomplishments. As a part of this review, The Committee on Competing in the 21st Century: Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives is convening a series of public workshops and symposia involving responsible local, state, and federal officials and other stakeholders. These meetings and symposia will enable an exchange of views, information, experience, and analysis to identify best practice in the range of programs and incentives adopted. Building the Illinois Innovation Economy summarizes discussions at these symposia, fact-finding meetings, and commissioned analyses of existing state and regional programs and technology focus areas, the committee will subsequently produce a final report with findings and recommendations focused on lessons, issues, and opportunities for complementary U.S. policies created by these state and regional initiatives. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Cohen, Wesley M. %E Merrill, Stephen A. %T Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy %@ 978-0-309-08636-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10770/patents-in-the-knowledge-based-economy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10770/patents-in-the-knowledge-based-economy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 352 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn %E Fox, Merc %T Russian Views on Countering Terrorism During Eight Years of Dialogue: Extracts from Proceedings of Four U.S.-Russian Workshops %@ 978-0-309-13757-7 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12629/russian-views-on-countering-terrorism-during-eight-years-of-dialogue %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12629/russian-views-on-countering-terrorism-during-eight-years-of-dialogue %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 362 %X Few countries have endured as many attacks of terrorism during the past two decades as has Russia. From bombings on the streets of a number of cities, to the disruption of pipelines in Dagestan, to the taking of hundreds of hostages at a cultural center in Moscow and at a school in Beslan, the Russian government has responded to many political and technical challenges to protect the population. The measures that have been undertaken to reduce vulnerabilities to terrorist attacks and to mitigate the consequences of attacks have been of widespread interest in many other countries as well. In June 1999, the Presidents of the National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences initiated an inter-academy program to jointly address common interests in the field of counter-terrorism. Four workshops were held from 2001 to 2007 and additional consultations were undertaken prior to and after the series of workshops. This report includes 35 of the Russian presentations during the workshop series. Collectively they provide a broad overview of activities that have been supported by Russian institutions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Bridge Builders: African Experiences With Information and Communication Technology %@ 978-0-309-05483-6 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5260/bridge-builders-african-experiences-with-information-and-communication-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5260/bridge-builders-african-experiences-with-information-and-communication-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 304 %X This volume tells 16 remarkable stories—first person accounts of how information and communication technologies have been successfully introduced into institutions for the benefit of scientists and engineers in sub-Saharan Africa. These case studies focus on the lessons learned in designing and implementing projects dealing with scientific and technological information and examine the impact. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science and Technology in Armenia: Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy %@ 978-0-309-09278-4 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11107/science-and-technology-in-armenia-toward-a-knowledge-based-economy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11107/science-and-technology-in-armenia-toward-a-knowledge-based-economy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Industry and Labor %P 135 %X An NRC ad hoc committee analyzed the current status and future development potential of Armenia's science and technology base, including human and infrastructural resources and research and educational capabilities. The committee identified those fields and institutions offering promising opportunities for contributing to economic and social development, and particularly institutions having unique and important capabilities, worthy of support from international financial institutions, private investment sources, and the Armenian and U.S. governments. The scope of the study included both pure and applied research as well as education in science-related fields. The committee's report addresses the existing capacity of state and private research institutions, higher education capabilities and trends, scientific funding sources, innovative investment models, relevant success stories, factors hindering development of the science sector, potential domestic Armenian customers for scientific results and products, and opportunities for regional scientific collaboration. An Armenian language version of the report is also available. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Flexible Electronics Opportunity %@ 978-0-309-30591-4 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18812/the-flexible-electronics-opportunity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18812/the-flexible-electronics-opportunity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 328 %X Flexible electronics describes circuits that can bend and stretch, enabling significant versatility in applications and the prospect of low-cost manufacturing processes. They represent an important technological advance, in terms of their performance characteristics and potential range of applications, ranging from medical care, packaging, lighting and signage, consumer electronics and alternative energy (especially solar energy.) What these technologies have in common is a dependence on efficient manufacturing that currently requires improved technology, processes, tooling, and materials, as well as ongoing research. Seeking to capture the global market opportunity in flexible electronics, major U.S. competitors have initiated dedicated programs that are large in scope and supported with significant government funding to develop and acquire these new technologies, refine them, and ultimately manufacture them within their national borders. These national and regional investments are significantly larger than U.S. investment and more weighted toward later stage applied research and development. The Flexible Electronics Opportunity examines and compares selected innovation programs both foreign and domestic, and their potential to advance the production of flexible electronics technology in the United States. This report reviews the goals, concept, structure, operation, funding levels, and evaluation of foreign programs similar to major U.S. programs, e.g., innovation awards, S&T parks, and consortia. The report describes the transition of flexible electronics research into products and to makes recommendations to improve and to develop U.S. programs. Through an examination of the role of research consortia around the world to advance flexible electronics technology, the report makes recommendations for steps that the U.S. might consider to develop a robust industry in the United States. Significant U.S. expansion in the market for flexible electronics technologies is not likely to occur in the absence of mechanisms to address investment risks, the sharing of intellectual property, and the diverse technology requirements associated with developing and manufacturing flexible electronics technologies. The Flexible Electronics Opportunity makes recommendations for collaboration among industry, universities, and government to achieve the critical levels of investment and the acceleration of new technology development that are needed to catalyze a vibrant flexible electronics industry. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Measuring the Science and Engineering Enterprise: Priorities for the Division of Science Resources Studies %@ 978-0-309-06892-5 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9775/measuring-the-science-and-engineering-enterprise-priorities-for-the-division %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9775/measuring-the-science-and-engineering-enterprise-priorities-for-the-division %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 160 %X The science and engineering enterprise has continued to evolve, responding over the last decade to increased economic globalization, a post-cold war military, federal budget fluctuations, and structural changes in the way science and engineering are conducted and innovations are adopted. This report suggests ways to revise the data collection activities of the Science Resources Studies Division (SRS) of the National Science Foundation to better capture the current realities of R&D funding and S&E human resources. The report's recommendations would improve the relevance of the data on graduate education, the labor market for scientists and engineers, and the funding and conduct of research and development, and thus better meet the data needs of policymakers, managers, and researchers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn %E Robbins, Kelly %T Setting the Stage for International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities: International Workshop Proceedings %@ 978-0-309-11961-0 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12191/setting-the-stage-for-international-spent-nuclear-fuel-storage-facilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12191/setting-the-stage-for-international-spent-nuclear-fuel-storage-facilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 128 %X In May 2003, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academies organized an international workshop in Moscow on the scientific issues relevant to the establishment and operation of an international spent nuclear fuel storage facility in Russia. Given the broad international interest in this topic, the academies organized a second international workshop on important issues that were not on the agenda or were not adequately discussed at the first workshop. These issues included international monitoring at the facility, transportation requirements, liability and insurance concerns, and status of Russian legislation and regulations that are important in locating and operating a facility. Relevant experience from Europe, the United States, and Asia was also considered in this 2005 workshop. This book contains the papers presented at the 2005 workshop sessions, as well as proceedings from the 2003 workshop. Together they provide an overview of the issues, and useful background for those organizations and individuals involved in further development of an international spent nuclear fuel storage facility in Russia. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Improving Metrics for the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program %@ 978-0-309-22255-6 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13289/improving-metrics-for-the-department-of-defense-cooperative-threat-reduction-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13289/improving-metrics-for-the-department-of-defense-cooperative-threat-reduction-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 118 %X The Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program was created in 1991 as a set of support activities assisting the Former Soviet Union states in securing and eliminating strategic nuclear weapons and the materials used to create them. The Program evolved as needs and opportunities changed: Efforts to address biological and chemical threats were added, as was a program aimed at preventing cross-border smuggling of weapons of mass destruction. CTR has traveled through uncharted territory since its inception, and both the United States and its partners have taken bold steps resulting in progress unimagined in initial years. Over the years, much of the debate about CTR on Capitol Hill has concerned the effective use of funds, when the partners would take full responsibility for the efforts, and how progress, impact, and effectiveness should be measured. Directed by Congress, the Secretary of Defense completed a report describing DoD's metrics for the CTR Program (here called the DoD Metrics Report) in September 2010 and, as required in the same law, contracted with the National Academy of Sciences to review the metrics DoD developed and identify possible additional or alternative metrics, if necessary. Improving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program provides that review and advice. Improving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program identifies shortcomings in the DoD Metrics Report and provides recommendations to enhance DoD's development and use of metrics for the CTR Program. The committee wrote this report with two main audiences in mind: Those who are mostly concerned with the overall assessment and advice, and those readers directly involved in the CTR Program, who need the details of the DoD report assessment and of how to implement the approach that the committee recommends. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %T Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism: A Cooperative Program of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences (1995-2020) %@ 978-0-309-08775-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 162 %X During the past 25 years, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences, have carried out a wide variety of activities to improve understanding of the challenges in containing and reducing ethnic conflicts, violent extremism, and terrorism. Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism provides an overview of this cross-ocean program, which has involved American and Russian scientists, engineers, and medical professionals from a large number of government agencies, leading research institutions, think tanks, educational institutions, analytical centers, and consulting and commercial firms in the two countries. This report highlights challenges addressed by the academies over many years that remain of current interest as the U.S., Russian, and other governments continue to cope with old and new forms of aggression that threaten the livelihood of populations at home and abroad. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Strengthening Equitable Community Resilience: Criteria and Guiding Principles for the Gulf Research Program's Enhancing Community Resilience (EnCoRe) Initiative %@ 978-0-309-70005-4 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26880/strengthening-equitable-community-resilience-criteria-and-guiding-principles-for-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26880/strengthening-equitable-community-resilience-criteria-and-guiding-principles-for-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 104 %X The Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has developed a program to strengthen community resilience, the Enhancing Community Resilience (EnCoRe) initiative. EnCoRe aims to reduce inequities in health and community resilience; advance research and practice in health and community resilience; and build the capacity of communities for addressing the impacts of climate change and disasters on at-risk populations. To achieve these goals, EnCoRe will support long-term, multiyear community engagement projects that partner directly with select communities across the Gulf region and Alaska. This report develops findings and recommendations intended to help guide EnCoRe in identifying, selecting, and engaging with communities as it moves forward with the initiative. Strengthening Equitable Community Resilience examines past and current community engagement efforts and other relevant materials, particularly those that have included communities in the Gulf region and Alaska, for the purpose of identifying guiding principles and lessons learned and then develops a set of guiding principles to identify criteria for selecting the participating communities in the EnCoRe program. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %T Developing a National STEM Workforce Strategy: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-39158-0 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21900/developing-a-national-stem-workforce-strategy-a-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21900/developing-a-national-stem-workforce-strategy-a-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 160 %X The future competitiveness of the United States in an increasingly interconnected global economy depends on the nation fostering a workforce with strong capabilities and skills in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). STEM knowledge and skills enable both individual opportunity and national competitiveness, and the nation needs to develop ways of ensuring access to high-quality education and training experiences for all students at all levels and for all workers at all career stages. The National Science Foundation (NSF) holds a primary responsibility for overseeing the federal government’s efforts to foster the creation of a STEM-capable workforce. As part of its efforts in this endeavor, NSF’s Directorate on Education and Human Resources asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a workshop that would contribute to NSF’s preparation of a theoretical and evidence-based STEM Workforce Development R&D Core Framework. Participants discussed research themes, identified gaps and emerging research opportunities, and recommended refinements in the goals of the framework. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Matyas, Marsha Lakes %E Dix, Linda Skidmore %T Science and Engineering Programs: On Target for Women? %@ 978-0-309-04778-4 %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2039/science-and-engineering-programs-on-target-for-women %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2039/science-and-engineering-programs-on-target-for-women %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 240 %X Based primarily on a conference, this book examines the need for interventions to increase the number of U.S. students, both males and females, pursuing careers in the sciences and engineering and describes interventions supported by the private and public sectors at the undergraduate and graduate levels of education. The individually authored chapters also describe actions taken by employers of scientists and engineers to retain their technical work force. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Conflict and Reconstruction in Multiethnic Societies: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08939-5 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10879/conflict-and-reconstruction-in-multiethnic-societies-proceedings-of-a-russian %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10879/conflict-and-reconstruction-in-multiethnic-societies-proceedings-of-a-russian %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 236 %X This report is the proceedings of a December 2001 international symposium in Washington, DC organized by the National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The symposium addressed (1) characteristics of peaceful management of tensions in multiethnic societies, particularly in Russia; (2) policies that have contributed to violence in such societies; (3) steps toward reconciliation; and (4) post-conflict reconstruction. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Hammonds, Evelynn %E Taylor, Valerie %E Hutton, Rebekah %T Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech %@ 978-0-309-26897-4 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26345/transforming-trajectories-for-women-of-color-in-tech %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26345/transforming-trajectories-for-women-of-color-in-tech %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 254 %X Demand for tech professionals is expected to increase substantially over the next decade, and increasing the number of women of color in tech will be critical to building and maintaining a competitive workforce. Despite years of efforts to increase the diversity of the tech workforce, women of color have remained underrepresented, and the numbers of some groups of women of color have even declined. Even in cases where some groups of women of color may have higher levels of representation, data show that they still face significant systemic challenges in advancing to positions of leadership. Research evidence suggests that structural and social barriers in tech education, the tech workforce, and in venture capital investment disproportionately and negatively affect women of color. Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech uses current research as well as information obtained through four public information-gathering workshops to provide recommendations to a broad set of stakeholders within the tech ecosystem for increasing recruitment, retention, and advancement of women of color. This report identifies gaps in existing research that obscure the nature of challenges faced by women of color in tech, addresses systemic issues that negatively affect outcomes for women of color in tech, and provides guidance for transforming existing systems and implementing evidence-based policies and practices to increase the success of women of color in tech. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Espinosa, Lorelle L. %E McGuire, Kent %E Jackson, Leigh Miles %T Minority Serving Institutions: America's Underutilized Resource for Strengthening the STEM Workforce %@ 978-0-309-48441-1 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25257/minority-serving-institutions-americas-underutilized-resource-for-strengthening-the-stem %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25257/minority-serving-institutions-americas-underutilized-resource-for-strengthening-the-stem %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 254 %X There are over 20 million young people of color in the United States whose representation in STEM education pathways and in the STEM workforce is still far below their numbers in the general population. Their participation could help re-establish the United States' preeminence in STEM innovation and productivity, while also increasing the number of well-educated STEM workers. There are nearly 700 minority-serving institutions (MSIs) that provide pathways to STEM educational success and workforce readiness for millions of students of color—and do so in a mission-driven and intentional manner. They vary substantially in their origins, missions, student demographics, and levels of institutional selectivity. But in general, their service to the nation provides a gateway to higher education and the workforce, particularly for underrepresented students of color and those from low-income and first-generation to college backgrounds. The challenge for the nation is how to capitalize on the unique strengths and attributes of these institutions and to equip them with the resources, exceptional faculty talent, and vital infrastructure needed to educate and train an increasingly critical portion of current and future generations of scientists, engineers, and health professionals. Minority Serving Institutions examines the nation's MSIs and identifies promising programs and effective strategies that have the highest potential return on investment for the nation by increasing the quantity and quality MSI STEM graduates. This study also provides critical information and perspective about the importance of MSIs to other stakeholders in the nation's system of higher education and the organizations that support them. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %T Countering Terrorism: Biological Agents, Transportation Networks, and Energy Systems: Summary of a U.S.-Russian Workshop %@ 978-0-309-12707-3 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12490/countering-terrorism-biological-agents-transportation-networks-and-energy-systems-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12490/countering-terrorism-biological-agents-transportation-networks-and-energy-systems-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 244 %X This book presents the proceedings of the fourth U.S.-Russian interacademy workshop on the general theme of countering terrorism, which was held in Moscow in March 2007. The fourth in a series, this volume continues to explore topics related to urban terrorism, but with a new emphasis on potential attacks involving biological agents, transportation networks, and energy systems. The other books in the series include: High Impact Terrorism: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop (2002) Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses: U.S.-Russian Workshop Proceedings (2004) Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop (2006) %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %E Parker, Frank L. %E Robbins, Kelly %T Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings %@ 978-0-309-12761-5 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12505/cleaning-up-sites-contaminated-with-radioactive-materials-international-workshop-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12505/cleaning-up-sites-contaminated-with-radioactive-materials-international-workshop-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 234 %X This publication features papers presented at the Workshop on Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials, held in Moscow in June 2007. This activity was organized by the National Academies in cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences and with funding provided by the Russell Family Foundation. The workshop was designed to promote exchanges of information on specific contaminated sites in Russia and elsewhere and to stimulate greater attention to the severity of the problems and the urgent need to clean up sites of concern to the local and international communities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %E Sharber, A. Chelsea %T Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-10245-2 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11698/countering-urban-terrorism-in-russia-and-the-united-states-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11698/countering-urban-terrorism-in-russia-and-the-united-states-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 256 %X In January-February 2005, the National Academies Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States and the Russian Academy of Sciences Standing Committee on Counterterrorism held a workshop on urban terrorism in Washington, D.C. Prior to the workshop, three working groups convened to focus on the topics of energy systems vulnerabilities, transportation systems vulnerabilities, and cyberterrorism issues. The working groups met with local experts and first responders, prepared reports, and presented their findings at the workshop. Other workshop papers focused on various organizations' integrated response to acts of urban terrorism, recent acts of terrorism, radiological terrorism, biological terrorism, cyberterrorism, and the roots of terrorism. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses: U.S.-Russian Workshop Proceedings %@ 978-0-309-08971-5 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10968/terrorism-reducing-vulnerabilities-and-improving-responses-us-russian-workshop-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10968/terrorism-reducing-vulnerabilities-and-improving-responses-us-russian-workshop-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 254 %X This book is devoted primarily to papers prepared by American and Russian specialists on cyber terrorism and urban terrorism. It also includes papers on biological and radiological terrorism from the American and Russian perspectives. Of particular interest are the discussions of the hostage situation at Dubrovko in Moscow, the damge inflicted in New York during the attacks on 9/11, and Russian priorities in addressing cyber terrorism. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %E Sharber, A. Chelsea %T An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility: Exploring a Russian Site as a Prototype: Proceedings of an International Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09688-1 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11320/an-international-spent-nuclear-fuel-storage-facility-exploring-a-russian %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11320/an-international-spent-nuclear-fuel-storage-facility-exploring-a-russian %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 302 %X As part of a long-standing collaboration on nuclear nonproliferation, the National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a joint workshop in Moscow in 2003 on the scientific aspects of an international radioactive disposal site in Russia. The passage of Russian laws permitting the importation and storage of high-level radioactive material (primarily spent nuclear fuel from reactors) has engendered interest from a number of foreign governments, including the U.S., in exploring the possibility of transferring material to Russia on a temporary or permanent basis. The workshop focused on the environmental aspects of the general location and characteristics of a possible storage site, transportation to and within the site, containers for transportation and storage, inventory and accountability, audits and inspections, and handling technologies. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Fostering Integrity in Research %@ 978-0-309-39125-2 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21896/fostering-integrity-in-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21896/fostering-integrity-in-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 326 %X The integrity of knowledge that emerges from research is based on individual and collective adherence to core values of objectivity, honesty, openness, fairness, accountability, and stewardship. Integrity in science means that the organizations in which research is conducted encourage those involved to exemplify these values in every step of the research process. Understanding the dynamics that support – or distort – practices that uphold the integrity of research by all participants ensures that the research enterprise advances knowledge. The 1992 report Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process evaluated issues related to scientific responsibility and the conduct of research. It provided a valuable service in describing and analyzing a very complicated set of issues, and has served as a crucial basis for thinking about research integrity for more than two decades. However, as experience has accumulated with various forms of research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and other forms of misconduct, as subsequent empirical research has revealed more about the nature of scientific misconduct, and because technological and social changes have altered the environment in which science is conducted, it is clear that the framework established more than two decades ago needs to be updated. Responsible Science served as a valuable benchmark to set the context for this most recent analysis and to help guide the committee's thought process. Fostering Integrity in Research identifies best practices in research and recommends practical options for discouraging and addressing research misconduct and detrimental research practices. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wessner, Charles W. %T Securing the Future: Regional and National Programs to Support the Semiconductor Industry %@ 978-0-309-08501-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10677/securing-the-future-regional-and-national-programs-to-support-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10677/securing-the-future-regional-and-national-programs-to-support-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 342 %X Based on the deliberations of a high-level international conference, this report summarizes the presentations of an exceptional group of experts, convened by Intel’s Chairman Emeritus Gordon Moore and SEMATECH’s Chairman Emeritus William Spencer. The report documents the critical technological challenges facing this key industry and the rapid growth in government-industry partnerships overseas to support centers of semiconductor research and production in national economies. Importantly, the report provides a series of recommendations designed to strengthen U.S. research in disciplines supporting the continued growth of semiconductor industry, an industry which has made major contributions to the remarkable increases in productivity in the U.S. economy. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten %E Helman, Alex %T Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups %@ 978-0-309-27820-1 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26479/improving-representation-in-clinical-trials-and-research-building-research-equity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26479/improving-representation-in-clinical-trials-and-research-building-research-equity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 280 %X The United States has long made substantial investments in clinical research with the goal of improving the health and well-being of our nation. There is no doubt that these investments have contributed significantly to treating and preventing disease and extending human life. Nevertheless, clinical research faces a critical shortcoming. Currently, large swaths of the U.S. population, and those that often face the greatest health challenges, are less able to benefit from these discoveries because they are not adequately represented in clinical research studies. While progress has been made with representation of white women in clinical trials and clinical research, there has been little progress in the last three decades to increase participation of racial and ethnic minority population groups. This underrepresentation is compounding health disparities, with serious consequences for underrepresented groups and for the nation. At the request of Congress, Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups identifies policies, procedures, programs, or projects aimed at increasing the inclusion of these groups in clinical research and the specific strategies used by those conducting clinical trials and clinical and translational research to improve diversity and inclusion. This report models the potential economic benefits of full inclusion of men, women, and racial and ethnic groups in clinical research and highlights new programs and interventions in medical centers and other clinical settings designed to increase participation. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Floden, Robert %E Stephens, Amy %E Scherer, Layne %T Changing Expectations for the K-12 Teacher Workforce: Policies, Preservice Education, Professional Development, and the Workplace %@ 978-0-309-49903-3 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25603/changing-expectations-for-the-k-12-teacher-workforce-policies-preservice %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25603/changing-expectations-for-the-k-12-teacher-workforce-policies-preservice %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 222 %X Teachers play a critical role in the success of their students, both academically and in regard to long term outcomes such as higher education participation and economic attainment. Expectations for teachers are increasing due to changing learning standards and a rapidly diversifying student population. At the same time, there are perceptions that the teaching workforce may be shifting toward a younger and less experienced demographic. These actual and perceived changes raise important questions about the ways teacher education may need to evolve in order to ensure that educators are able to meet the needs of students and provide them with classroom experiences that will put them on the path to future success. Changing Expectations for the K-12 Teacher Workforce: Policies, Preservice Education, Professional Development, and the Workplace explores the impact of the changing landscape of K-12 education and the potential for expansion of effective models, programs, and practices for teacher education. This report explores factors that contribute to understanding the current teacher workforce, changing expectations for teaching and learning, trends and developments in the teacher labor market, preservice teacher education, and opportunities for learning in the workplace and in-service professional development. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %T Careers in Science and Engineering: A Student Planning Guide to Grad School and Beyond %@ 978-0-309-05393-8 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5129/careers-in-science-and-engineering-a-student-planning-guide-to %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5129/careers-in-science-and-engineering-a-student-planning-guide-to %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 160 %X As science and technology advance, the needs of employers change, and these changes continually reshape the job market for scientists and engineers. Such shifts present challenges for students as they struggle to make well-informed education and career choices. Careers in Science and Engineering offers guidance to students on planning careers—particularly careers in nonacademic settings—and acquiring the education necessary to attain career goals. This booklet is designed for graduate science and engineering students currently in or soon to graduate from a university, as well as undergraduates in their third or fourth year of study who are deciding whether or not to pursue graduate education. The content has been reviewed by a number of student focus groups and an advisory committee that included students and representatives of several disciplinary societies. Careers in Science and Engineering offers advice on not only surviving but also enjoying a science- or engineering-related education and career—how to find out about possible careers to pursue, choose a graduate school, select a research project, work with advisers, balance breadth against specialization, obtain funding, evaluate postdoctoral appointments, build skills, and more. Throughout, Careers in Science and Engineering lists resources and suggests people to interview in order to gather the information and insights needed to make good education and career choices. The booklet also offers profiles of science and engineering professionals in a variety of careers. Careers in Science and Engineering will be important to undergraduate and graduate students who have decided to pursue a career in science and engineering or related areas. It will also be of interest to faculty, counselors, and education administrators. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Brenner, Kerry %E Dahlberg, Maria Lund %E Alper, Joe %T Undergraduate and Graduate STEM Students’ Experiences During COVID-19: Proceedings of a Virtual Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-15181-8 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26024/undergraduate-and-graduate-stem-students-experiences-during-covid-19-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26024/undergraduate-and-graduate-stem-students-experiences-during-covid-19-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 64 %X On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a global pandemic. From that moment, leaders of institutions of higher education have had to make quick decisions about how to provide high-quality educational experiences for their students while protecting the health of their students, faculty, and staff and maintaining the fiscal stability of their institutions. Institutions of higher learning took various approaches to the COVID-19 pandemic, which raised two questions: what factors informed decisions at these institutions, and what new initiatives or practices seem to be effective for students during the COVID-19 pandemic? To explore these questions and others regarding the effect of higher education’s current COVID-19 response on students in undergraduate and graduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics programs, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop consisting of four online sessions that took place between September 22 and October 6, 2020. Organized by the Board on Science Education and the Board on Higher Education and Workforce, the virtual workshops provided an opportunity for participants from a range of institutions to share strategies and lessons learned. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Suitor, Carol West %E Oria, Maria %T Foodborne Disease and Public Health: Summary of an Iranian-American Workshop %@ 978-0-309-11613-8 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12094/foodborne-disease-and-public-health-summary-of-an-iranian-american %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12094/foodborne-disease-and-public-health-summary-of-an-iranian-american %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 108 %X The Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board and the National Research Council's Policy and Global Affairs Division convened a workshop in Washington, D.C., entitled Foodborne Disease and Public Health: An Iranian-American Workshop. The overall goals of this workshop were to facilitate the exchange of ideas about foodborne disease and public health and to promote further collaboration among Americans and Iranians on this topic of mutual interest. Experts invited to participate in this workshop addressed a variety of topics, ranging from the surveillance of outbreaks of foodborne illness to approaches to medical training in the Iranian and U.S. educational systems. The workshop was part of a series of cooperative efforts between the United States and Iran as the two countries have collaborated in the past on similar projects relating to foodborne disease. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Ajijola, Olujimi %E Bridges, Charles R., Jr. %E Holden, Lynne M. %E Whitacre, Paula %E Laurencin, Cato T. %T Educational Pathways for Black Students in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Exploring Barriers and Possible Interventions: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-27344-2 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26391/educational-pathways-for-black-students-in-science-engineering-and-medicine %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26391/educational-pathways-for-black-students-in-science-engineering-and-medicine %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 120 %X Academic preparation is critical to increase Black representation in Science, Engineering, and Medicine, but so, too, are such interrelated factors as providing mentoring and role models in sufficient numbers, adequately funding school and community support services, and analyzing the intentional and unintentional consequences of a range of policies and practices. To address these issues, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop on September 2 and 3, 2020. Titled "Educational Pathways for Blacks in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Exploring Barriers and Possible Interventions," the workshop provided a platform to explore challenges and opportunities, beginning in the earliest years of life through K-12 schooling, undergraduate and postgraduate education, and into the workforce. Presenters throughout the workshop provided perspectives from research and from their own experiences to discuss the need for systemic solutions inside and outside of formal education institutions. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States %@ 978-0-309-08724-7 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10667/end-points-for-spent-nuclear-fuel-and-high-level-radioactive-waste-in-russia-and-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10667/end-points-for-spent-nuclear-fuel-and-high-level-radioactive-waste-in-russia-and-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 153 %X End Points for spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russian and the United States provides an analysis of the management of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in Russia and the United States, describing inventories, comparing approaches, and assessing the end-point options for storage and disposal of materials and wastes. The authoring committee finds that despite differences in philosophy about nuclear fuel cycles, Russia and the United States need similar kinds of facilities and face similar challenges, although in Russia many of the problems are worse and funding is less available. This book contains recommendations for immediate and near-term actions, for example, protecting and stabilizing materials that are security and safety hazards, actions for the longer term, such as developing more interim storage capacity and studying effects of deep injection, and areas for collaboration. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Automated Research Workflows for Accelerated Discovery: Closing the Knowledge Discovery Loop %@ 978-0-309-68652-5 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26532/automated-research-workflows-for-accelerated-discovery-closing-the-knowledge-discovery %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26532/automated-research-workflows-for-accelerated-discovery-closing-the-knowledge-discovery %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 136 %X The needs and demands placed on science to address a range of urgent problems are growing. The world is faced with complex, interrelated challenges in which the way forward lies hidden or dispersed across disciplines and organizations. For centuries, scientific research has progressed through iteration of a workflow built on experimentation or observation and analysis of the resulting data. While computers and automation technologies have played a central role in research workflows for decades to acquire, process, and analyze data, these same computing and automation technologies can now also control the acquisition of data, for example, through the design of new experiments or decision making about new observations. The term automated research workflow (ARW) describes scientific research processes that are emerging across a variety of disciplines and fields. ARWs integrate computation, laboratory automation, and tools from artificial intelligence in the performance of tasks that make up the research process, such as designing experiments, observations, and simulations; collecting and analyzing data; and learning from the results to inform further experiments, observations, and simulations. The common goal of researchers implementing ARWs is to accelerate scientific knowledge generation, potentially by orders of magnitude, while achieving greater control and reproducibility in the scientific process. Automated Research Workflows for Accelerated Discovery: Closing the Knowledge Discovery Loop examines current efforts to develop advanced and automated workflows to accelerate research progress, including wider use of artificial intelligence. This report identifies research needs and priorities in the use of advanced and automated workflows for scientific research. Automated Research Workflows for Accelerated Discovery is intended to create awareness, momentum, and synergies to realize the potential of ARWs in scholarly discovery. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Holden, Lynne M. %E Jones, Camara P. %E Laurencin, Cato T. %T The State of Anti-Black Racism in the United States: Reflections and Solutions from the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69289-2 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26692/the-state-of-anti-black-racism-in-the-united-states-reflections-and-solutions-from-the-roundtable-on-black-men-and-black-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26692/the-state-of-anti-black-racism-in-the-united-states-reflections-and-solutions-from-the-roundtable-on-black-men-and-black-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 144 %X The mission of the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is to advance discussions on the barriers and opportunities encountered by Black students and professionals as they navigate the pathways from K-12 and postsecondary education to careers in science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) and highlight promising practices for increasing the representation, retention, and inclusiveness of Black men and Black women in SEM. This proceedings serves as a summary of the presentations and discussions from a capstone workshop, held virtually on December 6 and 7, 2021, to review how anti-Black racism had permeated across the topics covered by the Roundtable over the previous 2 years. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Haselkorn, Mark %T Strategic Management of Information and Communication Technology: The United States Air Force Experience with Y2K %@ 978-0-309-11128-7 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11999/strategic-management-of-information-and-communication-technology-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11999/strategic-management-of-information-and-communication-technology-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Education %P 142 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy %@ 978-0-309-47647-8 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25120/securing-the-vote-protecting-american-democracy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25120/securing-the-vote-protecting-american-democracy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 180 %X During the 2016 presidential election, America's election infrastructure was targeted by actors sponsored by the Russian government. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy examines the challenges arising out of the 2016 federal election, assesses current technology and standards for voting, and recommends steps that the federal government, state and local governments, election administrators, and vendors of voting technology should take to improve the security of election infrastructure. In doing so, the report provides a vision of voting that is more secure, accessible, reliable, and verifiable. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A National Academy of Engineering %T Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium %@ 978-0-309-09323-1 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11192/urbanization-energy-and-air-pollution-in-china-the-challenges-ahead %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11192/urbanization-energy-and-air-pollution-in-china-the-challenges-ahead %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 308 %X In October 2003, a group of experts met in Beijing under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Engineering (NAE)/National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies to continue a dialogue and eventually chart a rational course of energy use in China. This collection of papers is intended to introduce the reader to the complicated problems of urban air pollution and energy choices in China. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering %@ 978-0-309-10042-7 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11741/beyond-bias-and-barriers-fulfilling-the-potential-of-women-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11741/beyond-bias-and-barriers-fulfilling-the-potential-of-women-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Education %P 346 %X The United States economy relies on the productivity, entrepreneurship, and creativity of its people. To maintain its scientific and engineering leadership amid increasing economic and educational globalization, the United States must aggressively pursue the innovative capacity of all its people&#8212women and men. However, women face barriers to success in every field of science and engineering; obstacles that deprive the country of an important source of talent. Without a transformation of academic institutions to tackle such barriers, the future vitality of the U.S. research base and economy are in jeopardy. Beyond Bias and Barriers explains that eliminating gender bias in academia requires immediate overarching reform, including decisive action by university administrators, professional societies, federal funding agencies and foundations, government agencies, and Congress. If implemented and coordinated across public, private, and government sectors, the recommended actions will help to improve workplace environments for all employees while strengthening the foundations of America&#39s competitiveness. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %E Mattis, Mary C. %E Sislin, John %T Enhancing the Community College Pathway to Engineering Careers %@ 978-0-309-09534-1 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11438/enhancing-the-community-college-pathway-to-engineering-careers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11438/enhancing-the-community-college-pathway-to-engineering-careers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Engineering and Technology %P 118 %X Community colleges play an important role in starting students on the road to engineering careers, but students often face obstacles in transferring to four-year educational institutions to continue their education. Enhancing the Community College Pathway to Engineering Careers, a new book from the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council, discusses ways to improve the transfer experience for students at community colleges and offers strategies to enhance partnerships between those colleges and four-year engineering schools to help students transfer more smoothly. In particular, the book focuses on challenges and opportunities for improving transfer between community colleges and four-year educational institutions, recruitment and retention of students interested in engineering, the curricular content and quality of engineering programs, opportunities for community colleges to increase diversity in the engineering workforce, and a review of sources of information on community college and transfer students. It includes a number of current policies, practices, and programs involving community college–four-year institution partnerships. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Holden, Lynne M. %E Sullivan, Louis W. %E Laurencin, Cato T. %T Supporting Black Students Through Their Science, Engineering, and Medicine Career Journeys: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-71250-7 %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27339/supporting-black-students-through-their-science-engineering-and-medicine-career-journeys %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27339/supporting-black-students-through-their-science-engineering-and-medicine-career-journeys %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 132 %X Increasing the number of Black men and Black women who enter the fields of science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) will benefit the social and economic health of the nation. On May 2-3, 2022 the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to highlight promising financial and supportive services and programs throughout various stages of career development. Sessions followed student progression through the major stages of education and career development, and identified policies and practices that aim to mitigate and alleviate long-standing barriers to the full participation of Black students in SEM at the K–12, undergraduate, and graduate and professional levels. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy %@ 978-0-309-16035-3 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12997/proceedings-of-a-workshop-on-deterring-cyberattacks-informing-strategies-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12997/proceedings-of-a-workshop-on-deterring-cyberattacks-informing-strategies-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Computers and Information Technology %P 400 %X In a world of increasing dependence on information technology, the prevention of cyberattacks on a nation's important computer and communications systems and networks is a problem that looms large. Given the demonstrated limitations of passive cybersecurity defense measures, it is natural to consider the possibility that deterrence might play a useful role in preventing cyberattacks against the United States and its vital interests. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the National Research Council undertook a two-phase project aimed to foster a broad, multidisciplinary examination of strategies for deterring cyberattacks on the United States and of the possible utility of these strategies for the U.S. government. The first phase produced a letter report providing basic information needed to understand the nature of the problem and to articulate important questions that can drive research regarding ways of more effectively preventing, discouraging, and inhibiting hostile activity against important U.S. information systems and networks. The second phase of the project entailed selecting appropriate experts to write papers on questions raised in the letter report. A number of experts, identified by the committee, were commissioned to write these papers under contract with the National Academy of Sciences. Commissioned papers were discussed at a public workshop held June 10-11, 2010, in Washington, D.C., and authors revised their papers after the workshop. Although the authors were selected and the papers reviewed and discussed by the committee, the individually authored papers do not reflect consensus views of the committee, and the reader should view these papers as offering points of departure that can stimulate further work on the topics discussed. The papers presented in this volume are published essentially as received from the authors, with some proofreading corrections made as limited time allowed. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence %@ 978-0-309-26864-6 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18265/future-us-workforce-for-geospatial-intelligence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18265/future-us-workforce-for-geospatial-intelligence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Earth Sciences %P 184 %X We live in a changing world with multiple and evolving threats to national security, including terrorism, asymmetrical warfare (conflicts between agents with different military powers or tactics), and social unrest. Visually depicting and assessing these threats using imagery and other geographically-referenced information is the mission of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). As the nature of the threat evolves, so do the tools, knowledge, and skills needed to respond. The challenge for NGA is to maintain a workforce that can deal with evolving threats to national security, ongoing scientific and technological advances, and changing skills and expectations of workers. Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence assesses the supply of expertise in 10 geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) fields, including 5 traditional areas (geodesy and geophysics, photogrammetry, remote sensing, cartographic science, and geographic information systems and geospatial analysis) and 5 emerging areas that could improve geospatial intelligence (GEOINT fusion, crowdsourcing, human geography, visual analytics, and forecasting). The report also identifies gaps in expertise relative to NGA's needs and suggests ways to ensure an adequate supply of geospatial intelligence expertise over the next 20 years. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future %@ 978-0-309-18758-9 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11463/rising-above-the-gathering-storm-energizing-and-employing-america-for %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11463/rising-above-the-gathering-storm-energizing-and-employing-america-for %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Education %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 590 %X In a world where advanced knowledge is widespread and low-cost labor is readily available, U.S. advantages in the marketplace and in science and technology have begun to erode. A comprehensive and coordinated federal effort is urgently needed to bolster U.S. competitiveness and pre-eminence in these areas. This congressionally requested report by a pre-eminent committee makes four recommendations along with 20 implementation actions that federal policy-makers should take to create high-quality jobs and focus new science and technology efforts on meeting the nation's needs, especially in the area of clean, affordable energy: 1) Increase America's talent pool by vastly improving K-12 mathematics and science education; 2) Sustain and strengthen the nation's commitment to long-term basic research; 3) Develop, recruit, and retain top students, scientists, and engineers from both the U.S. and abroad; and 4) Ensure that the United States is the premier place in the world for innovation. Some actions will involve changing existing laws, while others will require financial support that would come from reallocating existing budgets or increasing them. Rising Above the Gathering Storm will be of great interest to federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, public decision makers, research sponsors, regulatory analysts, and scholars. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %E Sloan, Susan Sauer %E Alper, Joe %T Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-30895-3 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18849/culture-matters-international-research-collaboration-in-a-changing-world-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18849/culture-matters-international-research-collaboration-in-a-changing-world-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 98 %X In an increasingly interconnected world, science and technology research often transects international boundaries and involves researchers from multiple nations. This paradigm provides both new opportunities and new challenges. As science and technology capabilities grow around the world, United States-based organizations are finding that international collaborations and partnerships provide unique opportunities to enhance research and training. At the same time, enhancing international collaboration requires recognition of differences in culture, legitimate national security needs, and critical needs in education and training. Culture Matters is the summary of a workshop convened by the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR) in July 2013 to address how culture and cultural perception influence and impact the process by which research agreements are made and negotiated across international boundaries. In this workshop, "Culture Matters: An Approach to International Research Agreements", representatives from around the world and from GUIRR's three constituent sectors - government, university, and industry - gathered to provide input into four specific meeting tracks or domains. The tracks focused on research and agreements affecting or involving people/human subjects; environmental and natural resources; science, engineering, and manufacturing; and agriculture and animal issues. This report examines each of these domains and the role that culture and cultural expectations may have in the forging and implementation of international research agreements. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited %@ 978-0-309-31446-6 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18982/the-postdoctoral-experience-revisited %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18982/the-postdoctoral-experience-revisited %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 122 %X The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited builds on the 2000 report Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers. That ground-breaking report assessed the postdoctoral experience and provided principles, action points, and recommendations to enhance that experience. Since the publication of the 2000 report, the postdoctoral landscape has changed considerably. The percentage of PhDs who pursue postdoctoral training is growing steadily and spreading from the biomedical and physical sciences to engineering and the social sciences. The average length of time spent in postdoctoral positions seems to be increasing. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited reexamines postdoctoral programs in the United States, focusing on how postdocs are being guided and managed, how institutional practices have changed, and what happens to postdocs after they complete their programs. This book explores important changes that have occurred in postdoctoral practices and the research ecosystem and assesses how well current practices meet the needs of these fledgling scientists and engineers and of the research enterprise. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited takes a fresh look at current postdoctoral fellows - how many there are, where they are working, in what fields, and for how many years. This book makes recommendations to improve aspects of programs - postdoctoral period of service, title and role, career development, compensation and benefits, and mentoring. Current data on demographics, career aspirations, and career outcomes for postdocs are limited. This report makes the case for better data collection by research institution and data sharing. A larger goal of this study is not only to propose ways to make the postdoctoral system better for the postdoctoral researchers themselves but also to better understand the role that postdoctoral training plays in the research enterprise. It is also to ask whether there are alternative ways to satisfy some of the research and career development needs of postdoctoral researchers that are now being met with several years of advanced training. Postdoctoral researchers are the future of the research enterprise. The discussion and recommendations of The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited will stimulate action toward clarifying the role of postdoctoral researchers and improving their status and experience. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %E Olson, Steve %E Labov, Jay B. %T Community Colleges in the Evolving STEM Education Landscape: Summary of a Summit %@ 978-0-309-25654-4 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13399/community-colleges-in-the-evolving-stem-education-landscape-summary-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13399/community-colleges-in-the-evolving-stem-education-landscape-summary-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 156 %X The National Research Council (NRC) and National Academy of Engineering (NAE) have released a new report, Community Colleges in the Evolving STEM Education Landscape: Summary of a Summit. Based on a national summit that was supported by the National Science Foundation and organized by the NRC and the NAE, the report highlights the importance of community colleges, especially in emerging areas of STEM (Sciene, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) and preparation of the STEM workforce. Community colleges are also essential in accommodating growing numbers of students and in retraining displaced workers in skills needed in the new economy. Community Colleges in the Evolving STEM Education Landscape: Summary of a Summit looks at the changing and evolving relationships between community colleges and four-year institutions, with a focus on partnerships and articulation processes that can facilitate student success in STEM; expanding participation of students from historically underrepresented populations in undergraduate STEM education; and how subjects, such as mathematics, can serve as gateways or barriers to college completion.