TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - LeighAnne Olsen A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes A2 - David A. Relman A2 - Leslie Pray TI - Fungal Diseases: An Emerging Threat to Human, Animal, and Plant Health: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13147 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13147/fungal-diseases-an-emerging-threat-to-human-animal-and-plant PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Agriculture KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Fungal diseases have contributed to death and disability in humans, triggered global wildlife extinctions and population declines, devastated agricultural crops, and altered forest ecosystem dynamics. Despite the extensive influence of fungi on health and economic well-being, the threats posed by emerging fungal pathogens to life on Earth are often underappreciated and poorly understood. On December 14 and 15, 2010, the IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore the scientific and policy dimensions associated with the causes and consequences of emerging fungal diseases. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - James N. Weinstein A2 - Amy Geller A2 - Yamrot Negussie A2 - Alina Baciu TI - Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity SN - DO - 10.17226/24624 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24624/communities-in-action-pathways-to-health-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt A2 - Diana E. Pankevich A2 - Marilee K. Shelton-Davenport A2 - Jeffrey P. Kahn TI - Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Assessing the Necessity SN - DO - 10.17226/13257 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13257/chimpanzees-in-biomedical-and-behavioral-research-assessing-the-necessity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Health and Medicine KW - Agriculture AB - For many years, experiments using chimpanzees have been instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and have led to new medicines to prevent life-threatening and debilitating diseases. However, recent advances in alternate research tools have rendered chimpanzees largely unnecessary as research subjects. The Institute of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Research Council, conducted an in-depth analysis of the scientific necessity for chimpanzees in NIH-funded biomedical and behavioral research. The committee concludes that while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in the past, most current biomedical research use of chimpanzees is not necessary, though noted that it is impossible to predict whether research on emerging or new diseases may necessitate chimpanzees in the future. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Sharyl J. Nass A2 - Bruce W. Stillman TI - Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Future Research SN - DO - 10.17226/10718 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10718/large-scale-biomedical-science-exploring-strategies-for-future-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The nature of biomedical research has been evolving in recent years. Technological advances that make it easier to study the vast complexity of biological systems have led to the initiation of projects with a larger scale and scope. In many cases, these large-scale analyses may be the most efficient and effective way to extract functional information from complex biological systems. Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Research looks at the role of these new large-scale projects in the biomedical sciences. Though written by the National Academies’ Cancer Policy Board, this book addresses implications of large-scale science extending far beyond cancer research. It also identifies obstacles to the implementation of these projects, and makes recommendations to improve the process. The ultimate goal of biomedical research is to advance knowledge and provide useful innovations to society. Determining the best and most efficient method for accomplishing that goal, however, is a continuing and evolving challenge. The recommendations presented in Large-Scale Biomedical Science are intended to facilitate a more open, inclusive, and accountable approach to large-scale biomedical research, which in turn will maximize progress in understanding and controlling human disease. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Science Breakthroughs to Advance Food and Agricultural Research by 2030 SN - DO - 10.17226/25059 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25059/science-breakthroughs-to-advance-food-and-agricultural-research-by-2030 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - For nearly a century, scientific advances have fueled progress in U.S. agriculture to enable American producers to deliver safe and abundant food domestically and provide a trade surplus in bulk and high-value agricultural commodities and foods. Today, the U.S. food and agricultural enterprise faces formidable challenges that will test its long-term sustainability, competitiveness, and resilience. On its current path, future productivity in the U.S. agricultural system is likely to come with trade-offs. The success of agriculture is tied to natural systems, and these systems are showing signs of stress, even more so with the change in climate. More than a third of the food produced is unconsumed, an unacceptable loss of food and nutrients at a time of heightened global food demand. Increased food animal production to meet greater demand will generate more greenhouse gas emissions and excess animal waste. The U.S. food supply is generally secure, but is not immune to the costly and deadly shocks of continuing outbreaks of food-borne illness or to the constant threat of pests and pathogens to crops, livestock, and poultry. U.S. farmers and producers are at the front lines and will need more tools to manage the pressures they face. Science Breakthroughs to Advance Food and Agricultural Research by 2030 identifies innovative, emerging scientific advances for making the U.S. food and agricultural system more efficient, resilient, and sustainable. This report explores the availability of relatively new scientific developments across all disciplines that could accelerate progress toward these goals. It identifies the most promising scientific breakthroughs that could have the greatest positive impact on food and agriculture, and that are possible to achieve in the next decade (by 2030). ER -