%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Davis, Elizabeth A. %E Stephens, Amy %T Science and Engineering in Preschool Through Elementary Grades: The Brilliance of Children and the Strengths of Educators %@ 978-0-309-68417-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26215/science-and-engineering-in-preschool-through-elementary-grades-the-brilliance %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26215/science-and-engineering-in-preschool-through-elementary-grades-the-brilliance %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 285 %X Starting in early childhood, children are capable of learning sophisticated science and engineering concepts and engage in disciplinary practices. They are deeply curious about the world around them and eager to investigate the many questions they have about their environment. Educators can develop learning environments that support the development and demonstration of proficiencies in science and engineering, including making connections across the contexts of learning, which can help children see their ideas, interests, and practices as meaningful not just for school, but also in their lives. Unfortunately, in many preschool and elementary schools science gets relatively little attention compared to English language arts and mathematics. In addition, many early childhood and elementary teachers do not have extensive grounding in science and engineering content. Science and Engineering in Preschool through Elementary Grades provides evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction that supports the success of all students. This report evaluates the state of the evidence on learning experiences prior to school; promising instructional approaches and what is needed for implementation to include teacher professional development, curriculum, and instructional materials; and the policies and practices at all levels that constrain or facilitate efforts to enhance preschool through elementary science and engineering. Building a solid foundation in science and engineering in the elementary grades sets the stage for later success, both by sustaining and enhancing students' natural enthusiasm for science and engineering and by establishing the knowledge and skills they need to approach the more challenging topics introduced in later grades. Through evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction, this report will help teachers to support the success of all students. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Pragmatic Future for NAEP: Containing Costs and Updating Technologies %@ 978-0-309-27532-3 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26427/a-pragmatic-future-for-naep-containing-costs-and-updating-technologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26427/a-pragmatic-future-for-naep-containing-costs-and-updating-technologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 140 %X The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) - often called "The Nation's Report Card" - is the largest nationally representative and continuing assessment of what students in public and private schools in the United States know and can do in various subjects and has provided policy makers and the public with invaluable information on U.S. students for more than 50 years. Unique in the information it provides, NAEP is the nation's only mechanism for tracking student achievement over time and comparing trends across states and districts for all students and important student groups (e.g., by race, sex, English learner status, disability status, family poverty status). While the program helps educators, policymakers, and the public understand these educational outcomes, the program has incurred substantially increased costs in recent years and now costs about $175.2 million per year. A Pragmatic Future for NAEP: Containing Costs and Updating Technologies recommends changes to bolster the future success of the program by identifying areas where federal administrators could take advantage of savings, such as new technological tools and platforms as well as efforts to use local administration and deployment for the tests. Additionally, the report recommends areas where the program should clearly communicate about spending and undertake efforts to streamline management. The report also provides recommendations to increase the visibility and coherence of NAEP's research activities. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Forstag, Erin Hammers %T Taking Stock of Science Standards Implementation: Proceedings of a Virtual Summit %@ 978-0-309-68807-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26549/taking-stock-of-science-standards-implementation-proceedings-of-a-virtual %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26549/taking-stock-of-science-standards-implementation-proceedings-of-a-virtual %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 130 %X On October 14 and 15, and December 8, 2021, the Board on Science Education at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual Summit entitled Taking Stock of Science Standards Implementation. Participants explored the landscape of state science standards implementation, identified where there have been successes and challenges, and determined next steps and the resources needed for continuing or re-invigorating implementation efforts. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the event. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Forstag, Erin Hammers %T Research and Data Priorities for Improving Economic and Social Mobility: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-68962-5 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26598/research-and-data-priorities-for-improving-economic-and-social-mobility %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26598/research-and-data-priorities-for-improving-economic-and-social-mobility %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Industry and Labor %P 122 %X Since around 1980, fewer Americans than before are doing better than their parents had – that is, more are experiencing downward social and economic mobility in terms of occupational status and income. This trend in downward mobility is occurring amidst high and rising levels of inequality in income, wealth, health, and life expectancy. To better understand the factors that influence social and economic mobility, the Committee on Population and the Committee on National Statistics hosted a workshop on February 14-15, 2022. The proceedings from this workshop identify key priorities for future research and data collection to improve social and economic mobility. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Rosenfeld, Richard %E Grigg, Amanda %T The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison %@ 978-0-309-27697-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26459/the-limits-of-recidivism-measuring-success-after-prison %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26459/the-limits-of-recidivism-measuring-success-after-prison %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 226 %X Nearly 600,000 people are released from state and federal prisons annually. Whether these individuals will successfully reintegrate into their communities has been identified as a critical measure of the effectiveness of the criminal legal system. However, evaluating the successful reentry of individuals released from prison is a challenging process, particularly given limitations of currently available data and the complex set of factors that shape reentry experiences. The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison finds that the current measures of success for individuals released from prison are inadequate. The use of recidivism rates to evaluate post-release success ignores significant research on how and why individuals cease to commit crimes, as well as the important role of structural factors in shaping post-release outcomes. The emphasis on recidivism as the primary metric to evaluate post-release success also ignores progress in other domains essential to the success of individuals returning to communities, including education, health, family, and employment. In addition, the report highlights the unique and essential insights held by those who have experienced incarceration and proposes that the development and implementation of new measures of post-release success would significantly benefit from active engagement with individuals with this lived experience. Despite significant challenges, the report outlines numerous opportunities to improve the measurement of success among individuals released from prison and the report’s recommendations, if implemented, will contribute to policies that increase the health, safety, and security of formerly incarcerated persons and the communities to which they return. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Kaplan, Robert M. %E Beatty, Alexandra S. %T Ontologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge %@ 978-0-309-27731-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26464/ontologies-in-the-behavioral-sciences-accelerating-research-and-the-spread %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26464/ontologies-in-the-behavioral-sciences-accelerating-research-and-the-spread %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 164 %X New research in psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and other fields is published every day, but the gap between what is known and the capacity to act on that knowledge has never been larger. Scholars and nonscholars alike face the problem of how to organize knowledge and to integrate new observations with what is already known. Ontologies - formal, explicit specifications of the meaning of the concepts and entities that scientists study - provide a way to address these and other challenges, and thus to accelerate progress in behavioral research and its application. Ontologies help researchers precisely define behavioral phenomena and how they relate to each other and reliably classify them. They help researchers identify the inconsistent use of definitions, labels, and measures and provide the basis for sharing knowledge across diverse approaches and methodologies. Although ontologies are an ancient idea, modern researchers rely on them to codify research terms and findings in computer-readable formats and work with large datasets and computer-based analytic techniques. Ontologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge describes how ontologies support science and its application to real-world problems. This report details how ontologies function, how they can be engineered to better support the behavioral sciences, and the resources needed to sustain their development and use to help ensure the maximum benefit from investment in behavioral science research. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Gamoran, Adam %E Dibner, Kenne %T The Future of Education Research at IES: Advancing an Equity-Oriented Science %@ 978-0-309-27539-2 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26428/the-future-of-education-research-at-ies-advancing-an-equity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26428/the-future-of-education-research-at-ies-advancing-an-equity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 284 %X In 2002 Congress passed the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (ESRA), authorizing the creation of the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) as the research, evaluation, statistics, and assessment arm of the Department of Education, and crystallizing the federal government's commitment to providing national leadership in expanding fundamental knowledge and understanding of education from early childhood through postsecondary study. IES shares information on the condition and progress of education in the United States, including early childhood education and special education; educational practices that support learning and improve academic achievement and access to educational opportunities for all students; and the effectiveness of federal and other education programs. In response to a request from the Institute of Education Sciences, this report provides guidance on the future of education research at the National Center for Education Research and the National Center for Special Education Research, two centers directed by IES. This report identifies critical problems and issues, new methods and approaches, and new and different kinds of research training investments. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bates, Nancy %E Chin, Marshall %E Becker, Tara %T Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation %@ 978-0-309-27510-1 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26424/measuring-sex-gender-identity-and-sexual-orientation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26424/measuring-sex-gender-identity-and-sexual-orientation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 200 %X Sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are key indicators of the demographic diversity in the United States. Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. This is turn affects sexual orientation, because it is defined on the basis of the relationship between a person's own sex or gender and that of their actual or preferred partners. Sex, gender, and sexual orientation are core aspects of identity that shape opportunities, experiences with discrimination, and outcomes through the life course; therefore, it is crucial that measures of these concepts accurately capture their complexity. Recognition of the diversity within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and other sexual and gender minorities - the LGBTQI+ population - has also led to a reexamination of how the concepts of sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are measured. Better measurement will improve the ability to identify sexual and gender minority populations and understand the challenges they face. LGBTQI+ people continue to experience disparate and inequitable treatment, including harassment, discrimination, and violence, which in turn affects outcomes in many areas of everyday life, including health and access to health care services, economic and educational attainment, and family and social support. Though knowledge of these disparities has increased significantly over the past decade, glaring gaps remain, often driven by a lack of reliable data. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation recommends that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) adopt new practices for collecting data on sex, gender, and sexual orientation - including collecting gender data by default, and not conflating gender with sex as a biological variable. The report recommends standardized language to be used in survey questions that ask about a respondent's sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Better measurements will improve data quality, as well as the NIH's ability to identify LGBTQI+ populations and understand the challenges they face. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Structural Racism and Rigorous Models of Social Inequity: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69281-6 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26690/structural-racism-and-rigorous-models-of-social-inequity-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26690/structural-racism-and-rigorous-models-of-social-inequity-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 104 %X Structural racism refers to the public and private policies, institutional practices, norms, and cultural representations that inherently create unequal freedom, opportunity, value, resources, advantage, restrictions, constraints, or disadvantage for individuals and populations according to their race and ethnicity both across the life course and between generations. Developing a research agenda on structural racism includes consideration of the historical and contemporary policies and other structural factors that explicitly or implicitly affect the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities, as well as strategies to measure those factors. The Committee on Population of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day public workshop on May 16-17, 2022, to identify and discuss the mechanisms through which structural racism operates, with a particular emphasis on health and well-being; to develop an agenda for future research and data collection on structural racism; and to strengthen the evidence base for policy making. Speaker presentations and workshop discussions provided insights into known sources of structural racism and rigorous models of health inequity, revealed novel sources and approaches informed by other disciplines and related fields, and highlighted key research and data priorities for future work on structural racism and health inequity. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Hedges, Larry %E Chiu, Melissa %E Stone, Celeste %E Chaney, Bradford %E Kirkendall, Nancy %T A Vision and Roadmap for Education Statistics %@ 978-0-309-27350-3 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26392/a-vision-and-roadmap-for-education-statistics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26392/a-vision-and-roadmap-for-education-statistics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Education %P 232 %X The education landscape in the United States has been changing rapidly in recent decades: student populations have become more diverse; there has been an explosion of data sources; there is an intensified focus on diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility; educators and policy makers at all levels want more and better data for evidence-based decision making; and the role of technology in education has increased dramatically. With awareness of this changed landscape the Institute of Education Sciences at the U.S. Department of Education asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide a vision for the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)—the nation's premier statistical agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating statistics at all levels of education. A Vision and Roadmap for Education Statistics (2022) reviews developments in using alternative data sources, considers recent trends and future priorities, and suggests changes to NCES's programs and operations, with a focus on NCES's statistical programs. The report reimagines NCES as a leader in the 21st century education data ecosystem, where it can meet the growing demands for policy-relevant statistical analyses and data to more effectively and efficiently achieve its mission, especially in light of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 and the 2021 Presidential Executive Order on advancing racial equity. The report provides strategic advice for NCES in all aspects of the agency's work including modernization, stakeholder engagement, and the resources necessary to complete its mission and meet the current and future challenges in education. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Fiske, Susan T. %E Becker, Tara %T Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda %@ 978-0-309-49387-1 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26173/understanding-the-aging-workforce-defining-a-research-agenda %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26173/understanding-the-aging-workforce-defining-a-research-agenda %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 280 %X The aging population of the United States has significant implications for the workforce - challenging what it means to work and to retire in the U.S. In fact, by 2030, one-fifth of the population will be over age 65. This shift has significant repercussions for the economy and key social programs. Due to medical advancements and public health improvements, recent cohorts of older adults have experienced better health and increasing longevity compared to earlier cohorts. These improvements in health enable many older adults to extend their working lives. While higher labor market participation from this older workforce could soften the potential negative impacts of the aging population over the long term on economic growth and the funding of Social Security and other social programs, these trends have also occurred amidst a complicating backdrop of widening economic and social inequality that has meant that the gains in health, improvements in mortality, and access to later-life employment have been distributed unequally. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda offers a multidisciplinary framework for conceptualizing pathways between work and nonwork at older ages. This report outlines a research agenda that highlights the need for a better understanding of the relationship between employers and older employees; how work and resource inequalities in later adulthood shape opportunities in later life; and the interface between work, health, and caregiving. The research agenda also identifies the need for research that addresses the role of workplaces in shaping work at older ages, including the role of workplace policies and practices and age discrimination in enabling or discouraging older workers to continue working or retire.