TY - BOOK A2 - Diane August A2 - Kenji Hakuta TI - Educating Language-Minority Children SN - DO - 10.17226/6025 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6025/educating-language-minority-children PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In the past 30 years, a large and growing number of students in U.S. schools have come from homes in which the language background is other than English. These students present unique challenges for America's education system. Based on Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children, a comprehensive study published in 1997, this book summarizes for teachers and education policymakers what has been learned over the past three decades about educating such students. It discusses a broad range of educational issues: how students learn a second language; how reading and writing skills develop in the first and second languages; how information on specific subjects (for example, biology) is stored and learned and the implications for second-language learners; how social and motivational factors affect learning for English-language learners; how the English proficiency and subject matter knowledge of English-language learners are assessed; and what is known about the attributes of effective schools and classrooms that serve English-language learners. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Catherine E. Snow A2 - M. Susan Burns A2 - Peg Griffin TI - Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children SN - DO - 10.17226/6023 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6023/preventing-reading-difficulties-in-young-children PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - While most children learn to read fairly well, there remain many young Americans whose futures are imperiled because they do not read well enough to meet the demands of our competitive, technology-driven society. This book explores the problem within the context of social, historical, cultural, and biological factors. Recommendations address the identification of groups of children at risk, effective instruction for the preschool and early grades, effective approaches to dialects and bilingualism, the importance of these findings for the professional development of teachers, and gaps that remain in our understanding of how children learn to read. Implications for parents, teachers, schools, communities, the media, and government at all levels are discussed. The book examines the epidemiology of reading problems and introduces the concepts used by experts in the field. In a clear and readable narrative, word identification, comprehension, and other processes in normal reading development are discussed. Against the background of normal progress, Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children examines factors that put children at risk of poor reading. It explores in detail how literacy can be fostered from birth through kindergarten and the primary grades, including evaluation of philosophies, systems, and materials commonly used to teach reading. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Donald J. Hernandez A2 - Evan Charney TI - From Generation to Generation: The Health and Well-Being of Children in Immigrant Families SN - DO - 10.17226/6164 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6164/from-generation-to-generation-the-health-and-well-being-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Immigrant children and youth are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population, and so their prospects bear heavily on the well-being of the country. However, relevant public policy is shaped less by informed discussion than by politicized contention over welfare reform and immigration limits. From Generation to Generation explores what we know about the development of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian children and youth from numerous countries of origin. Describing the status of immigrant children and youth as "severely understudied," the committee both draws on and supplements existing research to characterize the current status and outlook of immigrant children. The book discusses the many factors—family size, fluency in English, parent employment, acculturation, delivery of health and social services, and public policies—that shape the outlook for the lives of these children and youth. The committee makes recommendations for improved research and data collection designed to advance knowledge about these children and, as a result, their visibility in current policy debates. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Kirsten K. West A2 - Robert M. Hauser A2 - Terri M. Scanlan TI - Longitudinal Surveys of Children SN - DO - 10.17226/6254 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6254/longitudinal-surveys-of-children PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The Committee and the Board on Children, Youth, and Families convened in September a workshop to discuss ways to foster greater collaboration and sharing of information among principal investigators of several longitudinal surveys of children. Among many topics discussed were issues of coverage and balance of content, sampling design and weighting, measurement and analysis, field operations, legitimation and retention of cases, data disclosure and dissemination, and resources available for longitudinal studies. The workshop was sponsored by the National Institute on Justice. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/6019 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6019/protecting-youth-at-work-health-safety-and-development-of-working PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - In Massachusetts, a 12-year-old girl delivering newspapers is killed when a car strikes her bicycle. In Los Angeles, a 14-year-old boy repeatedly falls asleep in class, exhausted from his evening job. Although children and adolescents may benefit from working, there may also be negative social effects and sometimes danger in their jobs. Protecting Youth at Work looks at what is known about work done by children and adolescents and the effects of that work on their physical and emotional health and social functioning. The committee recommends specific initiatives for legislators, regulators, researchers, and employers. This book provides historical perspective on working children and adolescents in America and explores the framework of child labor laws that govern that work. The committee presents a wide range of data and analysis on the scope of youth employment, factors that put children and adolescents at risk in the workplace, and the positive and negative effects of employment, including data on educational attainment and lifestyle choices. Protecting Youth at Work also includes discussions of special issues for minority and disadvantaged youth, young workers in agriculture, and children who work in family-owned businesses. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - People and Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science SN - DO - 10.17226/5963 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5963/people-and-pixels-linking-remote-sensing-and-social-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Space-based sensors are giving us an ever-closer and more comprehensive look at the earth's surface; they also have the potential to tell us about human activity. This volume examines the possibilities for using remote sensing technology to improve understanding of social processes and human-environment interactions. Examples include deforestation and regrowth in Brazil, population-environment interactions in Thailand, ancient and modern rural development in Guatemala, and urbanization in the United States, as well as early warnings of famine and disease outbreaks. The book also provides information on current sources of remotely sensed data and metadata and discusses what is involved in establishing effective collaborative efforts between scientists working with remote sensing technology and those working on social and environmental issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Richard W. Pew A2 - Anne S. Mavor TI - Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations SN - DO - 10.17226/6173 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6173/modeling-human-and-organizational-behavior-application-to-military-simulations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Joan M. Nelson A2 - Charles Tilly A2 - Lee Walker TI - Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies SN - DO - 10.17226/5852 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5852/transforming-post-communist-political-economies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This ground-breaking new volume focuses on the interaction between political, social, and economic change in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States. It includes a wide selection of analytic papers, thought-provoking essays by leading scholars in diverse fields, and an agenda for future research. It integrates work on the micro and macro levels of the economy and provides a broad overview of the transition process. This volume broadens the current intellectual and policy debate concerning the historic transition now taking place from a narrow concern with purely economic factors to the dynamics of political and social change. It questions the assumption that the post-communist economies are all following the same path and that they will inevitably develop into replicas of economies in the advanced industrial West. It challenges accepted thinking and promotes the utilization of new methods and perspectives. ER -