TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Deepali M. Patel A2 - Melissa A. Simon A2 - Rachel M. Taylor TI - Contagion of Violence: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13489 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13489/contagion-of-violence-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The past 25 years have seen a major paradigm shift in the field of violence prevention, from the assumption that violence is inevitable to the recognition that violence is preventable. Part of this shift has occurred in thinking about why violence occurs, and where intervention points might lie. In exploring the occurrence of violence, researchers have recognized the tendency for violent acts to cluster, to spread from place to place, and to mutate from one type to another. Furthermore, violent acts are often preceded or followed by other violent acts. In the field of public health, such a process has also been seen in the infectious disease model, in which an agent or vector initiates a specific biological pathway leading to symptoms of disease and infectivity. The agent transmits from individual to individual, and levels of the disease in the population above the baseline constitute an epidemic. Although violence does not have a readily observable biological agent as an initiator, it can follow similar epidemiological pathways. On April 30-May 1, 2012, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a workshop to explore the contagious nature of violence. Part of the Forum's mandate is to engage in multisectoral, multidirectional dialogue that explores crosscutting, evidence-based approaches to violence prevention, and the Forum has convened four workshops to this point exploring various elements of violence prevention. The workshops are designed to examine such approaches from multiple perspectives and at multiple levels of society. In particular, the workshop on the contagion of violence focused on exploring the epidemiology of the contagion, describing possible processes and mechanisms by which violence is transmitted, examining how contextual factors mitigate or exacerbate the issue. Contagion of Violence: Workshop Summary covers the major topics that arose during the 2-day workshop. It is organized by important elements of the infectious disease model so as to present the contagion of violence in a larger context and in a more compelling and comprehensive way. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia A. Cuff A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - A Design Thinking, Systems Approach to Well-Being Within Education and Practice: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25151 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25151/a-design-thinking-systems-approach-to-well-being-within-education-and-practice PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Education AB - The mental health and well-being of health professionals is a topic that is broad, exceptionally relevant, and urgent to address. It is both a local and a global issue, and affects professionals in all stages of their careers. To explore this topic, the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education held a 1.5 day workshop. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users in High-Risk Countries: An Assessment of the Evidence SN - DO - 10.17226/11731 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11731/preventing-hiv-infection-among-injecting-drug-users-in-high-risk-countries PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Drug dependence is a complex, chronic, relapsing condition that is often accompanied by severe health, psychological, economic, legal, and social consequences. Injecting drug users are particularly vulnerable to HIV and other bloodborne infections (such as hepatitis C) as a result of sharing contaminated injecting equipment. All drug-dependent individuals, including injecting drug users (IDUs), may be at increased risk of HIV infection because of high-risk sexual behaviors. There are an estimated 13.2 million injecting drug users (IDUs) world-wide—78 percent of whom live in developing or transitional countries. The sharing of contaminated injecting equipment has become a major driving force of the global AIDS epidemic and is the primary mode of HIV transmission in many countries. In some cases, epidemics initially fueled by the sharing of contaminated injecting equipment are spreading through sexual transmission from IDUs to non-injecting populations, and through perinatal transmission to newborns. Reversing the rise of HIV infections among IDUs has thus become an urgent global public health challenge—one that remains largely unmet. In response to this challenge, the Institute of Medicine convened a public workshop in Geneva in December 2005 to gather information from experts on IDU-driven HIV epidemics in the most affected regions of the world with an emphasis on countries throughout Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and significant parts of Asia. Experts from other regions also provided information on their experiences in preventing HIV infection among IDUs. This report provides a summary of the workshop discussions. Preventing HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries describes the evidence on the intermediate outcomes of drug-related risk and sex-related risk prior to examining the impact on HIV transmission. This report focuses on programs that are designed to prevent the transmission of HIV among injecting drug users. These programs range from efforts to curtail non-medical drug use to those that encourage reduction in high-risk behavior among drug users. Although the report focuses on HIV prevention for IDUs in high-risk countries, the Committee considered evidence from countries around the world. The findings and recommendations of this report are also applicable to countries where injecting drug use is not the primary driver, but in which injection drug use is nevertheless associated with significant HIV transmission. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia A. Cuff A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Lessons Learned in Health Professions Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Part 1: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26210 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26210/lessons-learned-in-health-professions-education-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-part-1 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During the COVID-19 pandemic, health professionals adapted, innovated, and accelerated in order to meet the needs of students, patients, and the community. To examine and learn from these experiences, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education convened a series of workshops, the first of which was a one-day virtual workshop on December 3, 2020. The first workshop explored lessons learned in the grand challenges facing health professions education (HPE) stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and how those positive and negative experiences might inform development of sustainable improvements in the value, effectiveness, and impact of HPE. Educators, students, administrators, and health professionals shared ideas, stories, and data in an effort to discuss the future of HPE by learning from past experiences. Topics included: evaluation of online education; innovations in interprofessional education and learning opportunities within the social determinants of health and mental health; effects on preclinical and clinical education; regulatory and accreditation changes affecting HPE; and stress and workload on students and faculty. This publication summarizes the presentations and panel discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alison Mack A2 - Megan R. Snair A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes TI - Global Health Risk Framework: Governance for Global Health: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21854 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21854/global-health-risk-framework-governance-for-global-health-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015 to inform the commission report. The presentations and discussions from the Governance for Global Health Workshop are summarized in this report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stacey Knobler A2 - Adel Mahmoud A2 - Stanley Lemon A2 - Leslie Pray TI - The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11588 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11588/the-impact-of-globalization-on-infectious-disease-emergence-and-control PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Globalization is by no means a new phenomenon; transcontinental trade and the movement of people date back at least 2,000 years, to the era of the ancient Silk Road trade route. The global spread of infectious disease has followed a parallel course. Indeed, the emergence and spread of infectious disease are, in a sense, the epitome of globalization. Although some experts mark the fall of the Berlin Wall as the beginning of this new era of globalization, others argue that it is not so new. The future of globalization is still in the making. Despite the successful attempts of the developed world during the course of the last century to control many infectious diseases and even to eradicate some deadly afflictions, 13 million people worldwide still die from such diseases every year. On April 16 and 17, 2002, the Forum on Emerging Infections held a working group discussion on the influence of globalization on the emergence and control of infectious diseases. The contents of the unattributed sections are based on the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control report summarizes the presentations and discussions related to the increasing cross-border and cross-continental movements of people and how this could exacerbate the emergence and global spread of infectious diseases. This report also summarizes the means by which sovereign states and nations must adopt a global public health mind-set and develop a new organizational framework to maximize the opportunities and overcome the challenges created by globalization and build the necessary capacity to respond effectively to emerging infectious disease threats. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lawrence O. Gostin A2 - Gillian J. Buckley TI - Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs SN - DO - 10.17226/18272 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18272/countering-the-problem-of-falsified-and-substandard-drugs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The adulteration and fraudulent manufacture of medicines is an old problem, vastly aggravated by modern manufacturing and trade. In the last decade, impotent antimicrobial drugs have compromised the treatment of many deadly diseases in poor countries. More recently, negligent production at a Massachusetts compounding pharmacy sickened hundreds of Americans. While the national drugs regulatory authority (hereafter, the regulatory authority) is responsible for the safety of a country's drug supply, no single country can entirely guarantee this today. The once common use of the term counterfeit to describe any drug that is not what it claims to be is at the heart of the argument. In a narrow, legal sense a counterfeit drug is one that infringes on a registered trademark. The lay meaning is much broader, including any drug made with intentional deceit. Some generic drug companies and civil society groups object to calling bad medicines counterfeit, seeing it as the deliberate conflation of public health and intellectual property concerns. Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs accepts the narrow meaning of counterfeit, and, because the nuances of trademark infringement must be dealt with by courts, case by case, the report does not discuss the problem of counterfeit medicines. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stanley M. Lemon A2 - Margaret A. Hamburg A2 - P. Frederick Sparling A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes A2 - Alison Mack TI - Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection: Assessing the Challenges–Finding Solutions: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11996 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11996/global-infectious-disease-surveillance-and-detection-assessing-the-challenges-finding PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Early detection is essential to the control of emerging, reemerging, and novel infectious diseases, whether naturally occurring or intentionally introduced. Containing the spread of such diseases in a profoundly interconnected world requires active vigilance for signs of an outbreak, rapid recognition of its presence, and diagnosis of its microbial cause, in addition to strategies and resources for an appropriate and efficient response. Although these actions are often viewed in terms of human public health, they also challenge the plant and animal health communities. Surveillance, defined as "the continual scrutiny of all aspects of occurrence and spread of a disease that are pertinent to effective control", involves the "systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data." Disease detection and diagnosis is the act of discovering a novel, emerging, or reemerging disease or disease event and identifying its cause. Diagnosis is "the cornerstone of effective disease control and prevention efforts, including surveillance." Disease surveillance and detection relies heavily on the astute individual: the clinician, veterinarian, plant pathologist, farmer, livestock manager, or agricultural extension agent who notices something unusual, atypical, or suspicious and brings this discovery in a timely way to the attention of an appropriate representative of human public health, veterinary medicine, or agriculture. Most developed countries have the ability to detect and diagnose human, animal, and plant diseases. Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection: Assessing the Challenges—Finding Solutions, Workshop Summary is part of a 10 book series and summarizes the recommendations and presentations of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Kimberly A. Scott TI - Violence Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Finding a Place on the Global Agenda: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12016 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12016/violence-prevention-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-finding-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - The current state of science in violence prevention reveals progress, promise, and a number of remaining challenges. In order to fully examine the issue of global violence prevention, the Institute of Medicine in collaboration with Global Violence Prevention Advocacy, convened a workshop and released the workshop summary entitled, Violence Prevention in Low-and Middle-Income Countries. The workshop brought together participants with a wide array of expertise in fields related to health, criminal justice, public policy, and economic development, to study and articulate specific opportunities for the U.S. government and other leaders with resources to more effectively support programming for prevention of the many types of violence. Participants highlighted the need for the timely development of an integrated, science-based approach and agenda to support research, clinical practice, program development, policy analysis, and advocacy for violence prevention. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia A. Cuff A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Strengthening the Connection Between Health Professions Education and Practice: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25407 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25407/strengthening-the-connection-between-health-professions-education-and-practice-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On November 13 and 14, 2018, members of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education participated in a joint workshop with affiliates of the National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education. The workshop participants explored the intersection of health professions education and practice. Both sectors are working toward the same goal of improving the health of patients and populations, without compromising the mental stability and wellbeing of the workforce or its learners. However, while education and practice have the same goal, there is a need for greater alignment between the sectors to more fully realize these desired outcomes. For example, educators, practitioners, and administrators must learn to adapt and respond to the growing role of technology within a wider context, in order to most effectively apply higher education within health systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia A. Cuff A2 - Megan M. Perez TI - Exploring the Role of Accreditation in Enhancing Quality and Innovation in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/23636 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23636/exploring-the-role-of-accreditation-in-enhancing-quality-and-innovation-in-health-professions-education PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Education AB - The purpose of accreditation is to build a competent health workforce by ensuring the quality of training taking place within those institutions that have met certain criteria. It is the combination of institution or program accreditation with individual licensure—for confirming practitioner competence—that governments and professions use to reassure the public of the capability of its health workforce. Accreditation offers educational quality assurance to students, governments, ministries, and society. Given the rapid changes in society, health, and health care, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop in April 2016, aimed to explore global shifts in society, health, health care, and education, and their potential effects on general principles of program accreditation across the continuum of health professional education. Participants explored the effect of societal shifts on new and evolving health professional learning opportunities to best ensure quality education is offered by institutions regardless of the program or delivery platform. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Rachel M. Taylor TI - Elder Abuse and Its Prevention: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18518 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18518/elder-abuse-and-its-prevention-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Elder Abuse and Its Prevention is the summary of a workshop convened in April 2013 by the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Global Violence Prevention. Using an ecological framework, this workshop explored the burden of elder abuse around the world, focusing on its impacts on individuals, families, communities, and societies. Additionally, the workshop addressed occurrences and co-occurrences of different types of abuse, including physical, sexual, emotional, and financial, as well as neglect. The ultimate objective was to illuminate promising global and multisectoral evidence-based approaches to the prevention of elder maltreatment. While the workshop covered scope and prevalence and unique characteristics of abuse, the intention was to move beyond what is known about elder abuse to foster discussions about how to improve prevention, intervention, and mitigation of the victims' needs, particularly through collaborative efforts. The workshop discussions included innovative intervention models and opportunities for prevention across sectors and settings. Violence and related forms of abuse against elders is a global public health and human rights problem with far-reaching consequences, resulting in increased death, disability, and exploitation with collateral effects on well-being. Data suggest that at least 10 percent of elders in the United States are victims of elder maltreatment every year. In low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of violence is the greatest, the figure is likely even higher. In addition, elders experiencing risk factors such as diminishing cognitive function, caregiver dependence, and social isolation are more vulnerable to maltreatment and underreporting. As the world population of adults aged 65 and older continues to grow, the implications of elder maltreatment for health care, social welfare, justice, and financial systems are great. However, despite the magnitude of global elder maltreatment, it has been an underappreciated public health problem. Elder Abuse and Its Prevention discusses the prevalence and characteristics of elder abuse around the world, risk factors for abuse and potential adverse health outcomes, and contextually specific factors, such as culture and the role of the community. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Frank A. Sloan A2 - Hellen Gelband TI - Cancer Control Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries SN - DO - 10.17226/11797 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11797/cancer-control-opportunities-in-low-and-middle-income-countries PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Cancer is low or absent on the health agendas of low- and middle-income countries (LMCs) despite the fact that more people die from cancer in these countries than from AIDS and malaria combined. International health organizations, bilateral aid agencies, and major foundations—which are instrumental in setting health priorities—also have largely ignored cancer in these countries. This book identifies feasible, affordable steps for LMCs and their international partners to begin to reduce the cancer burden for current and future generations. Stemming the growth of cigarette smoking tops the list to prevent cancer and all the other major chronic diseases. Other priorities include infant vaccination against the hepatitis B virus to prevent liver cancers and vaccination to prevent cervical cancer. Developing and increasing capacity for cancer screening and treatment of highly curable cancers (including most childhood malignancies) can be accomplished using "resource-level appropriateness" as a guide. And there are ways to make inexpensive oral morphine available to ease the pain of the many who will still die from cancer. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Patricia A. Cuff TI - Building Health Workforce Capacity Through Community-Based Health Professional Education: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18973 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18973/building-health-workforce-capacity-through-community-based-health-professional-education PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - There is growing evidence from developed and developing countries that community-based approaches are effective in improving the health of individuals and populations. This is especially true when the social determinants of health are considered in the design of the community-based approach. With an aging population and an emphasis on health promotion, the United States is increasingly focusing on community-based health and health care. Preventing disease and promoting health calls for a holistic approach to health interventions that rely more heavily upon interprofessional collaborations. However, the financial and structural design of health professional education remains siloed and largely focused on academic health centers for training. Despite these challenges, there are good examples of interprofessional, community-based programs and curricula for educating health professionals. In May 2014, members of the Institute of Medicine's Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education came together to substantively delve into issues affecting the scale-up and spread of health professional education in communities. Participants heard a wide variety of individual accounts from innovators about work they are undertaking and opportunities for education with communities. In presenting a variety of examples that range from student community service to computer modeling, the workshop aimed to stimulate discussions about how educators might better integrate education with practice in communities. Building Health Workforce Capacity Through Community-Based Health Professional Education summarizes the presentations and discussion of this event. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Judith R. Bale A2 - Barbara J. Stoll A2 - Adetokunbo O. Lucas TI - Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World SN - DO - 10.17226/10839 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10839/reducing-birth-defects-meeting-the-challenge-in-the-developing-world PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Each year more than 4 million children are born with birth defects. This book highlights the unprecedented opportunity to improve the lives of children and families in developing countries by preventing some birth defects and reducing the consequences of others. A number of developing countries with more comprehensive health care systems are making significant progress in the prevention and care of birth defects. In many other developing countries, however, policymakers have limited knowledge of the negative impact of birth defects and are largely unaware of the affordable and effective interventions available to reduce the impact of certain conditions. Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World includes descriptions of successful programs and presents a plan of action to address critical gaps in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of birth defects in developing countries. This study also recommends capacity building, priority research, and institutional and global efforts to reduce the incidence and impact of birth defects in developing countries. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - James Curran A2 - Haile Debas A2 - Monisha Arya A2 - Patrick Kelley A2 - Stacey Knobler A2 - Leslie Pray TI - Scaling Up Treatment for the Global AIDS Pandemic: Challenges and Opportunities SN - DO - 10.17226/11043 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11043/scaling-up-treatment-for-the-global-aids-pandemic-challenges-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - An estimated forty million people carry the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and five million more become newly infected annually. In recent years, many HIV-infected patients in wealthy nations have enjoyed significantly longer, good-quality lives as a result of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, most infected individuals live in the poorest regions of the world, where ART is virtually nonexistent. The consequent death toll in these regions—especially sub-Saharan Africa—is begetting economic and social collapse. To inform the multiple efforts underway to deploy antiretroviral drugs in resource-poor settings, the Institute of Medicine committee was asked to conduct an independent review and assessment of rapid scale-up ART programs. It was also asked to identify the components of effective implementation programs. At the heart of the committee's report lie five imperatives: Immediately introduce and scale up ART programs in resource-poor settings. Devise strategies to ensure high levels of patient adherence to complicated treatment regimens. Rapidly address human-resource shortages to avoid the failure of program implementation. Continuously monitor and evaluate the programs to form the most effective guidelines and treatment regimens for each population. Prepare to sustain ART for decades. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Fitzhugh Mullan A2 - Claire Panosian A2 - Patricia Cuff TI - Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS SN - DO - 10.17226/11270 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11270/healers-abroad-americans-responding-to-the-human-resource-crisis-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Healers Abroad:Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS calls for the federal government to create and fund the United States Global Health Service (GHS) to mobilize the nation�s best health care professionals and other highly skilled experts to help combat HIV/AIDS in hard-hit African, Caribbean, and Southeast Asian countries. The dearth of qualified health care workers in many lowincome nations is often the biggest roadblock to mounting effective responses to public health needs. The proposal�s goal is to build the capacity of targeted countries to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic over the long run. The GHS would be comprised of six multifaceted components. Full-time, salaried professionals would make up the organization�s pivotal �service corps,� working side-by-side with other colleagues already on the ground to provide medical care and drug therapy to affected populations while offering local counterparts training and assistance in clinical, technical, and managerial areas. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Elizabeth Ashby A2 - Anna Nicholson A2 - Tamara Haag TI - The Role of Plant Agricultural Practices on Development of Antimicrobial Resistant Fungi Affecting Human Health: Proceedings of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26833 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26833/the-role-of-plant-agricultural-practices-on-development-of-antimicrobial-resistant-fungi-affecting-human-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Antifungal use in plant agriculture is a widespread practice necessary to safeguard food safety and security. While the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health concern, knowledge gaps exist surrounding antifungal resistance, the connection to plant agriculture, and its implications for human health. The National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop series in June 2022 exploring the role of plant agricultural practices in AMR development and implications for human health, with a focus on plant crop production. Sessions explored the magnitude of environmentally induced/selected antifungal resistance connected to plant agriculture, agricultural practices that may contribute to AMR in human pathogens, and strategies for surveillance and mitigation.This Proceedings document summarizes workshop discussions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - David A. Relman A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes A2 - Alison Mack TI - The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12799 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12799/the-domestic-and-international-impacts-of-the-2009-h1n1-influenza-a-pandemic PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In March and early April 2009, a new, swine-origin 2009-H1N1 influenza A virus emerged in Mexico and the United States. During the first few weeks of surveillance, the virus spread by human-to-human transmission worldwide to over 30 countries. On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 in response to the ongoing global spread of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus. By October 30, 2009, the H1N1 influenza A had spread to 191 countries and resulted in 5,700 fatalities. A national emergency was declared in the United States and the swine flu joined SARS and the avian flu as pandemics of the 21st century. Vaccination is currently available, but in limited supply, and with a 60 percent effectiveness rate against the virus. The story of how this new influenza virus spread out of Mexico to other parts of North America and then on to Europe, the Far East, and now Australia and the Pacific Rim countries has its origins in the global interconnectedness of travel, trade, and tourism. Given the rapid spread of the virus, the international scientific, public health, security, and policy communities had to mobilize quickly to characterize this unique virus and address its potential effects. The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control have played critical roles in the surveillance, detection and responses to the H1N1 virus. The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions aimed to examine the evolutionary origins of the H1N1 virus and evaluate its potential public health and socioeconomic consequences, while monitoring and mitigating the impact of a fast-moving pandemic. The rapporteurs for this workshop reported on the need for increased and geographically robust global influenza vaccine production capacities; enhanced and sustained interpandemic demand for seasonal influenza vaccines; clear "triggers" for pandemic alert levels; and accelerated research collaboration on new vaccine manufacturing techniques. This book will be an essential guide for healthcare professionals, policymakers, drug manufacturers and investigators. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stacey L. Knobler A2 - Alison Mack A2 - Adel Mahmoud A2 - Stanley M. Lemon TI - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11150 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11150/the-threat-of-pandemic-influenza-are-we-ready-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Public health officials and organizations around the world remain on high alert because of increasing concerns about the prospect of an influenza pandemic, which many experts believe to be inevitable. Moreover, recent problems with the availability and strain-specificity of vaccine for annual flu epidemics in some countries and the rise of pandemic strains of avian flu in disparate geographic regions have alarmed experts about the world's ability to prevent or contain a human pandemic. The workshop summary, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? addresses these urgent concerns. The report describes what steps the United States and other countries have taken thus far to prepare for the next outbreak of "killer flu." It also looks at gaps in readiness, including hospitals' inability to absorb a surge of patients and many nations' incapacity to monitor and detect flu outbreaks. The report points to the need for international agreements to share flu vaccine and antiviral stockpiles to ensure that the 88 percent of nations that cannot manufacture or stockpile these products have access to them. It chronicles the toll of the H5N1 strain of avian flu currently circulating among poultry in many parts of Asia, which now accounts for the culling of millions of birds and the death of at least 50 persons. And it compares the costs of preparations with the costs of illness and death that could arise during an outbreak. ER -