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IP @ The National Academies
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 Search more than 60 reports and documents | |
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Japanese Investment and Technology Transfer: An Exploration of its Impact Report of a workshop held in order to determine what can be said about linkages between Japanese investment and technology transfer to the United States. |
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Swords into Market Shares: Technology, Economics, and Security in the New Russia While researching this book, Glenn Schweitzer met four Moscow physicists who were trying to license Russian technology to western firms for product manufacture. During the worst times, they were reduced to driving taxis to keep things afloat. He asked them, will technological innovation have a discernible impact on the Russian economy in the coming decade? No, was the immediate reply. Are they right? In Swords into Market Shares, Schweitzer examines the roots of such pessimism and the prospects for Russia to prosper from its technology in the post-Soviet world. He explores the different visions of prosperity held by entrepreneurs, technologists, and government officials and goes on to examine the barriers to progress as Russia struggles to build a viable technology industry on its own terms. In accessible language, this book talks about technology's place within Russia's economy and its research and development infrastructure. Schweitzer looks at the impact of the Soviet legacy--central planning, lack of priorities, scant incentives for personal initiative--and the aftermath of the Russian financial meltdown of 1998. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Licensing |
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Sharing Laboratory Resources: Genetically Altered Mice The remarkable success of molecular biology as a scientific enterprise over the last two decades is unqualified, but it has been accompanied by a complex phenomenon: the commercialization of its products. In some instances, such as the production of medically important materials by the biotechnology industry, we can point to commercialization as a vindication of public investment in science—a source of jobs, better health, and a competitive economy. But in other cases, the impulse to commercialize what science has produced raises troubling questions about conflicts of interests, the motivations of scientists, and even the legality of their actions. A workshop was held at the National Academy of Sciences on March 23 and 24, 1993 to consider genetically altered laboratory mice as a model with which to evaluate the elements that influence the sharing of scientific reagents, and this volume summarizes the views expressed by representatives of the community, academic institutions, the government, and several kinds of companies Also found in: Licensing ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution |
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Technology Commercialization: Russian Challenges, American Lessons This collection of papers—by American and Russian specialists—addresses a variety of legal, regulatory, institutional, and financial issues that can promote or hinder technology commercialization. The book is the result of a series of workshops organized by the National Research Council with the Russian Academy of Sciences on commercialization of technologies, particularly those developed at research and educational institutions. Technology Commercialization concludes with a list of actions, programs, and policies which warrant further consideration as Russia tries to improve the success of technology commercialization. This book will be of interest to those concerned with small-business development in post-communist states, university technology management, and comparative technology commercialization. Also found in: Licensing ~ Patent Administration ~ Trademarks |
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Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany: Lessons and Perspectives This book explores major similarities and differences in the structure, conduct, and performance of the national technology transfer systems of Germany and the United States. It maps the technology transfer landscape in each country in detail, uses case studies to examine the dynamics of technology transfer in four major technology areas, and identifies areas and opportunities for further mutual learning between the two national systems. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Licensing ~ Patent Administration ~ Trade Secrets |
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Conflict and Cooperation in National Competition for High-Technology Industry This unique volume contains a powerful set of recommendations on issues at the center of international discussions on investment, trade, and technology policy. They take into account the globalization of industrial activity and the special characteristics of high-technology industries while recognizing the continued policy role of national governments. The report identifies the rationale for promotional measures for high-technology industries, delineates sources of friction among the leading industrial countries, and proposes policies to enhance international cooperation and strengthen the multilateral trading regime. It also examines the factors driving collaboration among otherwise competing firms and national programs, highlights the need to develop principles of equitable public and private international cooperation, and emphasizes the linkage between investment, government procurement, and other trade policies and prospects for enhanced international cooperation. Also found in: Licensing |
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NAP Report: Marshaling Technology for Development: Proceedings of a Symposium (1995, 264 pp.) |
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University-Industry Partnership Project The University-Industry Partnership Project is a collaborative effort between the National Council of University Research Administrators, The National Academies' Government-University-Industry Research Administrators, and the Industrial Research Institute. The objective of this project is to develop national acceptance of general principles governing intellectual property negotiations between U.S. universities and industry, thereby allowing the once-healthy relationship between education/training and commercial/economic development to reestablish itself in the U.S. In the last year, the project team has focused on strengthening university-industry research partnerships through a nationally accepted set of tools and guiding principles designed to support productive university-industry collaborations. The project is divided into four teams, each focused on developing work products that will be part of this national toolkit. the work products include: a set of Guiding Principles for University-Industry Partnerships, a working educational tool for practitioners that will allow for the construction of intellectual property agreements, a compilation of living studies that exemplify best practices in university-industry collaborations, and the development of an continuing forum for demonstrations of solutions to difficult IP problems. Currently the U-I Partnership Project team is engaged in outreach activities with other stakeholder organizations to garner sign-on support for the Guiding Principles. On April 25, 2006 we will hold a National University-Industry Summit where we will kick off the next phase of the project which will focus specifically on developing the toolkit, tentatively named TurboNegotiations and creating a University-Industry Demonstration Partnership. Also found in: Licensing ~ Patent Administration |
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CODATA Workshop on Permanent Access to Scientific Information in Southern Africa The U.S. National Committee (USNC) for CODATA co-organized a major workshop in Pretoria, South Africa on 5-7 September 2005, together with the South African CODATA Committee, the National Research Foundation of South Africa, and the CODATA Task Group on Preservation and Access to Scientific and Technical Data in Developing Countries. The focus of the Workshop was on health and environmental data and information. Also found in: International Harmonization |
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Nat'l Academies Press: Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy his publication assembles nine original research studies commissioned by the STEP Board to inform judgments about some of the institutional and policy changes in the US patent system over the last 25 years. Included are papers assessing how the USPTO examination process affects the quality of issued patents, how the post-patent review system in the US ("patent re-examination") and Europe ("patent opposition") compare in operation, under what circumstances the benefits of an opposition system would outweigh the costs, what are the trends in patent litigation overall and in the semiconductor industry in particular, how and why the protection of software has shifted from copyrighting to patenting, what are the characteristics of Internet business method patents, and whether the proliferation of patents in biological research tools is inhibiting biomedical research. An introduction by the editors places this work in the context of other social science research on the patent system. Also found in: Licensing ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration |
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A Patent System for the 21st Century, 2004 This report focuses on how well the system fulfills its mission of encouraging research, innovation, and the dissemination of knowledge and how it is adapting to rapid technological and economic changes. The panel concludes that the system has shown admirable flexibility in accommodating new technologies and reflecting the greater importance of intangible capital of all sorts. On the other hand, there is reason to be concerned about the quality of issued patents (whether they meet the statutory standards of novelty, utility, nonobviousness, and adequate written description), the resources available to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to keep up with the pace of change and volume of applications, features of U.S. law that inhibit the dissemination of information contained in patents and that raise the cost and uncertainty of litigation over patent validity and infringement, access to patented research technologies for basic non-commercial research, and redundancies and inconsistencies among national patent systems that raise the cost of global intellectual property protection. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Licensing ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration |
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Precision Agriculture in the 21st Century: This report provides an overview of the specific technologies and practices under the umbrella of precision agriculture, exploring the full implications of their adoption by farmers and agricultural managers. The volume discusses how precision agriculture could dramatically affect decisionmaking in irrigation, crop selection, pest management, environmental issues, and pricing and market conditions. It also examines the geographical dimensions--farm, regional, national--of precision agriculture and looks at how quickly and how widely the agricultural community can be expected to adopt the new information technologies. Also found in: Copyright ~ International Harmonization |
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Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering Enabling America is a major analysis of the field of rehabilitation science and engineering. The report describes general priorities for rehabilitation science and engineering as (1) strengthening the science, (2) focusing on the enabling—disabling process, and (3) transferring technology. |
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Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences Radioactive isotopes and enriched stable isotopes are used widely in medicine, agriculture, industry, and science, where their application allows us to perform many tasks more accurately, more simply, less expensively, and more quickly than would otherwise be possible. Indeed, in many cases--for example, biological tracers--there is no alternative. In a stellar example of "technology transfer" that began before the term was popular, the Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessors has supported the development and application of isotopes and their transfer to the private sector. The DOE is now at an important crossroads: Isotope production has suffered as support for DOE's laboratories has declined. In response to a DOE request, this book is an intensive examination of isotope production and availability, including the education and training of those who will be needed to sustain the flow of radioactive and stable materials from their sources to the laboratories and medical care facilities in which they are used. Chapters include an examination of enriched stable isotopes; reactor and accelerator-produced radionuclides; partnerships among industries, national laboratories, and universities; and national isotope policy. |
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High-Stakes Aviation: U.S.-Japan Technology Linkages in Transport Aircraft The third in a series of sector-specific assessments of U.S.-Japan technology linkages, this book examines U.S.-Japan relationships that develop or transfer aircraft technology, the motivations of participating organizations, and the impacts on U.S. and Japanese capabilities. Incorporating detailed accounts of the business and technology aspects of U.S.-Japan aircraft alliances, the volume also describes the U.S. and Japanese policy contexts, presents alternative scenarios for the future and outlines how linkages with Japan can be leveraged as part of a strategy to reenergize U.S. leadership in this critical industry. |
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Marine Aquaculture: Opportunities for Growth This report examines the obstacles to developing marine aquaculture in the United States and offers specific recommendations for technology and policy strategies to encourage this industry. The volume provides a wealth of information on the status of marine aquaculture--including comparisons between U.S. and foreign approaches to policy and technology and of the diverse species under culture |
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Putting Biotechnology to Work: Bioprocess Engineering The ability of the United States to sustain a dominant global position in biotechnology lies in maintaining its primacy in basic life-science research and developing a strong resource base for bioprocess engineering and bioproduct manufacturing. This report examines the status of bioprocessing and biotechnology in the United States; current bioprocess technology, products, and opportunities; and challenges of the future and what must be done to meet those challenges. It gives recommendations for action to provide suitable incentives to establish a national program in bioprocess-engineering research, development, education, and technology transfer. Also found in: Licensing |
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U.S.-Japan Strategic Alliances in the Semiconductor Industry: Technology Transfer, Competition, and Public Policy This report reviews the evolution of strategic alliances involving U.S. and Japanese companies in the semiconductor industry and analyzes whether alliances can contribute to the renewal of an industry faced with stiff competition from Japan. It includes case studies, alternative future scenarios, and suggestions for government and industry. Also found in: Licensing |
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Europe 1992: The Implications of Market Integration for R & D-Intensive Firms The 12 member nations of the European Economic Community (EC) are engaged in a bold effort to create a Single European Market by the end of 1992. The changes brought about by European market integration will have a major impact on U.S. industry. Although proponents of the plan argue that it will benefit businesses by allowing economies of scale, more efficient marketing, and increased demands for goods and services from outside the Community, there is some concern that the Single European Market may serve to exclude or limit participation of non-European competition. The impact is likely to be particularly pronounced in industries with heavy involvement in research and development. This volume is based on a major two-day symposium which brought together officials of United States and other governments, industry representatives, and academic experts to examine EC policies on technical standards, intellectual property rights, access to the results of EC-supported basic research, and other issues affecting R&D intensive firms. Also found in: Licensing |
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People and Technology in the Workplace Quick introduction of new technology is essential to America's competitiveness. But the success of new systems depends on their acceptance by the people who will use them. This new volume presents practical information for managers trying to meld the best in human and technological resources. The volume identifies factors that are critical to successful technology introduction and examines why America lags behind many other countries in this effort. Case studies document successful transitions to new systems and procedures in manufacturing, medical technology, and office automation--ranging from the Boeing Company's program to involve employees in decision making and process design, to the introduction of alternative work schedules for Mayo Clinic nurses. |
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Potential Applications of Concentrated Solar Photons This report reviews current work and assesses the state of the art in potential applications of concentrated solar energy in nonelectric areas, such as water and waste treatment, photochemical processes, and materials processing. It identifies and recommends research needed for further development of promising applications, as well as technology transfer issues. |
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Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness
Biotechnology offers tremendous potential for improving crop production, animal agriculture, and bioprocessing. It can provide scientists with new ways to develop higher-yielding and more nutritious crop varieties, to improve resistance to disease, or to reduce the need for inputs of fertilizers and other expensive agricultural chemicals. This report explores the United States' ability to solve important agricultural problems, effectively use funds and institutional structures to support biotechnology research for agriculture, train researchers in new scientific areas, efficiently transfer technology, and regulate and test recombinant DNA organisms in the field. Also found in: Licensing |
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Balancing the National Interest: U.S. National Security Export Controls and Global Economic Competition
The U.S. national security export controls system--which was instituted to impede Soviet acquisition of high technology from the West--is both necessary and appropriate. Balancing the National Interest provides a thorough analysis of this controls system, examining the current system of laws, regulations, international agreements, and organizations that control the international transfer of technology through industrial channels. Foreign Affairs calls it "the best on the subject to have been published in the 40 years that the United States has exercised controls on exports that might add to Soviet power." Also found in: Licensing ~ Patent Administration |
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The Competitive Status of the U.S. Civil Aviation Manufacturing Industry Deregulation, higher costs, foreign competition, and financial risks are causing profound changes in civil aviation. These trends are reviewed along with growing federal involvement in trade, technology transfer, technological developments in airframes and propulsion, and military-civil aviation relationships. Policy options to preserve the strength and effectiveness of civil aircraft manufacturing are offered. |
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Forested Landscapes in Perspective: Prospects and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of America's Nonfederal Forests Forested Landscapes in Perspective presents a comprehensive look at the current landscape and recommends improvements that best serve public and private interests. This timely volume includes an insightful description of the current situation and recent trends, followed by a thorough examination of major policy and program issues affecting nonfederal forests. Among these are emerging environmental concerns such as forest fragmentation and large-scale climate change, as well as issues of economic importance, such as the availability of timber supplies. Information needs with regard to research, monitoring, and technology transfer are outlined in Chapter 9. |
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Bridging the Gap Between Practice and Research: Forging Partnerships with Community-Based Drug and Alcohol Treatment Bridging the Gap Between Practice and Research examines why research remains remote from treatment and makes specific recommendations to community providers, federal and state agencies, and other decisionmakers. The report outlines concrete strategies for building and disseminating knowledge about addiction; for linking research, policy development, and everyday treatment implementation; and for helping drug treatment consumers become more informed advocates. In candid language, the committee discusses the policy barriers and the human attitudes--the stigma, suspicion, and skepticism--that often hinder progress in addiction treatment. It identifies the obstacles to effective collaboration among the research, treatment, and policy sectors; evaluates models to address these barriers; and looks in detail at the issue from the perspective of the community-based provider and the researcher. |
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Trends and Challenges in Aerospace Offsets The granting of offsets to promote exports of major aircraft systems has been a source of significant controversy. Critics believe that offsets undermine the U.S. manufacturing base; lead to the transfer of commercial technology, possibly affecting national security; and result in the loss of high-wage jobs. Defenders of the practice argue that offsets are a fact of commercial life and can result in net U.S. job gains. In an effort to focus the offsets debate on analytical issues, the White House National Economic Council asked the National Research Council to convene expert academicians, representatives from the aerospace industry, and top government officials to discuss the impact of offsets on the U.S. economy. To ensure a rigorous discussion encompassing all points of view, the conference included a series of papers outlining the positions of key participants. This resulting volume offers a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of the impact of aerospace offsets. |
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No Time to Lose: The United States has spent two productive decades implementing a variety of prevention programs. While these efforts have slowed the rate of infection, challenges remain. The United States must refocus its efforts to contain the spread of HIV and AIDS in a way that would prevent as many new HIV infections as possible. No Time to Lose presents the Institute of Medicine's framework for a national prevention strategy. |
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The Government Role in Civilian Technology As U.S. industry faces worldwide challenges, policymakers are asking questions about the role of the federal government--not only in promoting basic research but also in ushering new innovations to the marketplace. This book offers an expert consensus on how government and industry together can respond to the new realities of a global marketplace. The volume offers firm conclusions about policy and organizational changes with the greatest potential to improve our technological competitiveness--and presents three alternative approaches for a new federal role. Also found in: Antitrust ~ Patent Administration |
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