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 Search more than 60 reports and documents | |
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LC21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress This report arises from the Library's own sense of its vulnerability and uncertainty at the dawn of the information age and attempts to respond closely to the institution's own sense of its mission. Accordingly, the Librarian of Congress asked the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) of the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct a study to provide strategic advice concerning the information technology path that LC should traverse over the coming decade. Also found in: Copyright ~ Business Methods ~ Publications |
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Data for Science and Society: The Second National Conference on Scientific and Technical Data
| U.S. National Committee for CODATA
| National Research Council Many of the major scientific challenges we face today require the combined expertise from multiple disciplines. Complex issues such as the understanding of global climate change, the advance of biotechnology, and progress on various types of problems facing society can be addressed only by combining and using data that in the past have been available to researchers in one field only. In conjunction with several federal science agencies, the U.S. National Committee for CODATA organized the Second National Conference on Scientific and Technical Data: Data for Science and Society to address important multidisciplinary issues in managing and using scientific and technical (S&T) data and to improve the visibility of these issues nationally. The main focus was on promoting the availability and usefulness of S&T data to all users, both in research and in the broader society, using examples of ground-breaking and innovative applications and highly creative partnerships. Also found in: Copyright ~ Database Protection ~ Publications |
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Intellectual Property Rights: How Far Should They Be Extended?
Transcripts, powerpoint presentations and audio files from this February 2000 conference are available here. Featured speakers included Richard Levin, Yale University, Hon. Q. Todd Dickinson, former USPTO Commissioner, Hon. Roderkick McKelvie, U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, among others. Also found in: Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration ~ Agriculture ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Business Methods ~ Software ~ Transcripts |
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Swords into Market Shares: Technology, Economics, and Security in the New Russia While researching this book, Glenn Schweitzer met four Moscow physicists who were trying to license Russian technology to western firms for product manufacture. During the worst times, they were reduced to driving taxis to keep things afloat. He asked them, will technological innovation have a discernible impact on the Russian economy in the coming decade? No, was the immediate reply. Are they right? In Swords into Market Shares, Schweitzer examines the roots of such pessimism and the prospects for Russia to prosper from its technology in the post-Soviet world. He explores the different visions of prosperity held by entrepreneurs, technologists, and government officials and goes on to examine the barriers to progress as Russia struggles to build a viable technology industry on its own terms. In accessible language, this book talks about technology's place within Russia's economy and its research and development infrastructure. Schweitzer looks at the impact of the Soviet legacy--central planning, lack of priorities, scant incentives for personal initiative--and the aftermath of the Russian financial meltdown of 1998. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Technology Transfer ~ Business Methods ~ Publications |
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Reaping the Benefits of Genomic and Proteomic Research: Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation, and Public Health On November 17, 2005, the Academies' Science, Technology and Economic Policy (STEP) Board and the Science, Technology, and Law Committee (STL) released a joint report, "Patenting and Licensing of Genomic and Protein Inventions." The report (commissioned by the National Institutes of Health) was presented by Committee co-chairs Shirley Tilghman, President of Princeton University, and Roderick McKelvie, Covington and Burling (and retired Judge, Federal District Court of Delaware) at a public briefing at the National Academies in Washington, DC. . The report documents trends in patenting and licensing in several categories of genetic and protein research, differences between US practices and those in Europe and Japan, and the impact of these practices on academic and corporate research directed at identifying disease mechanisms and therapeutic and diagnostic discoveries. Recommendations are addressed to the NIH and other government and private research funding agencies; the courts and the US Patent and Trademark Office; Congress; and the research community at large. The report includes the results of a new survey of bench scientists on their experience with intellectual property acquisition and access and sharing of data and research materials. affecting the economic well being of the United States. Also found in: Patent Administration ~ Publications |
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University-Industry Partnership Project The University-Industry Partnership Project is a collaborative effort between the National Council of University Research Administrators, The National Academies' Government-University-Industry Research Administrators, and the Industrial Research Institute. The objective of this project is to develop national acceptance of general principles governing intellectual property negotiations between U.S. universities and industry, thereby allowing the once-healthy relationship between education/training and commercial/economic development to reestablish itself in the U.S. In the last year, the project team has focused on strengthening university-industry research partnerships through a nationally accepted set of tools and guiding principles designed to support productive university-industry collaborations. The project is divided into four teams, each focused on developing work products that will be part of this national toolkit. the work products include: a set of Guiding Principles for University-Industry Partnerships, a working educational tool for practitioners that will allow for the construction of intellectual property agreements, a compilation of living studies that exemplify best practices in university-industry collaborations, and the development of an continuing forum for demonstrations of solutions to difficult IP problems. Currently the U-I Partnership Project team is engaged in outreach activities with other stakeholder organizations to garner sign-on support for the Guiding Principles. On April 25, 2006 we will hold a National University-Industry Summit where we will kick off the next phase of the project which will focus specifically on developing the toolkit, tentatively named TurboNegotiations and creating a University-Industry Demonstration Partnership. Also found in: Patent Administration ~ Technology Transfer ~ Upcoming Events |
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Patenting and Licensing of Genomic and Protein Inventions On November 17, 2005, the Academies' Science, Technology and Economic Policy (STEP) Board and the Science, Technology, and Law Committee (STL) released a joint report, "Patenting and Licensing of Genomic and Protein Inventions." The report (commissioned by the National Institutes of Health) was presented by Committee co-chairs Shirley Tilghman, President of Princeton University, and Roderick McKelvie, Covington and Burling (and retired Judge, Federal District Court of Delaware) at a public briefing at the National Academies in Washington, DC. . The report documents trends in patenting and licensing in several categories of genetic and protein research, differences between US practices and those in Europe and Japan, and the impact of these practices on academic and corporate research directed at identifying disease mechanisms and therapeutic and diagnostic discoveries. Recommendations are addressed to the NIH and other government and private research funding agencies; the courts and the US Patent and Trademark Office; Congress; and the research community at large. The report includes the results of a new survey of bench scientists on their experience with intellectual property acquisition and access and sharing of data and research materials. affecting the economic well being of the United States. Also found in: Patent Administration ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Publications |
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Global Information Commons for Science Initiative Launched The USNC/CODATA was instrumental in developing a major international initiative focused on promoting open access to scientific information from publicly funded research. The Committee director co-chaired an international workshop on this topic at UNESCO in Paris on 1-2 September 2005. Information about that meeting is available at: http://www.codataweb.org/UNESCOmtg/index.html. The results of the September workshop led to the launching of the Global Information Commons for Science Initiative at the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis in November (see the next news item). The Initiative, which is led by CODATA in collaboration with the other data and information groups of the International Council for Science (ICSU), is also supported initially by UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the InterAcademy Panel on International Issues, the Academies of the Developing World (TWAS), and the Science Commons. Also found in: Copyright ~ Past Events |
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Licensing Geographic Data and Services (2004) The Board on Earth Sciences and Resources published a report, Licensing Geographic Data and Services, available through National Academies Press. Licensing—rather than purchase—of geographic data and services is one of a number of data acquisition options for government. This report presents background on the geographic data marketplace; the licensing perspectives of government, industry, and academia; and legal, economic, and public interest underpinnings of the licensing debate. The report concludes with ideas that could address the broad range of stakeholder interests in geographic data. Also found in: Copyright ~ Publications |
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Nat'l Academies Press: Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Future Research The nature of biomedical research has been evolving in recent years. Technological advances that make it easier to study the vast complexity of biological systems have led to the initiation of projects with a larger scale and scope. ... In many cases, these large-scale analyses may be the most efficient and effective way to extract functional information from complex biological systems. Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Research looks at the role of these new large-scale projects in the biomedical sciences. Though written by the National Academies’ Cancer Policy Board, this book addresses implications of large-scale science extending far beyond cancer research. It also identifies obstacles to the implementation of these projects, and makes recommendations to improve the process. ... The ultimate goal of biomedical research is to advance knowledge and provide useful innovations to society. Determining the best and most efficient method for accomplishing that goal, however, is a continuing and evolving challenge. ... The recommendations presented in Large-Scale Biomedical Science are intended to facilitate a more open, inclusive, and accountable approach to large-scale biomedical research, which in turn will maximize progress in understanding and controlling human disease. Also found in: Biotech/Pharma |
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Nat'l Academies Press: Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy his publication assembles nine original research studies commissioned by the STEP Board to inform judgments about some of the institutional and policy changes in the US patent system over the last 25 years. Included are papers assessing how the USPTO examination process affects the quality of issued patents, how the post-patent review system in the US ("patent re-examination") and Europe ("patent opposition") compare in operation, under what circumstances the benefits of an opposition system would outweigh the costs, what are the trends in patent litigation overall and in the semiconductor industry in particular, how and why the protection of software has shifted from copyrighting to patenting, what are the characteristics of Internet business method patents, and whether the proliferation of patents in biological research tools is inhibiting biomedical research. An introduction by the editors places this work in the context of other social science research on the patent system. Also found in: Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration ~ Technology Transfer ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Business Methods ~ Software ~ Publications |
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A Patent System for the 21st Century, 2004 This report focuses on how well the system fulfills its mission of encouraging research, innovation, and the dissemination of knowledge and how it is adapting to rapid technological and economic changes. The panel concludes that the system has shown admirable flexibility in accommodating new technologies and reflecting the greater importance of intangible capital of all sorts. On the other hand, there is reason to be concerned about the quality of issued patents (whether they meet the statutory standards of novelty, utility, nonobviousness, and adequate written description), the resources available to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to keep up with the pace of change and volume of applications, features of U.S. law that inhibit the dissemination of information contained in patents and that raise the cost and uncertainty of litigation over patent validity and infringement, access to patented research technologies for basic non-commercial research, and redundancies and inconsistencies among national patent systems that raise the cost of global intellectual property protection. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration ~ Technology Transfer ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Business Methods ~ Software ~ Publications |
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Assessing the Value of Research in the Chemical Sciences This report captures the messages from a workshop that brought together research managers from government, industry, and academia to review and discuss the mechanisms that have been proposed or used to assess the value of chemical research. The workshop focused on the assessment procedures that have been or will be established within the various organizations that carry out or fund research activities, with particular attention to the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). It presents approaches and ideas from leaders in each area that were intended to identify new and useful ways of assessing the value and potential impact of research activities. Also found in: Publications |
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Promoting Access to Scientific and Technical Data for the Public Interest: In response to a request from several federal science agencies, the Committee for a Study on Promoting Access to Scientific and Technical Data for the Public Interest undertook a study to identify and evaluate the various existing and proposed policy approaches (including related legal, economic, and technical considerations) for protecting the proprietary rights of private-sector database rights holders while promoting and enhancing access to scientific and technical (S&T) data for public-interest uses. Also found in: Copyright ~ Database Protection ~ Publications |
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A Question of Balance: Private Rights and the Public Interest in Scientific and Technical Databases New legal approaches, such as the European Union's 1996 Directive on the Legal Protection of Databases, and other legal initiatives now being considered in the United States at the federal and state level, are threatening to compromise public access to scientific and technical data available through computerized databases. Lawmakers are struggling to strike an appropriate balance between the rights of database rights holders, who are concerned about possible commercial misappropriation of their products, and public-interest users of the data such as researchers, educators, and libraries. Also found in: Copyright ~ Database Protection ~ International Harmonization ~ Publications |
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Computing and the Humanities (ACLS Occasional Paper No. 41) A summary of a lively roundtable discussion held in March 1997 among computer scientists and humanists was published by the American Council of Learned Societies. It has become the most-requested ACLS occasional paper (see http://www.acls.org/op41-toc.htm). It has also become the inspiration for a series of activities, including the coordinated Building Blocks workshops and integrating conferences, under the aegis of the National Institute for a Networked Cultural Heritage and for the 2000-2002 CSTB project on Information Technology and Creativity, which will discuss intellectual property concerns. The original report and ensuing activities have explored areas of common interest among computer science and the humanities, with an interest in inspiring computer science research that relates to humanities challenges and opportunities. Also found in: Copyright ~ Publications |
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Realizing the Information Future: (1994) This report describes why the Internet, with an Open Data Network (ODN) architecture, is as powerful a force as it has proven to be. It addresses the development and deployment of the information infrastructure, characterizing needs of the research and education communities in the context of commercialization and opportunities for the federal government to promote the ODN/Internet. Information policy, including intellectual property, is discussed as a concern influencing the development, use, and impacts of the Internet. Substantial dissemination activity was undertaken, engaging industry, government, and technical groups. This report also informed the development of The Unpredictable Certainty, released February 1996 Also found in: Copyright ~ Publications |
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Intellectual Property Rights in Industry-Sponsored University Research: This document helps provide a greater understanding of the framework of university-industry research relationships and helps to clarify the issues and complexities related to intellectual property rights. Also found in: Copyright ~ Software ~ Publications |
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Sharing Laboratory Resources: Genetically Altered Mice The remarkable success of molecular biology as a scientific enterprise over the last two decades is unqualified, but it has been accompanied by a complex phenomenon: the commercialization of its products. In some instances, such as the production of medically important materials by the biotechnology industry, we can point to commercialization as a vindication of public investment in science—a source of jobs, better health, and a competitive economy. But in other cases, the impulse to commercialize what science has produced raises troubling questions about conflicts of interests, the motivations of scientists, and even the legality of their actions. A workshop was held at the National Academy of Sciences on March 23 and 24, 1993 to consider genetically altered laboratory mice as a model with which to evaluate the elements that influence the sharing of scientific reagents, and this volume summarizes the views expressed by representatives of the community, academic institutions, the government, and several kinds of companies Also found in: Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Technology Transfer ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Business Methods ~ Publications |
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Biotechnology: Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century Biotechnology-the manipulation of the basic building blocks of life-is rapidly advancing in laboratories around the world. It has become routine to refer to DNA fingerprints and genetically engineered foods. Yet the "how to" of biotechnology is only the beginning. For every report of new therapies or better ways to produce food, there is a Jurassic Park scenario to remind us of the potential pitfalls. Biotechnology raises serious issues for scientists and nonscientists alike: Who will decide what is safe? Who will have access to our personal genetic information? What are the risks when advanced science becomes big business? In Biotechnology, experts from science, law, industry, and government explore a cross-section of emerging issues. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Publications |
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Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology: Summary of a Workshop Held at the National Academy of Sciences, February 15-16, 1996
This report summarizes a February 15-16, 1996 workshop on legal, economic, and sociological perspectives on the topic of patenting research tools. Also found in: Biotech/Pharma ~ Publications |
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Bits of Power: Issues in Global Access to Scientific Data Since Galileo corresponded with Kepler, the community of scientists has become increasingly international. A DNA sequence is as significant to a researcher in Novosibirsk as it is to one in Pasadena. And with the advent of electronic communications technology, these experts can share information within minutes. What are the consequences when more bits of scientific data cross more national borders and do it more swiftly than ever before? Bits of Power assesses the state of international exchange of data in the natural sciences, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and challenges. Also found in: Copyright ~ Database Protection ~ International Harmonization ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Publications |
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The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age This book presents the multiple facets of digitized intellectual property, defining terms, identifying key issues, and exploring alternatives. It follows the complex threads of law, business, incentives to creators, the American tradition of access to information, the international context, and the nature of human behavior. Technology is explored for its ability to transfer content and its potential to protect intellectual property rights. The book proposes research and policy recommendations as well as principles for policymaking. Also found in: Copyright ~ Database Protection ~ E commerce ~ Software ~ Publications |
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Finding the Path: Issues of Access to Research Resources Conference summary discussing material transfer agreements, patents, and data collection and informatics Also found in: Database Protection ~ Agriculture ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Publications |
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Technology Commercialization: Russian Challenges, American Lessons This collection of papers—by American and Russian specialists—addresses a variety of legal, regulatory, institutional, and financial issues that can promote or hinder technology commercialization. The book is the result of a series of workshops organized by the National Research Council with the Russian Academy of Sciences on commercialization of technologies, particularly those developed at research and educational institutions. Technology Commercialization concludes with a list of actions, programs, and policies which warrant further consideration as Russia tries to improve the success of technology commercialization. This book will be of interest to those concerned with small-business development in post-communist states, university technology management, and comparative technology commercialization. Also found in: Patent Administration ~ Trademarks ~ Technology Transfer ~ Business Methods ~ Publications |
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Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany: Lessons and Perspectives This book explores major similarities and differences in the structure, conduct, and performance of the national technology transfer systems of Germany and the United States. It maps the technology transfer landscape in each country in detail, uses case studies to examine the dynamics of technology transfer in four major technology areas, and identifies areas and opportunities for further mutual learning between the two national systems. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Patent Administration ~ Trade Secrets ~ Technology Transfer ~ Agriculture ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Software ~ Publications |
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The Children's Vaccine Initiative: Achieving the Vision The Children's Vaccine Initiative is an international endeavor to ensure that children throughout the world are immunized. This book notes that one of the best opportunities to address the growing problem of immunization in the United States and to improve the health of children in developing countries lies in marshaling the vaccine development and production efforts in the United States and abroad. The report contains information on the nature and status of vaccine development and production efforts in the United States and abroad, and it recommends ways to enhance participation in the International Children's Vaccine Initiative. Appendix A of the report details relevant intellectual property rights law. Also found in: Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Publications |
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Conflict and Cooperation in National Competition for High-Technology Industry This unique volume contains a powerful set of recommendations on issues at the center of international discussions on investment, trade, and technology policy. They take into account the globalization of industrial activity and the special characteristics of high-technology industries while recognizing the continued policy role of national governments. The report identifies the rationale for promotional measures for high-technology industries, delineates sources of friction among the leading industrial countries, and proposes policies to enhance international cooperation and strengthen the multilateral trading regime. It also examines the factors driving collaboration among otherwise competing firms and national programs, highlights the need to develop principles of equitable public and private international cooperation, and emphasizes the linkage between investment, government procurement, and other trade policies and prospects for enhanced international cooperation. Also found in: Technology Transfer ~ Business Methods ~ Publications |
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Putting Biotechnology to Work: Bioprocess Engineering The ability of the United States to sustain a dominant global position in biotechnology lies in maintaining its primacy in basic life-science research and developing a strong resource base for bioprocess engineering and bioproduct manufacturing. This report examines the status of bioprocessing and biotechnology in the United States; current bioprocess technology, products, and opportunities; and challenges of the future and what must be done to meet those challenges. It gives recommendations for action to provide suitable incentives to establish a national program in bioprocess-engineering research, development, education, and technology transfer. Also found in: Technology Transfer ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Publications |
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U.S.-Japan Strategic Alliances in the Semiconductor Industry: Technology Transfer, Competition, and Public Policy This report reviews the evolution of strategic alliances involving U.S. and Japanese companies in the semiconductor industry and analyzes whether alliances can contribute to the renewal of an industry faced with stiff competition from Japan. It includes case studies, alternative future scenarios, and suggestions for government and industry. Also found in: Technology Transfer ~ Business Methods ~ Publications |
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Europe 1992: The Implications of Market Integration for R & D-Intensive Firms The 12 member nations of the European Economic Community (EC) are engaged in a bold effort to create a Single European Market by the end of 1992. The changes brought about by European market integration will have a major impact on U.S. industry. Although proponents of the plan argue that it will benefit businesses by allowing economies of scale, more efficient marketing, and increased demands for goods and services from outside the Community, there is some concern that the Single European Market may serve to exclude or limit participation of non-European competition. The impact is likely to be particularly pronounced in industries with heavy involvement in research and development. This volume is based on a major two-day symposium which brought together officials of United States and other governments, industry representatives, and academic experts to examine EC policies on technical standards, intellectual property rights, access to the results of EC-supported basic research, and other issues affecting R&D intensive firms. Also found in: Technology Transfer ~ Business Methods ~ Publications |
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Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness
Biotechnology offers tremendous potential for improving crop production, animal agriculture, and bioprocessing. It can provide scientists with new ways to develop higher-yielding and more nutritious crop varieties, to improve resistance to disease, or to reduce the need for inputs of fertilizers and other expensive agricultural chemicals. This report explores the United States' ability to solve important agricultural problems, effectively use funds and institutional structures to support biotechnology research for agriculture, train researchers in new scientific areas, efficiently transfer technology, and regulate and test recombinant DNA organisms in the field. Also found in: Technology Transfer ~ Agriculture ~ Biotech/Pharma ~ Publications |
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Balancing the National Interest: U.S. National Security Export Controls and Global Economic Competition
The U.S. national security export controls system--which was instituted to impede Soviet acquisition of high technology from the West--is both necessary and appropriate. Balancing the National Interest provides a thorough analysis of this controls system, examining the current system of laws, regulations, international agreements, and organizations that control the international transfer of technology through industrial channels. Foreign Affairs calls it "the best on the subject to have been published in the 40 years that the United States has exercised controls on exports that might add to Soviet power." Also found in: Patent Administration ~ Technology Transfer ~ Business Methods ~ Publications |
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