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IP @ The National Academies
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 Search more than 60 reports and documents | |
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Intellectual Property Rights: How Far Should They Be Extended?
Transcripts, powerpoint presentations and audio files from this February 2000 conference are available here. Featured speakers included Richard Levin, Yale University, Hon. Q. Todd Dickinson, former USPTO Commissioner, Hon. Roderkick McKelvie, U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, among others. Also found in: Licensing ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration ~ Agriculture ~ Business Methods ~ Internet ~ Software |
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Networking Health: Prescriptions for the Internet Consumer health websites have garnered considerable media attention, but only begin to scratch the surface of the more pervasive transformations the Internet could bring to health and health care. Networking Health examines ways in which the Internet may become a routine part of health care delivery and payment, public health, health education, and biomedical research. Also found in: Database Protection ~ Internet ~ Publications |
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Finding the Path: Issues of Access to Research Resources Conference summary discussing material transfer agreements, patents, and data collection and informatics Also found in: Database Protection ~ Licensing ~ Agriculture ~ Publications |
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U.S. Industry in 2000: Studies in Competitive Performance U.S. industry faced a gloomy outlook in the late 1980s. Then, industrial performance improved dramatically through the 1990s and appears pervasively brighter today. A look at any group of industries, however, reveals important differences in the factors behind the resurgence--in industry structure and strategy, research performance, and location of activities--as well as similarities in the national policy environment, impact of information technology, and other factors. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Software ~ Publications |
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Orphans and Incentives: Developing Technology to Address Emerging Infections Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of prolonged illness, premature mortality, and soaring health costs. In the United States in 1995, infectious diseases were the third leading cause of death, right behind heart disease and cancer. Mortality is mounting over time, owing to HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, and septicemia, with drug resistance playing an ever-increasing role in each of these disease categories. This book, a report from a Forum on Emerging Infections workshop, focuses on product areas where returns from the market might be perceived as being too small or too complicated by other factors to compete in industrial portfolios with other demands for investment. Vaccines are quintessential examples of such products. The lessons learned fall into four areas, including what makes intersectoral collaboration a reality, the notion of a product life cycle, the implications of divergent sectoral mandates and concepts of risk, and the roles of advocacy and public education. The summary contains an examination of the Children's Vaccine Initiative and other models, an industry perspective on the emerging infections agenda, and legal and regulatory issues. Also found in: Publications |
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Patenting and Licensing of Genomic and Protein Inventions On November 17, 2005, the Academies' Science, Technology and Economic Policy (STEP) Board and the Science, Technology, and Law Committee (STL) released a joint report, "Patenting and Licensing of Genomic and Protein Inventions." The report (commissioned by the National Institutes of Health) was presented by Committee co-chairs Shirley Tilghman, President of Princeton University, and Roderick McKelvie, Covington and Burling (and retired Judge, Federal District Court of Delaware) at a public briefing at the National Academies in Washington, DC. . The report documents trends in patenting and licensing in several categories of genetic and protein research, differences between US practices and those in Europe and Japan, and the impact of these practices on academic and corporate research directed at identifying disease mechanisms and therapeutic and diagnostic discoveries. Recommendations are addressed to the NIH and other government and private research funding agencies; the courts and the US Patent and Trademark Office; Congress; and the research community at large. The report includes the results of a new survey of bench scientists on their experience with intellectual property acquisition and access and sharing of data and research materials. affecting the economic well being of the United States. Also found in: Licensing ~ Patent Administration ~ Publications |
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Nat'l Academies Press: Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Future Research The nature of biomedical research has been evolving in recent years. Technological advances that make it easier to study the vast complexity of biological systems have led to the initiation of projects with a larger scale and scope. ... In many cases, these large-scale analyses may be the most efficient and effective way to extract functional information from complex biological systems. Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Research looks at the role of these new large-scale projects in the biomedical sciences. Though written by the National Academies’ Cancer Policy Board, this book addresses implications of large-scale science extending far beyond cancer research. It also identifies obstacles to the implementation of these projects, and makes recommendations to improve the process. ... The ultimate goal of biomedical research is to advance knowledge and provide useful innovations to society. Determining the best and most efficient method for accomplishing that goal, however, is a continuing and evolving challenge. ... The recommendations presented in Large-Scale Biomedical Science are intended to facilitate a more open, inclusive, and accountable approach to large-scale biomedical research, which in turn will maximize progress in understanding and controlling human disease. Also found in: Licensing |
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Nat'l Academies Press: Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy his publication assembles nine original research studies commissioned by the STEP Board to inform judgments about some of the institutional and policy changes in the US patent system over the last 25 years. Included are papers assessing how the USPTO examination process affects the quality of issued patents, how the post-patent review system in the US ("patent re-examination") and Europe ("patent opposition") compare in operation, under what circumstances the benefits of an opposition system would outweigh the costs, what are the trends in patent litigation overall and in the semiconductor industry in particular, how and why the protection of software has shifted from copyrighting to patenting, what are the characteristics of Internet business method patents, and whether the proliferation of patents in biological research tools is inhibiting biomedical research. An introduction by the editors places this work in the context of other social science research on the patent system. Also found in: Licensing ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration ~ Technology Transfer ~ Business Methods ~ Software ~ Publications |
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A Patent System for the 21st Century, 2004 This report focuses on how well the system fulfills its mission of encouraging research, innovation, and the dissemination of knowledge and how it is adapting to rapid technological and economic changes. The panel concludes that the system has shown admirable flexibility in accommodating new technologies and reflecting the greater importance of intangible capital of all sorts. On the other hand, there is reason to be concerned about the quality of issued patents (whether they meet the statutory standards of novelty, utility, nonobviousness, and adequate written description), the resources available to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to keep up with the pace of change and volume of applications, features of U.S. law that inhibit the dissemination of information contained in patents and that raise the cost and uncertainty of litigation over patent validity and infringement, access to patented research technologies for basic non-commercial research, and redundancies and inconsistencies among national patent systems that raise the cost of global intellectual property protection. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Licensing ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration ~ Technology Transfer ~ Internet ~ Business Methods ~ Software ~ Publications |
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Sharing Laboratory Resources: Genetically Altered Mice The remarkable success of molecular biology as a scientific enterprise over the last two decades is unqualified, but it has been accompanied by a complex phenomenon: the commercialization of its products. In some instances, such as the production of medically important materials by the biotechnology industry, we can point to commercialization as a vindication of public investment in science—a source of jobs, better health, and a competitive economy. But in other cases, the impulse to commercialize what science has produced raises troubling questions about conflicts of interests, the motivations of scientists, and even the legality of their actions. A workshop was held at the National Academy of Sciences on March 23 and 24, 1993 to consider genetically altered laboratory mice as a model with which to evaluate the elements that influence the sharing of scientific reagents, and this volume summarizes the views expressed by representatives of the community, academic institutions, the government, and several kinds of companies Also found in: Licensing ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Technology Transfer ~ Business Methods ~ Publications |
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Biotechnology: Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century Biotechnology-the manipulation of the basic building blocks of life-is rapidly advancing in laboratories around the world. It has become routine to refer to DNA fingerprints and genetically engineered foods. Yet the "how to" of biotechnology is only the beginning. For every report of new therapies or better ways to produce food, there is a Jurassic Park scenario to remind us of the potential pitfalls. Biotechnology raises serious issues for scientists and nonscientists alike: Who will decide what is safe? Who will have access to our personal genetic information? What are the risks when advanced science becomes big business? In Biotechnology, experts from science, law, industry, and government explore a cross-section of emerging issues. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Licensing ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Publications |
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Biotechnology Unzipped: Promises and Realities "Biotechnology" may raise more hope and fear...revelation and confusion...excitement and alarm than any other term in today's headlines. In Biotechnology Unzipped, scientist and skilled science popularizer Eric Grace helps readers understand what biotechnology is and what implications it holds for all of us. Grace offers a reader-friendly explanation of how we came to where we are--from the coining of the word "cell" in 1665 through Darwin's breakthrough insight on evolution and the unraveling of the DNA helix to the 1997 announcement of the cloning of Dolly the sheep. Also found in: Agriculture ~ Publications |
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Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology: Summary of a Workshop Held at the National Academy of Sciences, February 15-16, 1996
This report summarizes a February 15-16, 1996 workshop on legal, economic, and sociological perspectives on the topic of patenting research tools. Also found in: Licensing ~ Publications |
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Bits of Power: Issues in Global Access to Scientific Data Since Galileo corresponded with Kepler, the community of scientists has become increasingly international. A DNA sequence is as significant to a researcher in Novosibirsk as it is to one in Pasadena. And with the advent of electronic communications technology, these experts can share information within minutes. What are the consequences when more bits of scientific data cross more national borders and do it more swiftly than ever before? Bits of Power assesses the state of international exchange of data in the natural sciences, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and challenges. Also found in: Database Protection ~ International Harmonization ~ Licensing ~ Internet ~ Publications |
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Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies This anchor volume to the series Managing Global Genetic Resources examines the structure that underlies efforts to preserve genetic material, including the worldwide network of genetic collections; the role of biotechnology; and a host of issues that surround management and use. Among the topics explored are in situ versus ex situ conservation, management of very large collections of genetic material, problems of quarantine, the controversy over ownership or copyright of genetic material, and more. Also found in: Agriculture ~ Publications |
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Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany: Lessons and Perspectives This book explores major similarities and differences in the structure, conduct, and performance of the national technology transfer systems of Germany and the United States. It maps the technology transfer landscape in each country in detail, uses case studies to examine the dynamics of technology transfer in four major technology areas, and identifies areas and opportunities for further mutual learning between the two national systems. Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Licensing ~ Patent Administration ~ Trade Secrets ~ Technology Transfer ~ Agriculture ~ Internet ~ Software ~ Publications |
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The Children's Vaccine Initiative: Achieving the Vision The Children's Vaccine Initiative is an international endeavor to ensure that children throughout the world are immunized. This book notes that one of the best opportunities to address the growing problem of immunization in the United States and to improve the health of children in developing countries lies in marshaling the vaccine development and production efforts in the United States and abroad. The report contains information on the nature and status of vaccine development and production efforts in the United States and abroad, and it recommends ways to enhance participation in the International Children's Vaccine Initiative. Appendix A of the report details relevant intellectual property rights law. Also found in: Licensing ~ Litigation and Dispute Resolution ~ Patent Administration ~ Publications |
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Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering Enabling America is a major analysis of the field of rehabilitation science and engineering. The report describes general priorities for rehabilitation science and engineering as (1) strengthening the science, (2) focusing on the enabling—disabling process, and (3) transferring technology. Also found in: Technology Transfer ~ Publications |
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Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences Radioactive isotopes and enriched stable isotopes are used widely in medicine, agriculture, industry, and science, where their application allows us to perform many tasks more accurately, more simply, less expensively, and more quickly than would otherwise be possible. Indeed, in many cases--for example, biological tracers--there is no alternative. In a stellar example of "technology transfer" that began before the term was popular, the Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessors has supported the development and application of isotopes and their transfer to the private sector. The DOE is now at an important crossroads: Isotope production has suffered as support for DOE's laboratories has declined. In response to a DOE request, this book is an intensive examination of isotope production and availability, including the education and training of those who will be needed to sustain the flow of radioactive and stable materials from their sources to the laboratories and medical care facilities in which they are used. Chapters include an examination of enriched stable isotopes; reactor and accelerator-produced radionuclides; partnerships among industries, national laboratories, and universities; and national isotope policy. Also found in: Technology Transfer ~ Agriculture ~ Publications |
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Putting Biotechnology to Work: Bioprocess Engineering The ability of the United States to sustain a dominant global position in biotechnology lies in maintaining its primacy in basic life-science research and developing a strong resource base for bioprocess engineering and bioproduct manufacturing. This report examines the status of bioprocessing and biotechnology in the United States; current bioprocess technology, products, and opportunities; and challenges of the future and what must be done to meet those challenges. It gives recommendations for action to provide suitable incentives to establish a national program in bioprocess-engineering research, development, education, and technology transfer. Also found in: Licensing ~ Technology Transfer ~ Publications |
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Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness
Biotechnology offers tremendous potential for improving crop production, animal agriculture, and bioprocessing. It can provide scientists with new ways to develop higher-yielding and more nutritious crop varieties, to improve resistance to disease, or to reduce the need for inputs of fertilizers and other expensive agricultural chemicals. This report explores the United States' ability to solve important agricultural problems, effectively use funds and institutional structures to support biotechnology research for agriculture, train researchers in new scientific areas, efficiently transfer technology, and regulate and test recombinant DNA organisms in the field. Also found in: Licensing ~ Technology Transfer ~ Agriculture ~ Publications |
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Bridging the Gap Between Practice and Research: Forging Partnerships with Community-Based Drug and Alcohol Treatment Bridging the Gap Between Practice and Research examines why research remains remote from treatment and makes specific recommendations to community providers, federal and state agencies, and other decisionmakers. The report outlines concrete strategies for building and disseminating knowledge about addiction; for linking research, policy development, and everyday treatment implementation; and for helping drug treatment consumers become more informed advocates. In candid language, the committee discusses the policy barriers and the human attitudes--the stigma, suspicion, and skepticism--that often hinder progress in addiction treatment. It identifies the obstacles to effective collaboration among the research, treatment, and policy sectors; evaluates models to address these barriers; and looks in detail at the issue from the perspective of the community-based provider and the researcher. Also found in: Technology Transfer ~ Publications |
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No Time to Lose: The United States has spent two productive decades implementing a variety of prevention programs. While these efforts have slowed the rate of infection, challenges remain. The United States must refocus its efforts to contain the spread of HIV and AIDS in a way that would prevent as many new HIV infections as possible. No Time to Lose presents the Institute of Medicine's framework for a national prevention strategy. Also found in: Technology Transfer ~ Publications |
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The Changing Economics of Medical Technology Americans praise medical technology for saving lives and improving health. Yet, new technology is often cited as a key factor in skyrocketing medical costs. This volume examines how economic incentives for innovation are changing and what that means for the future of health care. Up-to-date with a wide variety of examples and case studies, this book explores how payment, patent, and regulatory policies--as well as the involvement of numerous government agencies--affect the introduction and use of new pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and surgical procedures. It also includes detailed comparisons of policies and patterns of technological innovation in Western Europe and Japan. Also found in: Antitrust ~ Trademarks ~ Publications |
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The Government Role in Civilian Technology As U.S. industry faces worldwide challenges, policymakers are asking questions about the role of the federal government--not only in promoting basic research but also in ushering new innovations to the marketplace. This book offers an expert consensus on how government and industry together can respond to the new realities of a global marketplace. The volume offers firm conclusions about policy and organizational changes with the greatest potential to improve our technological competitiveness--and presents three alternative approaches for a new federal role. Also found in: Antitrust ~ Patent Administration ~ Technology Transfer ~ Publications |
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NAP Report: Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology (1993, 450 pp.) Also found in: International Harmonization ~ Publications |
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