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OCR for page 419
Index
A
Abalone divers, 64, 338
Acetylcholine (ACh)
and behavior, 102-104, 108, 117
and neurodegenerative disease, 209-
210, 211, 212-215, 216
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 103, 106
DFP and, 111, 127
and neurodegenerative disease, 209-
211, 213
Acetylcoenzyme A, 104
Acid rain, 409
Acrylamide, 78, 236, 270, 276
Active avoidance, 130
Additions Test, 368, 369, 373, 374, 375,
376, 377, 388
Affective behavior, 77, 81, 160, 175
AF64A, 124, 128, 133, 134
Age
and cholinergic system, 115-118, 119
lead and, 258-259
in NCTB studies, 83, 302
and neurochemical changes, 101-102,
110-111, 281
and neurodegenerative disease, 11,
212, 227, 276, 282
organophosphates and, 184
in Swedish performance battery, 375,
381
Agricultural chemicals, 359
Air pollution, 293
419
Alcohol, 63
fetal exposure, 199
in Microtox battery, 60
nervous system damage, 176, 276
in Swedish performance battery, 360,
377-378, 380
tolerance development, 164, 167
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 236
Alkanes, 78
Aluminum
and Alzheimer's disease, 16, 236, 270-
271
neurological damage, 15, 226, 228-
229, 235-236
Alzheimer's disease, 13, 15, 32, 227
aluminum and, 16, 236, 270-271
in behavioral studies, 152-153, 154,
406, 407
chemicals and, 281
cholinergic system and, 124-125, 210-
212, 213, 214-215
lead and, 283
neuronal degeneration, 219, 220
treatment, 133, 209, 210, 269
American Conference of Govemmental
Industrial Hygienists, 79, 399
American Psychological Association, 365
Ames test, 70
Amitraz, 353, 355-356
Amphetamine, 130, 131, 150-151, 350
Amygdala, 276
OCR for page 420
420
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 35, 283
ALS/P-D (western Pacific
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and
parkinsonism-dementia complex),
12-16, 26, 27, 35-36
cycads and, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27-32, 34,
280-281, 409
ANADe (O-acetyl-N-animodeanol), 213
Anemia, 252, 253
Anesthetic gases, 78, 359, 360
Anger, W. Kent, 90, 314
Animal models, 184-188, 193, 194, 271-
272
Alzheimer's disease, 213
barbiturate exposure, 195, 196
behavioral effects, 129-134, 152
brain implants, 220-221, 222
cholinergic system, 101, 102, 118, 120,
210, 212
dementia, 124-126, 127, 130, 134
extrapolation to humans, 7, 115, 129,
187, 199, 239, 406, 410
lead exposure, 139, 141, 146, 257, 258,
399, 407
mercury exposure, 408
nerve growth, 216
parkinsonism, 279-280, 406
repeated acquisition procedures, 148-
155
solvent exposure, 160, 161-162, 166-
174, 177, 178-179
startle response, 201
ANOVAs, 111, 114, 115, 117, 302
Anticholinesterases (antiChE)
and behavior, 103, 104, 106, 210
and neurodegenerative disease, 118,
209, 211, 269
tolerance development, 103, 128, 131-
132, 210
Antihypertensive drugs, 274
Antimitotics, 278
Antipsychotic drugs, 275
Apparatus-driven research, 148
AP7, 33-34
Aromatic hydrocarbons, 236
Asian Conference on Behavioral
Toxicology and Clinical
Psychology, 331
Associative conditioning, 196-199
Ataxia, 80, 82
Attention impairment, 160
INDEX
Australia, 338-339, 341
aborigines, 18-19, 30
cycadism in, 27
lead study, 248
Autocannibalism, 213-214, 215
Autografts, 221
Auyu people, 14, 27-28, 30
Avoidance behavior, 129-130, 131, 134,
178
Axonal degeneration, 273, 274, 275-276,
278, 280
B
Bailey, Elaine L., 185
Bangladesh, 12, 24
Banks, Joseph, 19-20
Barbiturates, 168, 194-196
Bayley Infant Behavioral Record, 248
Bayley Mental Development Index, 247-
248
Bayley Psychomotor Development Index,
247-248
Bayley Scales of Infant Development,
239, 403, 408
Behavior, 1-3, 64, 119, 125
age and, 102
animal models, 118, 129-134
brain implants and, 220-222
chemical effects on, 76, 77, 79, 81, 91,
200209
cholinergic system and, 102-104, 210,
214-215, 218
and definition of toxicity, 401-403
environmental effects on, 347-348,
350-353
lead effects on, 247-250
measurement of, 4-5, 6-7, 185
neurotransmitters and, 138, 154
performance tests, 149-150, 161, 302-
304, 359-390
Behavioral pharmacology, 137, 141, 152,
397-399
Bell, E. A., 23
Bender Gestalt Test, 230, 238
Benton Visual Retention Test, 40, 47, 230,
302, 303, 320, 326, 328
Benzene exposure, China, 287, 288
Betz cells, 24, 26
BHMH (butylazo-2-hydroxy-5-
methylhexane), 169
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INDEX
Bhopal, India, 324, 341
Biochemical markers, 307-308
lead exposure, 254-255
Blacks, 260
Block Design Test, 41
Blood-brain barrier, 102, 118, 277
Blood lead concentration, 229, 230, 231,
244, 260, 291, 407
and intellectual performance, 249,
250-253, 257, 294
maternal, 254-255
and spontaneous abortion, 247
Blood pressure, lead and, 254, 258-259
BMAA (beta-N-methylamino-~-alanine),
23-24, 25-27, 32-35
BOAA (beta-N-oxalylamino-~-alanine),
23, 24, 25, 33, 34, 274, 276
Bolla-Wilson and Bleecker battery, 44, 45
Bone lead, 254, 255, 263, 283
Bourdon-Wiersma Vigilance Test, 40,
326, 327, 328
Brain
age and, 110, 118
chemicals and, 102
damage, 41, 93, 218-219
nerve growth, 216
neurocircuitry, 200-201
solvent effects, 174-175, 176
tissue implants, 219-222, 279-280
Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale, 234 Chelation, 263
British Ability Scales, 230, 249 Chemicals
British National Adult Reading Test, 41
British Psychological Association, 365
Bulgaria, 317
Butyl acetate, 236
C
Caffeine, 193
Calcium, 255
deficiency, 15-16
homeostasis, 253, 254, 259, 263
California, 8
Calories, 283
Cancer, 281, 395, 396-397, 403
Carbaryl, 78, 152
Carbon disulfide, 40, 78, 80, 268-269,
270, 338
Chinese studies, 289-291, 304
neurological effects, 168, 171-174,
175, 176, 236, 237, 282
421
Carbon monoxide, 60, 78
Carbon tetrachloride, 78
Case control studies, 237
Cassava, 268
Cassitto, Maria G., 315
Catecholamine, 178, 274, 308
Cattle, cycadism in, 27
Caudal nerve, 173, 174
Cavanagh, J. B., 173
Celebes, 19
Centers for Disease Control, 230, 261
Central nervous system, 3, 4, 41, 124-
125, 147, 227-228, 312, 401
age and, 102
conditioned learning, 200-201
development of, 192, 216-217, 218-
219
lathyrism, 24
lead effects, 230, 231
mercury effects, 232-233
solvent effects, 160-161, 164, 167, 169,
175, 236-237
test batteries, 80, 82, 91, 359, 360
Cerebellum, 200
Cerebral cortex, 110, 113, 114, 116, 117,
276
Cerebral palsy, 408
Chamorros, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31-
32
animal testing, 184, 186
in China, 287-288
and dementia, 212
in India, 323
neurobehavioral effects, 74, 75-78,
80-83, 101-102, 206-209, 226-240,
273-278, 312-313
neurotoxicity criteria, 268-272, 278-
284
performance test assessment, 359-360
regulation of, 79, 222, 403
Chemomyelotomy, 198
Chemotherapy, 397
Children, 239, 410
eyelid conditioning, 200
lead exposure, 138, 146, 229-231, 243,
245-246, 247-257, 260, 262-263,
292-293, 294, 295, 308, 403-404,
407
mercury exposure, 233, 408
OCR for page 422
422
PCB exposure, 234-235
solvent exposure, 167
China, 12
Academy of Preventive Medicine, 297
carbon disulfide, 289-291
lead exposure, 291-293
magnetic field exposure, 296-297
toxicity testing, 287-289, 297, 298-300,
304-310, 314, 337, 341
video terminal operation, 293-296
Chlordane, 186
Chlordimeform, 353-356
Chloroform, 78
Choice Reaction Time, 88
in Swedish performance battery, 366,
368, 369, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377-
378, 380, 385, 387
Choline, 212-215
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), 104,
106,109,110,111,112,114,115,
118-119, 211, 213, 216
Cholinergic system, 101, 124-125, 128,
184-185
and behavior, 102-104, 200-201
DFP and, 104-119
false transmitters, 212-216
in neurodegenerative disease, 209-
212, 218, 219, 227, 274
Cholinesterase (ChE)
in Alzheimer's disease, 211
and behavior, 103-104
DFP and, 104-110, 111, 112, 113, 115,
117-119
Chromaffin cells, 221
Chromium oxide, 328
Chronic toxic encephalopathy, 174-179
Ciguatera, 268
Clean Air Act (1970), 8, 401
Climatic conditions, 361
Clinical Interview Schedule, 89
Clostridium bacilli, 268
Cognitive componential models, 93-95,
96
Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, 89
Cognitive function, 3, 6-7
animal models, 124, 125, 133-134, 239
brain implants and, 220-221
chemical effects, 77, 81
cholinergic system and, 210, 215
lead effects, 231, 283
nervous system development and, 217
PCB and, 235
INDEX
performance tests, 60, 64, 74, 80, 87,
90, 91, 92-93, 97, 238, 362
solvent effects, 175, 177, 178, 187
taxonomy, 70-71
Cohen, Stanley, 217
Collaborative Behavioral Teratology
Study, 408-409
Collaborative Perinatal Project, 195
Color Word Vigilance Test, 88
in Swedish performance battery, 369,
373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379,
385, 387
Committee on Environmental Hazards,
260
Communication, 8-9, 335
Complex Reaction Time, 367, 368
Computerized testing, 5, 59-60, 65, 89,
90, 92-96, 238, 339, 361-365
China, 297, 298-300, 305, 309
Milan Automated Neurobehavioral
System, 317-320
Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery,
87
Neurobehavioral Evaluation System,
41, 50, 51, 73-74, 80-82, 83, 89, 92,
318
Swedish Performance Evaluation
System, 363, 366-390
Conduction velocity of slow fiber
(CVSF), 290
Confounding factors, 57, 306, 312-313
Control groups, 6, 57, 82-83, 177
Cortical cells, 216
Cory-Slechta, Deborah A., 186, 407
Costa Rica, 19
Cree Indians, mercury exposure, 233
Cresol, 78
Cross-sectional studies, 6, 57
lead exposure, 231, 246, 248-249, 254
solvent exposure, 175, 176, 177
Cultural differences, 90-91
Cycadism, 20, 27, 35
Cycads, 12, 15, 16-23, 24, 27-35, 277,
280-281, 409
Cycasin, 23, 27, 32, 33
Czechoslovakia, 317, 319
D
Dementia, 7, 91, 134, 270
animal models, 124-126, 127, 130,
185-186
OCR for page 423
INDEX
dialysis, 16, 235-236, 271
presenile, 12, 35, 237
progressive degenerative, 4, 6, 206,
209-212, 220
senile, 11, 36, 212, 277
Dendrites, 273
Denmark, 237, 319
Denver Developmental Screening Test,
233-234
Depression, 126
Developing countries, 59, 72, 312, 315,
317, 322, 329-331, 334-335, 338
Developmental behavioral toxicology,
192-193, 194, 199-200, 201, 269
Developmental psychology, 238-239
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-
III), 175-176, 340
Dialysis dementia, 16, 235-236, 271
Dichloroacetylene, 169
Dicrotophos, 106
Diethylstilbestrol, 191
Digit Classification Test, 368, 369, 388
Digit Learning Test, 87
Digit Serial Test, 320
Digit Span Test, 41, 47, 52, 58, 87, 302,
303, 320, 362
in Swedish performance battery, 368,
369, 373, 374, 376, 378, 379, 385,
388
Digit Symbol Test, 41, 47, 58, 302, 303, 320
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), 103,
104-119, 126-127
Dinitro-o-cresol, 78
Diphtheria toxin, 278-279
Disinhibition, 131-132
Disulfoton, 108
Dopamine, 138, 178, 275, 279
Dopaminergic neurons, 227
Dose-effect relationship, 3, 49, 142-143,
193, 194, 270, 406
Drugs, 126, 128, 176
central nervous system, 141, 398
recreational, 167, 280, 333
therapeutic, 4, 8-9, 269, 275-276
tolerance development, 350
Dutch East India Company, 19
Dyslexia, 93
E
Education, 339, 342-343, 375
Elderly, 11-12, 13, 91, 115, 282, 283
423
Electromagnetic fields, 296-297, 361, 366,
379
Elementary cognitive tasks, 60
Emotional changes, 52
Encephalopathy, 6-7, 164, 167, 174-179,
237, 230, 270
Environment
in ALS/P-D, 12, 15
chemicals in, 222, 226-227, 268, 403
lead in, 244-246, 252-254, 255, 262-263
and lethality, 350-351
modulation of behavior, 347-350
and operant behavior, 351-353
and pesticides, 353-356
pollution, 281, 287
research design, 323-325, 357-358
toxicants in, 125, 126, 134, 137
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
8, 70, 161, 169, 229, 261, 262, 403
Environmental toxicology, 8
Enzymes, 106
Epidemiological research, 40
Erythrocytes, 106
free protoporphyrin, 250, 260
Erythropoiesis, 229-230
Esters, 236
Ethanol. See Alcohol
Ethiopia, 12, 24
Ethnic composition, 338-339
Ethylbenzene, 360
Ethylene dibromide, 78
Europe, 337, 338
NCTB data, 83, 315, 316, 318-319
European Economic Community, 313,
386-387
"Expert systems," 94
Eyelid conditioning, 200-202
F
Fatigue, 61, 376
Feingold, Ben F., 410
Fenvalerate, 327
Fetus, 191, 201
barbiturate exposure, 195-196
brain tissue implants, 221
DFP exposure, 104-108
lead exposure, 231, 255, 263
learning, 197-199
mercury exposure, 232, 233, 407, 408
Finger Tapping Tests, 368, 369, 373, 374,
375, 376, 377, 389
OCR for page 424
424
Finland, 44, 83, 237, 319
Institute of Occupational Health, 40,
44, 45, 58, 71-72, 80-82, 309, 329
Fischer 344 rats, 111-114, 115, 116, 184,
185
Fish
mercury in, 232, 233, 271, 409
PCB in, 234-235
Flicker fusion frequency, 305-306
Flinders rats, 114-115, 127-128
Florida, 20-21
Fluorocarbons, 78
Food
mercury in, 232, 233
PCB in, 234-235
Food and Drug Administration, 261, 409
Forced swim test, 126
Formaldehyde, 78
Formamidine, 353-356
Formetanate, 353-356
Fosberg, F. Raymond, 22
Frostig Scales, 230
G
Gajdusek, D. Carleton, 28
Gamma-aminobutyric ac id (G. ABA)
pathways, 274
Gamma-diketone pathway, 168
Gammexane, 327
Gasoline
lead in, 243, 244-245, 256, 263, 403
and memory, 326
Gehrig, Lou, 13
Gender
ALS incidence and, 13
and neurobehavioral performance,
302-304
in Swedish performance battery, 373-
375
Genetic factors, 4, 110-115, 184-185
Ginkgoaceae, 16
Glial cells, 277
Glutamate excitotoxins, 282
Glutamate pathways, 274
Glutamate receptors, 33
Greece, 317
Groote Eylandt, Australia, 18
Guam, 11, 12, 13-15, 16, 17, 18, 21-22, 30,
31, 32, 281
INDEX
H
Hair mercury concentration, 232, 233, 408
Halogenated hydrocarbons, 236
Haloperidol, 350-351
Halstead Reitan Battery, 41
Hamsters, 194-195
Hand-eye coordination, 80
Hanninen, Helena, 89-90, 288, 315, 325
Harvard University, 59
Health effects, lead exposure, 252-254
Hearing, 170
lead and, 250-252, 253, 257-258
Heavy metals, 167, 289
Hematopoietic system, 252, 262
Heme biosynthesis, 229-230, 252, 262
Hemicholinium-3, 214-215
Heroin, 350
Hexacarbons, 168, 236
Hexane, 236, 268-269, 270, 282
High-affinity choline transport (HAChT),
209-210
Hippocampus, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117,
127, 128, 131, 133, 134, 200, 216
Hoffman, Howard, 201
Hogstedt Symptom Questionnaire, 89
Homeostasis, 208, 210
calcium, 253, 254, 259, 263
Homovanillic acid, 308
Honduras, 19
Hormonal markers, 308
Hull, C. L., 119
Human studies
aluminum toxicity, 235
animal extrapolation, 7, 115, 129, 187,
199, 239, 406, 410
barbiturate exposure, 195-196
brain implants, 221, 279-280
chemical effects, 101, 155, 226-227,
271-272
cycad use, 18, 35
eyelid conditioning, 200, 201
lead exposure, 138-139, 146-147, 254
neurobehavioral tests, 90-91
organophosphate exposure, 102, 126, 185
repeated acquisition, 153-154
schedule-controlled behavior, 146
solvent exposure, 80, 160-161, 162-
163, 164, 166, 168, 169-170, 176-
178, 237
toluene exposure, 398
OCR for page 425
INDEX
Hungary, 317, 319
Huntington's disease, 220
Hydrocarbons, 236
Hydrogen cyanide, 78
Hydrogen sulfide, 78
Hydrolysis
ACh, 104, 209, 211
ANADe, 213
Hyperactivity, 134
Hyperparathyroidism, 15
Hypertension, lead and, 398-399
Hypothalamus, 178
IBM computers, 73, 367
Ibotenic acid, 124
Idria mines, 399
Illiteracy, 332-333, 339
India
barriers to test development, 331-333,
338, 341
environmental research, 322-325
lathyrism in, 12, 24
neurobehavioral research, 325-331,
337
Indonesia, 7
Industrial chemicals, 79, 167, 317-318
neurobehavioral effects, 228-240
pollution, 293
solvents, 7, 159, 175, 179, 272, 360
Inescapable shock, 126
Inferential systems, 94-96
Information-processing theory, 60, 61, 62
Intellectual functions, 49
Intelligence, 239
lead exposure and, 138-139, 245, 249,
256-257, 260, 283, 293, 403-404
tests, 230, 298
International Commission on
Occupational Health, 318
International Labor Organization, 335
International Symposium on
Neurobehavioral Methods in
Occupational Health, 313
Iraq, mercury poisoning, 232, 233, 408
Irian Jaya, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 23, 27-28,
30, 31
Israel, 317
Italy, 317, 318, 319
425
Japan
ALS/P-D in, 12, 14, 15, 18, 23, 27-28,
29, 30, 31
PCB exposure, 234
Jaqai people, 14, 27-28
Jaundice epidemic, India, 323
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 44
K
Kainate, 33
Kanpur University, 325-329
Karolinska Institute, 178
Ketones, 78, 236
Kii peninsula, Japan, 12, 14, 15, 18, 23,
27-28, 29, 30, 31
Kisby, Glen, 32
Krasnegor, Norman A., 269
Kulig, Beverly M., 186
Kurland, Leonard, 15, 22
L
Lactation, 255
Language differences, 339, 367
Larvicides, 327, 337
Lathyrism, 12, 23-27, 34, 268
Lead exposure, 78
and aging, 258-259, 283
China, 287, 288, 291-293, 294, 295
effects on children, 138, 146, 229-231,
243, 245-257, 260, 262-263, 292-
295, 308, 403-404, 407
environmental, 243-246, 262-263
and hypertension, 398-399, 408
India, 328-329
markers of, 254-255
nerve cell damage, 276
neurobehavioral effects, 138-147, 152,
176, 186, 226, 256-257, 270, 403
occupational, 56-58, 80, 230, 291, 305
test batteries and, 59, 61-62, 237-238,
239
Lead salts, 268-269
Learning, 146, 149, 150-152, 153, 239,
410. See also Cognitive function
animal models of dementia, 124, 125,
126, 130, 185-186
lead exposure and, 139
OCR for page 426
426
maze, 132-133
operant conditioning, 131-132
perinatal, 196-199, 202
practice effect bias, 306, 376
Leather industry, 328
Lethality, environment and, 350-351
Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 217-218
Lithium chloride, 197, 198-199
Locomotor activity, 134
Long Evans rats, 185
Longitudinal studies, 6, 192, 198, 409
Los Angeles, Calif., 8
Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level,
396
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 274
M
McCarthy Scales, 230, 247
Magnesium deficiency, 15
Malathion, 78
MAM (methylazoxymethanol), 30-31, 32,
33, 35
Manic-depressive psychosis, 175
Mariana islands, 12, 14, 17, 22-23, 32
Maximum allowable concentration
(MAC), 288, 332
Maze learning, 132-133
Medicaid, 195
Melville Island, 18-19
Memory, 150-151, 153, 178, 239. See also
Cognitive function
in Alzheimer's disease, 218, 220
animal models of dementia, 124, 125,
126, 129-130, 131-133, 134, 185-186
lead exposure and, 328
magnetic fields and, 296
solvent exposure and, 160, 326-327
test batteries, 41, 52, 64, 65, 74, 80,
298-299, 366
Memory Reproduction Test, 88
Mercury, 78. See also Fetus; Fish; Hair
mercury concentration; Rats
in China, 287, 288
Minamata disease, 232, 233, 271, 283-
284, 408
mine poisoning, 399
neurotoxicity, 226, 228-229, 231-234,
270, 276, 277
test batteries and, 58, 61, 64, 80
Metals, 167, 226, 228-229, 268-269, 289,
359
INDEX
Methyl alcohol, 78
Methyl chloride, 80
Methylchloroform, 78, 360
Methylene chloride, 78, 360
Methyl ethyl ketone, 168, 236
Methyl isobutyl ketone, 360
Methyl isocyanide, 324
Methylmercury, 232-234, 271, 283-284,
317, 407-409
Methyl n-butyl ketone, 168, 282
Methyl parathion, 78
Methylphenidate, 187
Methylxanthine, 193
Mice, 33-34, 106, 110, 194, 350, 409. See
also Rodents
Michalek, Hanna, 184
Michigan, 195
Microtox battery, 59-60
Milan Automated Neurobehavioral
System, 317-320
Mill Hill Vocabulary Test, 94
Minamata Bay, Japan, mercury
poisoning, 232, 233, 271, 283-284,
408
Monkeys, 35, 143-144, 151, 152, 256-257.
See also Primates
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 274
Mortality
ALS, 13
DFP, 115, 117-118, 119
heroin, 350
lead, 245
organophosphate, 102
phenobarbital, 194
Motoneuron diseases, 227
Motor conduction velocity (MCV), 290
Motor neurons, 227
Motor performance, 49, 96
anticholinesterases and, 132
brain implants and, 220
chemicals and, 77, 81
in test batteries, 80
MPTP
(methylphenyltetrahydropyridine),
269, 276, 277, 279, 280, 407
Mulder, Donald, 22
Muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR), 103,
104,106,108,109,110,111-114,
115-119, 127-129, 210, 213
Muscle cells, 278-279
Myelin, 277, 280
Myelinating cells, 278-279
OCR for page 427
INDEX
N
NADe (N-animodeanol), 212-215, 214
Nanjing Medical College, 292
National Center for Toxicological
Research, 70
National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES),
250, 253-254, 262, 398-399
National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development, 197
National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH), 59, 72,
75-76, 78, 79, 83, 159, 261, 297, 313
National Institutes of Health, 22, 212
National Occupational Environmental
Survey, 75
National Occupational Hazard Survey, 75
National Research Council, 2, 9, 222
Neonates, 201
barbiturate exposure, 195
neuronal function, 102
PCB exposure, 234-235
Nerve gases, 209
Nerve growth factor, 216-222
Nervous system. See also Central nervous
system; Neurotoxicity; Peripheral
nervous system
adult, 235-237, 273-277
age and, 11, 101-102
ALS degeneration, 13
and behavior, 1, 2, 118, 347-349
chemical effects on, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78,
79, 81, 86, 226-227, 268-269
cycads and, 33
development of, 216-217, 218, 229-
235, 277-278
lead effects, 258
mercury effects, 408
Neurobehavioral tests and, 63, 64, 70-71
pesticide effects, 353
solvent effects, 174, 179, 187, 236
Neuroanatomy, 119
Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery
(NCTB), 4708, 51, 59, 72-73, 238,
343
applications in China, 297-304, 309
computerization, 87-88, 92, 318, 319-
320
international validation, 50, 66, 83,
314-317
language differences, 339
427
Neurobehavioral Evaluation System
(NES), 41, 50, 51, 73-74, 80-82, 83,
89, 92, 318
Neurobehavioral toxicology, 2, 9, 119-
120, 137-138, 186, 206, 405-412. See
also Neurotoxicity
developmental, 192-193, 194, 199-200,
201, 269
environment and, 126-127, 347-350
human testing, 69-83, 90-91
regional requirements, 7-8, 331, 334-
335, 337-343
repeated acquisition procedures, 148-
155
research, 6-7, 65-66, 114, 147-148
risk assessment, 395-397, 398
test batteries, 39-53, 87-89, 91-92
test development, 56-66, 90, 278-284,
322, 340-341
tort law and, 400, 405
Neurobiology, 64
Neurodegenerative diseases, 11-13, 222,
227, 280, 283
chemical exposure history, 36, 281-
282
progressive degenerative dementias,
4, 6, 206, 209-212, 220
Neuroendocrine system, 278-279
Neurons, 348-349
age and, 102
autocannibalism, 213-214, 215
chemical effects on, 273-277
cycad damage, 34
degeneration of, 13, 258, 276, 278,
281
development of, 216-217, 218-219,
277
Neuropsychology, 64
Neurotoxicity. See also Neurobehavioral
toxicology
adaptive changes, 128, 129
aluminum, 226, 228-229, 235-236
animal models, 124-125, 168, 184, 193,
220
barbiturates, 195
behavioral effects, 76, 86, 96, 119,
147-148, 154-155, 312-313
behavioral endpoints and, 278-284,
401-403
behavioral tests and, 1, 48-49, 50-52,
63-64, 74, 91-92, 96-97, 148-149,
179, 322, 340-341
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428
chemicals, 75-78, 79, 81, 103-104,
147-148, 226-227, 268-269, 313-
314, 317-318
in China, 287-288
classification of, 227-228, 269-272, 273
cycads, 32-35
data base, 69-70
environmental effects, 357-358
identification of, 2-3, 193-195
in India, 323
lead, 138, 141-142, 230, 231, 244-246,
258. See also Lead exposure
measurement of, 4-6, 196-199, 359-
362
mechanisms and sites of action, 1-2,
3-4, 62
mercury, 232-233, 408
organophosphates, 185
pesticides, 353
risk assessment, 3, 9, 101, 397, 402-
403, 412
solvents, 160-161, 164, 167, 169, 174,
175, 179, 187, 236-237
Neurotransmitters, 103, 138, 154, 273,
274-275, 278, 280, 307-308. See also
Cholinergic system
false transmitters, 212-216
New Guinea, 32
New Zealand
lead study, 249
mercury exposure, 233-234
Nicotinic receptors, 103, 213
Nictitating membrane response, 200-202
Nitrites, 78
Niven, David, 13
NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), 33, 34, 35
Noise, 78, 361
No-observed-effect level, 396
Norway, 237
Numerical ability, 366
Nunn, Peter, 25
o
Occupational exposure, 399-400
carbon disulfide, 175, 282, 289, 338
chemicals, 75-76, 80, 226, 229, 268,
275-276, 281, 313-314
chemicals, India, 322, 323, 324-325,
326-327, 331-333, 334-335
China, 287-288
lead, 56-58, 80, 230, 291, 305
INDEX
magnetic fields, 296-297
organophosphates, 102, 287, 327
regional characteristics, 338
solvents, 159, 160, 167, 175, 176-177,
179, 236, 282
testing, 72, 97, 238, 329-330, 340, 359-
361
tort law, 400, 405
video terminals, 295-296
Occupational Safety and Health Act
(1970), 76
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, 261
Ohta, Masayuki, 29
Operant conditioning, 131-132, 348
environment and, 351-353
Optacon, 400
"Organic affective syndrome," 176
Organophosphate-induced delayed
neurotoxicity, 185
Organophosphates, 184, 185, 207, 281,
287, 288, 327
and cholinergic system, 101, 102, 103,
106, 108, 110, 117
and memory, 126
Organotin, 305
Osertesky Motor Scales, 230
Overstreet, David H., 185
Oxotremorine, 128
Ozone, 401-402
p
Pacific islands, 11-12, 32, 35, 268
Paint
lead in, 245, 262-263
and memory, 326-327
solvents in, 360
Palmer, Valerie, 28, 29
Paracelsus, Philippus Aureolus, 3
Paraoxon, 103, 207
Parathion, 78, 103, 106, 207
Paresthesias, 408
Parkinsonism, 277
ALS/P-D, 12-16, 22, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36
animal models, 279-280, 406
brain implants, 221-222, 279-280
dopamine in, 138, 227
therapy, 275
Passive avoidance, 129-130, 131, 134, 178
Pavlov, I. P., 401
Pavlovian conditioning, 196-199
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INDEX
Perceptual ability, 74
Periamygdaloid cortex, 276
Perikaryon, 273, 274
Peripheral nervous system, 227-228, 270,
312
lead effects, 230
organophosphate effects, 185
solvent effects, 168-174, 236
Permissible exposure level (PEL), 288
Pesticides, 102, 167, 207, 287, 288, 289,
337, 353-356
Petroleum solvents, 78
Pharmacodynamic processes, 108
Pharmacokinetic factors, 106
Pharmacology, 7, 127-129
Phenobarbital, 194
Pheny la l anin e, 4
Phenylketonuria, 4
Phospholipid metabolism, 213
Physiology, 119
Physostigmine, 133, 210, 211
Picrotoxin, 274
Pigeons, 152, 353
Piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA), 33,
34
Pittsburgh Occupational Exposures Test
Battery, 44, 45
Plasma, 106
Plastics, 169
Poland, 317, 319
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 226,
228-229, 234-235
Positron emission tomography, 31, 279,
280
Prediction, 199
Pregnancy, 194, 255
barbiturate exposure, 195-196
and caffeine, 193
lead exposure, 246-247, 248, 254-255,
263
mercury exposure, 233, 409
Premarket testing, 69, 169
Presenile dementia, 12, 35, 237
Primary degenerative dementias, 124
Primates. See also Monkeys
ALS/P-D models, 25, 27, 35
lead exposure, 146-147
learning studies, 150-151, 152
parkinsonism, 279
solvent exposure, 167
Profile of Mood States, 47, 51, 80-82,
300-302, 316, 319
429
Progressive degenerative dementias, 4, 6,
206, 209-212, 220
Prospective Memory Test, 89
Prospective studies, 6, 57-58, 66
lead exposure, 231, 246-248, 254
Proteins, 283
synthesis, 118, 218
Pro top o rphyrin, erythrocyte, 250, 260
Psychological function, 60, 96
Psychology, 39-40, 93, 179, 397
in India, 332
tests, 53, 70, 237-240, 304
theory, 6405, 90, 226
Psychometric theory, 93, 94
Psychomotor performance, 64, 74, 160,
233, 299-300
Psychomotor stimulants, 356
Psycho-organic syndromes, 237
Psychosis, 168, 175
Psychos oma tics, 20 7
Purdue Pegboard, 230
Pursuit Aiming Test, 47, 302-304, 320
Pyridoxine, 269-270
Q
Quinuclidynyl benzilate (QNB)
receptors, 105, 106, 107
Quisqualate, 33
R
Rabbits, 193, 200-201
Radial arm maze, 132-133, 178
Rats, 23, 30-31, 193, 194, 350-351. See also
Rodents
cholinergic system, 101, 104, 213
dementia models, 128, 129-130, 131-
133
DFP exposure, 104-119, 126-127
fetal learning, 196-199
lead exposure, 139-141, 144-145, 146-
147, 186
mercury exposure, 408-409
nerve growth factor, 216
organophosphate exposure, 184-185
ozone exposure, 401-402
pesticide exposure, 353-356
repeated acquisition, 178
solvent exposure, 162, 163, 165, 166,
170, 171-174
toluene exposure, 398
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430
Rayon industry, 175, 289
Reaction time, 238, 305, 400
lead and, 250, 252
in Swedish performance battery, 380-
384
Reading ability, 93
Regulation, 69
environmental chemicals, 222
food chemicals, 215-216
lead, 243, 260-262
Reinforcement schedules, 131, 142-146,
397, 401
Renal function, 235-236
Repeated acquisition procedures, 148-
155, 178
Reproductive effects, lead exposure, 246-
247
Research, 6-7
chemical exposure, 282
developing countries, 341-343
environmental effects, 357-358
methodology, 89-90, 192-193, 257-258
test development, 66
test selection, 57-58
Retrospective studies. See Cross-sectional
studies
Risk assessment, 3, 9, 101, 395-397, 402-
403, 412
Rodents, 27, 194-195. See also Mice; Rats
cholinergic system, 103, 115, 216
learning, 132
repeated acquisition procedures, 152
solvent exposure, 162, 167-168, 169,
170
Ross, Stephen, 33
Rota, 12, 14, 21
Ruffin, Joseph, 69
Russell, Roger W., 268, 269
S
Santa Ana Dexterity Test, 40, 41, 47, 58,
80, 302, 303, 326, 327, 328
Santa Ana Rotation Test, 87
Saxitoxin, 274
Schedule-controlled behavior, 142-146, 152
Schwann cells, 219, 278-279
Scientific ethics, 126
Scopolamine, 127, 128, 130, 131
Screening, 2, 86-87, 186, 194
solvent effects, 169-174
INDEX
test battery design, 61, 62-63, 65, 69-
70, 82, 92
Search and Memory Test, 368, 369, 373,
374, 375, 376, 388
Self-reports, 304-305, 363
in Swedish performance battery, 368,
369, 389-390
Seminole Indians, 20-21
Senile dementia, 11, 36, 212, 277
Sensory function, 80, 82
chemicals and, 77, 81
lead and, 61-62, 257-258
solvents and, 169-174
Serotonergic pathways, 274
Sexual maturation, 194-195
Shanghai Development Center of Science
and Technology, 305
Shanghai Medical University, 292-293,
297
Short-term exposure limit, 399
Simple Reaction Time, 47, 50, 88, 303,
319, 362, 363
in Swedish performance battery, 365,
368, 369, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376,
377-378, 379, 380, 385-386, 387
Smotherman, William, 197
Socioeconomic status, 339-340
Sodium, 274, 278
Solvent exposure, 226, 228-229, 236-237,
268-269, 270, 271, 272, 282, 289
acute effects, 160-168
animal models, 160, 161-163, 168-169,
178-179, 180187
chronic effects, 168-174, 399
encephalopathy, 174-179
health standards, 56, 159-160
performance test assessment, 7, 59,
71, 88, 359, 360, 366, 372, 385-386
and reaction time, 63
recreational abuse, 167-168
studies in India, 326-327
subclinical effects, 227-228
South America, 314
Soviet Union, 319, 400-403
Spanish Toxic Oil Syndrome, 272
Spatial resolution, 141-142
Sperry, R. W., 217
Spinal cord, 185
Spinal transection, 198
Spontaneous abortion, lead and, 247
Sprague-Dawley rats, 111, 118
Stanford-Binet test, 230
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INDEX
Startle response, 201
Statistical interpretation, lead studies,
255-257
Sternberg memory scanning test, 60
Stress, 126-127
Stress and Arousal Checklist, 89
Striatum, 113, 114, 116, 117, 127, 220
Styrene, 49, 78, 165, 170, 178, 187, 237, 360
Substantia nigra, 279, 280
Suicide, 175
Supranuclear palsy, 277
Sweden, 237, 319
National Board of Safety and Health,
88
National Institute of Occupational
Health, 365, 372-373
Swedish Performance Evaluation System
(SPES), 363, 366-390
Symbol Digit Test, 368, 369, 373, 374,
375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 385,
388
Systemic toxicants, 395-397
T
Tardive dyskinesia, 280
Target organ effects, 74, 75-79, 80-83, 160
Test batteries
barriers to development, 61~6, 331-
333
China, 289-290, 291-293, 295-296,
304-310
computer-based, 92-96, 361-365
current test batteries, 39-53, 87-89,
91-92
design, 58~3
developing countries, 329-331
human testing, 69-83, 90-91
methodology, 89-90
rationales for, 70-74, 86-87
target organ effects, 80-83
test development, 5606, 90
Testosterone, 195
Tetanus, 268
Tetra chl o ro e than e, 78
Tetrodotoxin, 274
Thalidomide, 5, 191, 269, 277
Thallium, 176, 270, 276
Theory-based tests, 60-62, 65, 90
Thiols, 78
Threshold Limit Values (TLV), 1, 3, 79,
161, 329-330, 332, 341, 399, 400
437
Tiwi people, 18-19
T maze, 132
Tolerance development
antiChE, 103, 128, 131-132, 210
organophosphate, 185
solvents, 164-165, 187
Toluene, 78, 236
hearing loss, 170
neurochemical effects, 162, 178, 304,
360, 377-378, 398
recreational abuse, 167, 168
tolerance development, 164-165
Tone discrimination, 305
Tooth lead concentration, 229, 230, 250,
251, 254
Tort law, 400, 405
Toxicants. See Neurotoxicity
Toxic Oil Syndrome, 272
Toxic Substances Control Act (1976), 70,
169, 403
"Toxicopsychology," 288
Trail Making Test, 41
Trauma, 91
Triadimefon, 187, 356
Trichloroethane, 78
Trichloroethylene, 165-166, 168-169, 187,
236, 237, 360
Triethylcholine, 212
Trimethyltin, 151-152, 282
Trinitrotoluene exposure, China, 287, 288
Tungsten, 78
TURBO Pascal, 368
Turkey, 317
U
United Kingdom, 318
Institute of Occupational Health, 89
United States
ALS incidence, 13
behavioral toxicology, 397
carbon disulfide use, 338
chemical exposure, 75-76
Department of Housing and Urban
Development, 261
elderly population, 11
environmental movement, 403
lead regulation, 243, 260-262, 263
NCTB validation, 83, 314, 318
organic solvent exposure, 159
zamia poisoning in, 20-21
University of Milan, 87-88, 319, 342-343
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432
University of North Carolina, 59-60
University of Wisconsin, 257
Uttar Pradesh, India, 323
V
Vanillylmandelic acid, 308
Verbal memory, 49
Verbal Reasoning Test, 369, 373, 374, 375,
376, 377, 385, 389
Video display terminals, 293-296
Visual function
lead exposure and, 61-62, 139-141, 258
perception tests, 299
styrene exposure and, 165
Visual memory, 49
Visual Recognition Memory Test, 235
Visual Searching test, 41
Vitamin B6, 269-270
Vitamin D, 253, 259, 262
Vlamingh, Willem de, 19
Vocabulary Test, 368, 369, 389
W
Weakness, 80, 82
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales
(WAIS), 40, 41, 44, 45, 58, 59, 230,
304, 361
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), 40, 52,
59, 304
INDEX
Weiss, Bernard, 4
West Germany, 318, 319
White spirits, 162-163, 236, 360, 365-366
Whiting, Marjorie, 22
Williamson, Ann M., 90
Winneke, Gerhard, 271
WISC-R, 89, 292-293, 294, 304
Wistar rats, 111-114, 115, 184
World Health Organization, 47, 80-82,
83, 169, 325-326, 329, 335, 342, 360,
361
Office of Environmental Health
Service, 317
Office of Occupational Health, 313
World War II, 32, 97, 209
Worksites. See Occupational exposure
X
X-ray fluorescence, 254
Xylene, 78, 170, 360
y
Yugoslavia, 317
Yusho, 234
Zamia plants, 20-21
Zinc oxide, 78
z
Representative terms from entire chapter:
swedish performance
