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OCR for page 770
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE–NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES: RECOMMENDED INTAKES FOR INDIVIDUALS, VITAMINS
Life Stage Group
Vitamin A (μg/d)a
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin D (μg/d)b,c
Vitamin E (mg/d) d
Vitamin K (μg/d)
Thiamin (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
400*
40*
5*
4*
2.0*
0.2*
7–12 mo
500*
50*
5*
5*
2.5*
0.3*
Children
1–3 y
300
15
5*
6
30*
0.5
4–8 y
400
25
5*
7
55*
0.6
Males
9–13 y
600
45
5*
11
60*
0.9
14–18 y
900
75
5*
15
75*
1.2
19–30 y
900
90
5*
15
120*
1.2
31–50 y
900
90
5*
15
120*
1.2
51–70 y
900
90
10*
15
120*
1.2
> 70 y
900
90
15*
15
120*
1.2
Females
9–13 y
600
45
5*
11
60*
0.9
14–18 y
700
65
5*
15
75*
1.0
19–30 y
700
75
5*
15
90*
1.1
31–50 y
700
75
5*
15
90*
1.1
51–70 y
700
75
10*
15
90*
1.1
> 70 y
700
75
15*
15
90*
1.1
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y
750
80
5*
15
75*
1.4
19–30 y
770
85
5*
15
90*
1.4
31–50 y
770
85
5*
15
90*
1.4
Lactation
≤ 18 y
1,200
115
5*
19
75*
1.4
19–30 y
1,300
120
5*
19
90*
1.4
31–50 y
1,300
120
5*
19
90*
1.4
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin. To calculate RAEs from REs of provitamin A carotenoids in foods, divide the REs by 2. For preformed vitamin A in foods or supplements and for provitamin A carotenoids in supplements, 1 RE = 1 RAE.
OCR for page 771
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Niacin (mg/d)e
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Folate (μg/d)f
Vitamin B12 (μg/d)
Pantothenic Acid (mg/d)
Biotin (μg/d)
Choline (mg/d)g
0.3*
2*
0.1*
65*
0.4*
1.7*
5*
125*
0.4*
4*
0.3*
80*
0.5*
1.8*
6*
150*
0.5
6
0.5
150
0.9
2*
8*
200*
0.6
8
0.6
200
1.2
3*
12*
250*
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
25*
550*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
1.0
14
1.2
400i
2.4
5*
25*
400*
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
b calciferol. 1 μg calciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
d As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
dietary reference
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